Numerical and Experimental Studies on Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in Urban Street Canyons

In this study numerical simulations and water tank experiments were used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon. Two types of canyon geometry were tested. The studies indicate that in a step-up notch canyon （higher buildings on the downstream side of the canyon）, the height and shape of the upstream lower buildings plays an important role in flow pattern and pollutant dispersion, while in a step-down notch canyon （lower buildings on the downstream side）, the downstream lower buildings have little influence. The studies also show that the substitution of tall towers for parailelepiped buildings on one side of the canyon may enhance the street ventilation and decrease the pollutant concentration emitted by motor vehicles.

Effects of Heat Intensity and Inflow Wind on the Reactive Pollution Dispersion in Urban Street Canyon

This paper investigates the impacts of heating intensity and inflow wind speed on the characteristics of reactive pollutant dispersion in street canyons using the computational fluid dynamic(CFD)model that includes the transportation of NO,NO_2,and O_3coupled with NO-NO_2-O_3photochemistry.The results indicated that the heat intensity and inflow wind speed have a significant influence on the flow field,temperature field and the characteristics of reactive pollutant dispersion in and above the street canyon.With the street canyon bottom heating intensity increasing,NO,NO_2and O_3concentrations in street canyon are decreased.The O_3concentration reductions are even more than the NO and NO_2concentrations.Improving the inflow wind speed can significantly reduce the NO and NO_2concentrations within street canyons.But the O_3concentrations have a slight rise with wind speed increasing.The results would be useful for understanding the interrelation among reactive vehicle emissions,and provide references for urban planners.

Field synergy analysis of pollutant dispersion in street canyons and its optimization by adding wind catchers

The microenvironment,which involves pollutant dispersion of the urban street canyon,is critical to the health of pedestrians and residents.The objectives of this work are twofold:(i)to effectively assess the pollutant dispersion process based on a theory and(ii)to adopt an appropriate stratigy,i.e.,wind catcher,to alleviate the pollution in the street canyons.Pollutant dispersion in street canyons is essentially a convective mass transfer process.Because the convective heat transfer process and the mass transfer process are physically similar and the applicability of field synergy theory to turbulence has been verified in the literature,we apply the field synergy theory to the study of pollutant dispersion in street canyons.In this paper,a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation is conducted to investigate the effects of wind catcher,wind speed and the geometry of the street canyons on pollutant dispersion.According to the field synergy theory,Sherwood number and field synergy number are used to quantitatively evaluate the wind catcher and wind speed on the diffusion of pollutants in asymmetric street canyons.The results show that adding wind catchers can significantly improve the air quality of the step-down street canyon and reduce the average pollutant concentrations in the street canyon by 75%.Higher wind speed enhances diffusion of pollutants differently in different geometric street canyons.

Numerical investigation on fire-induced indoor and outdoor air pollutant dispersion in an idealized urban street canyon

Fire-induced pollutant dispersion under the influence of buoyancy in urban street canyons has attracted wide attention given its adverse impact on human health.This study analyzes the influences of fire source location and crossflowing wind(perpendicular to the canyon centerline)on indoor and outdoor air pollutant dispersion in an idealized urban street canyon by employing large eddy simulation.Three fire scenarios are defined according to the transverse location of the fire source:near the windward building(scenario 1),in the middle of the canyon(scenario 2),and near the leeward building(scenario 3).Results show that a re-entrainment phenomenon appears when the wind velocity reaches a critical value in scenarios 1 and 2,but it doesn't occur in scenario 3.Fire source location significantly influences the critical re-entrainment velocity.The critical velocity in scenario 1 is approximate 1.2-1.5 m/s larger than that in scenario 2.When the heat release rate is large,the critical Fr numbers are less sensitive to changes in HRR,and remain approximately constant with values of 0.47(scenario 1)and 0.37(scenario 2).When the wind velocity is large,more compartments are expected to be affected in the upper floors in all of the three scenarios,and smoke is distributed in an inverted triangle within the buildings.The indoor/outdoor temperature and pollutant concentrations are also analyzed.Our findings can provide valuable information for both human and property safety in relation to urban street canyons and their surrounding buildings.

