Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels——Elasto-plastic analysis of stress field of enclosing rock mass

The zonal disintegration phenomenon （ZDP） is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constitutive model of rock mass were used to analyze the elasto-plastic stress field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep round tunnel. The radius of the plastic region and stress of the enclosing rock mass were obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters of radial distance. The results show that tunneling in deep rock mass causes a maximum stress zone to appear in the vicinity of the boundary of the elastic and the plastic zone in the surrounding rock mass. Under the compression of a large tangential force and a small radial force, the rock mass in the maximum stress zone was in an approximate uniaxial loading state, which could lead to a split failure in the rock mass.

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress:A review

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground.However,rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state(σ_(1)>σ>σ_(3))due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances.It is therefore essential to study the mechanical,seepage,and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering and the efficient exploitation of deep resources.In recent years,experimental techniques and research on true triaxial rock mechanics have achieved fruitful results that have promoted the rapid development of deep rock mechanics;thus,it is necessary to systematically review and summarize these developments.This work first introduced several typical true triaxial testing apparatus and then reviewed the corresponding research progress on rock deformation,strength,failure mode,brittleness,and energy as well as the 3D volumetric fracturing(dynamic disaster)properties of deep rocks under true triaxial stress.Then,several commonly used true triaxial rock strength criteria and their applicability,the permeability characteristics and mathematical models of deep reservoir rocks,and the disaster-causing processes and mechanisms of disturbed volumetric fracturing(rockburst,compound dynamic disasters)in deep rock engineering were described.This work may provide an essential reference for addressing the true triaxial rock mechanics issues involved in deep rock engineering,especially regarding the stability of surrounding rock at depth,disaster prevention and control,and oil and gas exploitation.

Reply to Discussion on “Empirical methods for determining shaft bearing capacity of semi-deep foundations socketed in rocks”

Semi-deep foundations socketed in rocks are considered to be a viable option for the foundations in the presence of heavy loads imposed by high-rise buildings and special structures, due to the low settlement and high bearing capacity. In this study, the unconfined compressive strength（UCS） and rock mass cuttability index（RMCI） have been applied to investigating the shaft bearing capacity. For this purpose, a comprehensive database of 178 full-scale load tests is compiled by adding a data set（n = 72）collected by Arioglu et al.（2007） to the data set（n = 106） presented in Rezazadeh and Eslami（2017）.Using the database, the applicability and accuracy of the existing empirical methods are evaluated and new relations are derived between the shaft bearing capacity and UCS/RMCI. Moreover, a general equation in case of unknown rock types is proposed and it is verified by another set of data（series 3 in Rezazadeh and Eslami（2017））. Since rock-socketed shafts are supported by rock mass（not intact rock）,a reduction factor for the compressive strength is suggested and verified in which the effect of discontinuities is considered using the modified UCS, based upon RMR and RQD to consider the effect of the rock mass properties.

Mechanism of zonal disintegration in surrounding rock mass around deep rock engineering and its application

The mechanical behaviors of deep rock mass are different from those of shallow rock mass.Through cases of Jinping II Hydropower Station,the special phenomenon of zonal disintegration in the surrounding rock mass around the diversion tunnels,is analyzed.On the basis of fracture mechanics,a new strength criterion for deep rock mass is derived.The new nonlinear strength criterion that is relative to the rock mass rating classification can be applied to the study of the tensile failure of deep rock mass.Subsequently,zonal disintegration model is established,and the radius of fractured zone and none-fractured zone of deep surrounding rock mass around cylindrical tunnel are obtained,their exact positions and the evolution law of zonal disintegration of surrounding rock mass is determined.To validate the present model,comparison between calculation results and the experiment observation on facture and failure around underground openings is carried out.It is found that the numerical simulation result is in good agreement with the experimental one on failure modes around the hole.Through sensitivity analysis,the effects of stress condition,cohesion and the angle of internal friction on the phenomenon of zonal disintegration are determined.Finally,the present model is adopted in the analysis of the zonal disintegration in the surrounding rock mass around the diversion tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station.Meanwhile,the magnitude and distributions of fractured zones are determined by numerical simulation.

THE ZONAL DISINTEGRATION MECHANISM OF SURROUNDING ROCK AROUND DEEP SPHERICAL TUNNELS UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CONDITION: A NON-EUCLIDEAN CONTINUUM DAMAGE MODEL

A new non-Euclidean continuum damage model is proposed to investigate the zonal disintegration phenomenon of the surrounding rocks around deep spherical tunnels under hydrostatic pressure condition as well as the total elastic stress field distributions.The elastic stress fields of the surrounding rocks around deep spherical tunnels under hydrostatic pressure condition axe obtained.If the elastic stresses of the surrounding rocks satisfy the strength criterion of the deep rock masses,the number,size and location of fractured and nonfractured zones are determined.The effect of physico-mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks on the zonal disintegration phenomenon is studied and numerical computation is carried out.It is found from numerical results that the number,size and location of fractured and non-fractured zones are sensitive to the physico-mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks.