Wind tunnel simulation of pollutant dispersion inside street canyons with galleries and multi-level flat roofs

In this study, the pollutant dispersion within street canyons is studied by experiments conducted in an environmental wind tunnel. The vehicular exhaust emissions are modeled using a line source. The pollutant （smoke） concentrations inside the canyons are measured based on a light scattering technique. The pollutant concentrations within the four different street canyons containing the galleries and the three-level flat-roofs under both the isolated and urban environments are obtained and discussed. For each of the four canyon configurations investigated, it is found that there is an obvious discrepancy between the pollutant dispersion patterns under the isolated environment and the urban environment. The three-level fiat roof is found to significantly influence the pollutant distribution pattern in a street canyon. In order to clarify the impacts of the wedge-shaped roofs on the pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon of an aspect ratio of 1.0, the pollutant distributions inside urban street canyons of three different wedge-shaped roof combinations are measured and analyzed. It is revealed that the pollutant distribution pattern inside the urban street canyon of an aspect ratio of 1.0 is influenced greatly by the wedge-shaped roof, especially, when an upward wedge-shaped roof is placed on the upstream building of the canyon. Images from this study may be utilized for a rough evaluation of the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） models and for helping architects and urban planners to select the canyon configurations with a minimum negative impact on the local air quality.

Effects of increasing the degree of building height asymmetry on ventilation and pollutant dispersion within street canyons

Rational urban design helps to build sustainable cities with high ventilation capacity and pollutant removal ca-pacity,but the effect of building height on ventilation and pollutant dispersion inside asymmetric canyons has not been fully studied.In this paper,we studied the effect of increasing the degree of building height asym-metry(DBHA)on canyon ventilation and pollutant diffusion in shallow and deep asymmetric street canyons by considering six different building height ratios(BHR=3/4,1/2,1/3,4/3,2/1 and 3/1).The results show that increasing the DBHA in asymmetric canyons can improve the ventilation and pollutant removal capacity.For step-up canyons,increasing the downwind building height is very useful to improve ventilation and pollutant re-moval.For shallow/deep step-up canyons with BHR=1/3,the air exchange rate(ACH)increased to 211.2%and 380.1%of the flat canyons,respectively.The spatially-average pollutant concentration in the pedestrian zones(leeward Kavg∗ang windward Kavg∗)decreases significantly with the increase of DBHA,especially for the deep step-up canyon with BHR=1/3,the leeward Kavg∗and windward Kavg∗decrease to 15.3%and 3%,respectively.Also,increasing the upwind building height can also improve the ventilation capacity in the step-down canyons.For the deep step-down canyon with BHR=3/1,the leeward Kavg∗and windward Kavg∗decreased to 40.6%and 24.1%of the deep flat canyon,respectively.Notably,the ventilation capacity is very low for step-down canyons with BHR=4/3,and for step-down canyons with BHR≥2/1,the ventilation capacity and pollutant removal capacity increase significantly with the increase of DBHA.Therefore,in urban planning,step-down canyons with BHR=4/3 should be avoided and designed to satisfy the condition of BHR≥2/1.These findings will be a valuable reference for urban designers to build sustainable cities with high ventilation capacity.

绿化空间布局及壁面加热条件对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用经风洞实验验证的标准k−ε数值模型,模拟了绿化空间布局及壁面加热条件对街道峡谷内流场和污染物扩散的影响。考虑了3种绿化组合方式与4种壁面加热条件,并采用无量纲浓度K与空气交换率RACH分别对街道峡谷内污染情况与通风性能进行评估。结果表明,不同的绿化空间布局和壁面加热条件会改变街道峡谷内流场和污染物浓度分布。选择绿化结合布局时,应尽量选择绿墙和绿篱的组合以减弱绿化阻塞作用对污染物扩散的不利影响。背风面加热和迎风面加热对街道峡谷的通风能力提升作用并不明显,而三壁加热能明显改善街道峡谷的通风性能。