高应力下岩石非线性强度特性的试验验证

深埋工程岩体开挖后围岩的强度特性表现出明显的非线性特征。基于室内岩石三轴加载及卸荷力学试验成果,对高应力下岩石的非线性强度特性予以验证,并开展高应力下应力路径对强度参数影响规律研究。采用已有的二次抛物线型、双曲线型、幂函数型等型式的包络线来研究强度特征的非线性,结果表明,幂函数型Mohr准则能够作为在高应力加载和卸荷应力路径下的岩石破坏的强度判据。在低围压下(<10MPa),三轴卸围压破坏强度要小于常规三轴强度;而在高围压下,前者略高于后者。内摩擦角的正切值与等效法向应力的函数关系表明岩样的实际内摩擦角并不是一个不变值,具有幂函数关系的非线性特征,在低应力下卸载破坏内摩擦角要比常规三轴压缩剪切内摩擦角略大,在高应力下则相反;根据Mohr准则中内摩擦角与理论破裂角之间的关系,随着应力增加它们的破裂角均呈非线性衰减并趋向π/4。

深部岩体强度准则

提出一种新的适用于深部岩体的强度准则,该准则考虑深部岩体的拉伸破坏,同时考虑深部岩体的剪胀和剪缩破坏,其破坏面可以是闭合的也可以是张开的,而且与RMR岩体地质力学分类指标建立联系。深部岩体准则中的参数均有明确的物理意义,可以很容易通过实验确定或通过RMR岩体地质力学分类确定。该准则不仅可考虑所有应力分量对材料破坏的影响,而且可反映深部岩体的受力特点。最后,将新准则与实验结果进行比较,从而验证了新准则的有效性。

深部坑道围岩压力与变形分析

随着地下空间开发不断向深部发展,出现了用连续介质理论无法解释的现象。以普氏理论为突破口,通过实例分析,从定量的角度出发,找出了普氏压力计算存在的不足,而采用强度理论得出的结果符合实际的物理力学理论。同时也指出,在连续介质理论框架内该强度理论也有其不足,主要在于没有考虑“隐形”区域,暗示为了更精确地描述岩石压力,必须采用新途径。

岩石、岩体的动力强度与动力破坏准则

就岩石与岩体变形与破坏的时间特性进行了理论研究.研究了岩石及岩体的强度对于应变率的依赖关系及其机理,给出了考虑强度对于应变率依赖关系的莫尔库仑准则,确定了岩体的破坏尺寸与应变率之间的关系.讨论了若干时间性破坏准则,揭示了它们之间的内在联系.最后讨论了动力强度理论的应用.

深埋隧洞大理岩卸载路径真三轴强度参数研究

为研究深埋隧洞围岩卸载路径破坏特性,在现场深埋试验平洞内进行大理岩原位高压真三轴卸载试验,获得大尺度(50 cm×50 cm×100 cm)、高应力(2=11.2 MPa)、真三轴(1>2>3)、卸3破坏状态下,能反映深埋隧洞围岩实际应力状态和隧洞开挖应力路径的大理岩全过程应力-应变曲线和三轴强度。在高压卸载路径大理岩原位真三轴试验基础上,引入H-B经验强度准则研究大理岩卸载路径真三轴强度参数。研究成果表明:(1)对于大理岩卸载真三轴原位试验,按H-B经验强度准则评估卸载路径真三轴强度偏低情况较多,评估经验参数s=0.003951 7,mb=3.414,而由试验成果反算s=0.095 53,mb=12.208。(2)在H-B经验强度准则基础上,按M-C强度准则,评估大理岩卸载真三轴试验强度参数:tan=1.39,c=6.61 MPa,评估未扰动大理岩卸载真三轴强度参数:tan=1.60,c=6.73 MPa,前者可代表卸荷损伤岩体。

承压注浆加固含弱面岩体时的岩−浆抗剪强度耦合机理

采用不同强度的水泥砂浆块模拟均质性较好岩性不同的岩体,开展承压注浆加固含弱面岩体时的岩−浆抗剪强度耦合机理研究,探索承压注浆加固效果的评价机制。结果表明:承压注浆加固可有效提高含弱面岩体的抗剪强度,并延缓含弱面岩体宏观破坏的发生;含弱面岩体抗剪强度随法向应力的增大呈线性趋势增加,随着注浆材料强度的增强呈对数函数趋势增加,且抗剪强度参数(τ、c、φ)都随注浆材料强度和岩体基体强度比值的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势变化;含弱面岩体黏聚力随注浆材料强度、岩体基体强度的增加呈线性增加,内摩擦角却随注浆材料强度的增加而减小,随岩体基体强度的增加维持稳定。试验验证了基于岩−浆抗剪强度耦合机理建立的承压注浆加固含弱面岩体效果评价准则能有效判定承压注浆加固的最优效果,可用于指导含弱面岩体注浆加固控制工程。