城市环境中自然通风研究进展

城市环境中自然通风源于城市热压梯度及城市风压梯度的综合作用。城市环境中自然通风影响着城市"五岛"效应(城市热岛、湿岛、干岛、浑浊岛及雨岛),城市大气的自净能力和城市居民的身体健康,也是研究快速城市化地区广义城市风环境(风场、温度场、湿度场)的参考因子。为了全面理解国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究进展,从城市环境中自然通风的监测、模拟及应用三个方面对目前国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究现状进行了综述,最后结合环境物联网、无线传感技术等目前在城市环境中自然通风研究的相关技术及应用领域的新进展,对城市环境中自然通风的后续研究热点和关键问题进行了展望,为城市环境中自然通风的相关技术及应用问题的后续研究提供了基础研究素材。

城市街道峡谷机动车污染物扩散的模拟研究

采用数值模拟技术对城市街道峡谷机动车污染物的扩散规律进行了研究。介绍了城市街道峡谷机动车污染物扩散的数学模型 ,对街道峡谷内部气流运动及污染物浓度分布进行了模拟计算 ,获得了城市街道峡谷机动车污染物的扩散规律 ,并分析了街道形状对污染物扩散的影响。研究结果可为城市街道大气污染监测、评价及防治提供科学依据。

城市街道汽车污染扩散规律模拟研究

如何简单而准确地模拟城市街区汽车污染的扩散规律，对于城市汽车污染控制决策具有重要的意义⒚从大量实测数据，分析了风速风向等影响街道峡谷污染物扩散的主要因素⒚采用丹麦开发的街道峡谷模式ＯＳＰＭ，对汽车污染扩散规律进行了模拟研究⒚与北京实测数据对比结果表明，该模式较好地模拟了昼间风速风向对街道峡谷内汽车污染扩散的影响，比较准确地反映了峡谷中流场和湍流场的主要特征。

机动车排气污染物扩散模式

机动车排气污染物扩散模式可分为高斯型模式、经验模式、数值模拟模式和箱模式，按此分类介绍了各种模式，并比较了它们的优劣和指出开发新模式的难点及需要解决的问题．

城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟中不同湍流模型的比较研究

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,采用七种不同湍流模型(标准k-ε、RNGk-ε、realizablek-ε、标准k-ω、SSTk-ω、RSM和Spalart-Allmaras)对城市街道峡谷内的气流运动和污染物扩散进行了数值模拟。计算获得的峡谷内气流场和污染物浓度分布表明,虽然七种湍流模型都预测出峡谷内生成一个控制污染物输移的顺时针大旋涡(主旋涡),但它们在次生涡的模拟上存在差异。通过将峡谷迎风面和背风面上的无量纲污染物浓度分布模拟结果与风洞试验数据进行对比分析,揭示出:标准k-ε模型的总体预测效果最好,RNGk-ε模型、realizablek-ε模型以及RSM模型的预测效果次之,而标准k-ω模型、SSTk-ω模型以及Spalart-Allmaras模型的预测效果较差。在环境评价和基于环境容量约束的交通配流方案优选中,本研究成果对于如何合理选择湍流模型来模拟预测机动车排放污染物在峡谷内的扩散分布具有重要指导意义。

动态风场及交通流量下街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟

根据现场实测数据,应用标准k-ε模型研究了动态风场及交通流量下三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散规律,数值模拟利用CFD软件FLUENT,其中动态风场和车流量变化信息通过用户自定义编程实现.结果发现,动态风场下空气在街道内部不断经历膨胀和压缩的过程,街道峡谷内部流场形态时刻都在变化;当风速由大变小时,空气膨胀出街谷,流型呈近似椭圆形分布;当风速由小变大时,空气压缩在街谷内部,流型呈近似圆形分布.风速的不断变化引起街谷内、外大气的压缩和膨胀过程,这种过程能够改善街谷内污染物的扩散情况.背风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低17.7%;迎风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低27.1%.动态环境下污染物浓度的分布和峰值由风场和车流量变化共同决定.

应用不同湍流模式预测城市街道峡谷的大气环境

应用标准 k-ε模型及其修正模型预测了城市街道峡谷的大气流动和汽车排放污染物浓度场分布 ,并与风洞实验结果进行对比 ,计算结果与实验结果总体趋势上非常一致 .在街道峡谷的外围流场 ,修正模型明显优于标准模型 ,但在街道峡谷内部的浓度场分布 ,不同模型在建筑物顶部和地面附近存在明显差别 .在地面附近 ,标准模型与实验结果吻合更好 ,这反映了由于建筑物或建筑群的存在改变了流动结构 ,使流动不能充分发展 ,因而应用不同模型得到的规律性认识与充分发展的流动有所不同 .考虑到人的活动主要集中在地面附近 ,标准 k-

街道峡谷型交叉口内气态污染物扩散的数值模拟

对大气边界层内大气湍流和建筑物对道路交叉口处机动车排放气态污染物扩散的影响进行了研究.在计算区域内建立了三维街道峡谷型道路交叉口及其内部机动车排放的模型,并在中性层结条件下,采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)稳态κ-ε湍流模型和被动标量的输运方程模拟了模型内外的流场和CO浓度场.结果表明:①在相同高度条件下,交叉口处与处于下风向的街区内CO浓度明显高于其他街区;②风向对污染物的输运起决定性作用,在不同高度平面内CO浓度最大值均出现在平行风向的街区内;③外部大气湍流的驱动使得垂直风向的街区内产生强烈涡旋,涡旋的输运作用导致相同高度下上风向CO浓度较高;④交叉口处气流的掺混导致气流速度降低,使得平行风向的街区内CO可以向两侧垂直风向的街区内扩散,起到了稀释交叉口处地面附近CO浓度的作用.模拟结果与风洞实验结果符合较好,验证了方法的可靠性.

城市街道内污染物扩散的数值模拟

随着我国城市汽车保有量的迅速攀升,城市中心区的空气质量与生态环境急剧恶化.利用CFD数值模拟研究街道峡谷污染物的扩散问题,对比分析了开放街道峡谷和城市街道峡谷污染物的扩散问题,证明了计算域和入流边界处湍动能k和湍动能耗散率ε取值的重要性.计算结果与经典风洞实验符合很好,证实了相同条件下城市街道峡谷的背风墙和迎风墙上的污染物浓度均大于开放街道峡谷的相应值.利用3维建筑群计算实例,指出了寻求建筑群优化布局对减小小区污染的重要性.

城市街道汽车排放物扩散过程的风洞试验

采用风洞模拟试验方法，通过１／２５０模型街道示踪气体浓度分布规律的研究，探讨了城市道路交通排放污染物的扩散过程及其与街道建筑物结构、风向及排放源强度等微观因素之间的关系，为城市道路交通大气环境质量监测、评价及防治提供了基础．

壁面加热作用对街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

采用CFD软件Fluent研究了不同壁面加热条件下街道峡谷内流场及污染物浓度分布情况.结果表明,当街道高宽比(H/W)为1.33时,在低风速(u=1m/s)条件下,当壁面与周围大气无温差时,街道峡谷内存在一个稳定的顺时针大漩涡,污染物在背风侧堆积.当背风面、地面和背风面分别被加热时,峡谷内流场分布与无温差时相似,此时峡谷内的湍流强度增强,导致污染物浓度降低.当迎风面被加热时,峡谷内流场由原来的单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构,此时街道峡谷下部浓度较高,上部浓度相对较低.当地面和迎风面同时被加热,温差较小(?θ=2℃)时,街道峡谷内流场由单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构;温差增大为5℃,峡谷内由双漩涡分裂成了3个漩涡,此时污染物分布与迎风面被加热情况相似.通过实测值和模拟值的比较可知,Fluent软件对街道峡谷大气环境的模拟结果基本合理.

城市街道峡谷机动车排气污染扩散的研究现状

随着城市机动车保有量的增加，机动车排放物在大气污染中所占的比例越来越大。研究机动车排放物在城市街道峡谷的扩散规律，可为城市机动车排放控制，城市街道建设，交通流量控制，城市街道大气污染的监测、评价及防治提供科学依据。本文叙述了目前城市街道峡谷内机动车污染物扩散的研究现状。