深部矿区煤岩体强度测试与分析

基于钻孔触探法原理,开发出小孔径井下煤岩体强度测定装置。在实验室对34个煤岩样品进行试验:在煤岩块上钻取标准试件,测量单轴抗压强度;在留下的钻孔中,用煤岩体强度测定装置测定探针临界载荷,分析探针破坏钻孔壁煤岩的形态;然后确定煤岩块单轴抗压强度与探针临界载荷的关系。试验表明,探针破坏钻孔壁煤岩的形状、深度及范围与煤岩性质密切相关。煤岩体强度越高,破坏范围、侵入深度越小,破坏形状越规则。结合井下实测数据,回归得出描述探针临界载荷与煤岩体单轴抗压强度关系的公式。同时,分析临界载荷的离散性及控制措施,讨论结构面对煤岩体强度的影响及测试分析方法,并在典型的深部矿区——新汶矿区进行井下原位测试。新汶矿区巷道顶板不同岩性的岩层强度相差很大,不同矿井的岩层强度也存在明显差别。煤层强度由于煤帮出现破碎区、煤层性质不均匀、煤层结构面分布不均匀等原因变化较大,出现明显的波动。基于井下煤岩体强度实测数据的巷道支护设计,符合井下环境中的煤岩体条件,设计的合理性与可靠性显著提高,巷道围岩稳定性与支护状况得到明显改善。最后分析钻孔触探法存在的问题,并提出改进建议。

含结构面板岩变形特征分析

在三轴压缩实验基础上,研究含一组结构面的板岩在不同湿度与压力下的力学特性及变形规律,利用Hoek-Brown强度准则分析了板岩的破坏特征,建立了相应的岩体强度准则与力学参数求取方法;利用FLAC程序模拟计算了不同埋深条件下板岩岩体中开挖隧洞后洞周变形规律,分析了岩体变形特征。研究结果表明:1)基于Hoek-Brown准则建立了含结构面的板岩岩体强度破坏准则,确定出的不同地质条件下板岩岩体力学强度参数;2)扰动程度对岩体强度参数有较大的影响,且影响程度随着隧洞埋深的增加而增大;3)数值模拟结果显示,西线工程软岩隧洞的围岩变形主要受开挖断面、埋深及物理力学参数等多因素的影响。

隧道稳定性分析与设计方法讲座之一:隧道围岩压力理论进展与破坏机制研究

本文作为一个讲座对以往研究成果做一个综述,回顾了围岩压力理论的发展过程与隧道破坏机制研究的进展,通过模型试验与弹塑性有限元强度折减法,得出浅埋拱形隧道的破坏在拱顶,深埋隧道的破坏在侧壁的破坏机制,并可求出隧道围岩破裂面位置与形态。分析了矩形隧洞与拱形隧道破坏机制随埋深增加而变,矩形隧道可划分为浅埋顶部破坏阶段、深埋压力拱破坏阶段和深埋两侧破坏阶段3个阶段,而拱形隧道不存在压力拱破坏阶段。

高地应力钻孔岩心饼裂特征研究

对锦屏深部高地应力环境下的钻孔岩心饼化现象进行了调查统计分析,在总结已有的研究成果基础上,对岩饼端面宏观破坏特征、饼化数量、厚度及钻孔特征进行了描述,通过数值方法模拟开展了钻孔岩心应力特征及饼化机理研究,并总结钻孔岩心饼化的应力场条件。研究结果表明:(1)钻孔过程中,岩心径向所形成的拉应力贯通区是岩心饼裂的主导因素,岩饼形貌受岩心中拉应力影响;(2)足够的应力场是岩心饼化的首要条件,应力场越高,钻孔岩心中拉应力越大,岩心裂纹触发与扩展的应力条件更加充分,所形成的岩饼厚度越小;(3)钻孔径向应力场增长对钻孔岩心内部拉应力有促进作用,钻孔轴向应力场作用效果相反;(4)定义了岩心中最大拉应力贯通线均值,与岩石抗拉强度相比较作为岩心饼裂判据,推导了岩心饼裂地应力场关系式,并算得锦屏T2b大理岩饼化的临界地应力场条件为钻孔径向应力场>34.44 MPa。研究成果对高应力条件下地应力场的预测、钻孔取心等工作具有一定的借鉴意义。

深部节理岩体分区破裂化机制数值研究

基于深部地下工程围岩反复承受地质力作用和开挖扰动,其完整性和力学性能弱化的现实,认为其应力-应变关系服从峰后软化的遍布节理模型,然后考虑节理、原岩应力以及影响岩体性质的变形参数和强度参数等因素,设计模拟方案,利用FLAC3D数值软件,再现了围岩分区破裂化过程。模拟结果表明:节理的存在和分布对分区破裂化现象的形态和规模存在很大影响。岩体强度与原始应力场的相对关系是引发围岩分区破裂化的关键。当初始地应力超出岩体单轴抗压强度时,围岩将出现分区破裂现象,初始力相对于岩体强度、泊松比的增大与分区破裂的数目、破裂区延伸长度、破裂区范围等成近似的正比,而内摩擦角则呈现相反趋势。这一结果部分揭示了分区破裂发生的力学机制,为深部围岩支护设计理论的建立提供了有益参考。

小湾工程岩体力学参数研究

对霍克岩体强度准则进行研究，然后应用于小湾拱坝坝肩岩体的力学参数预测中，可供工程参考使用。

基于广义张-朱强度准则的深埋隧道围岩塑性分析及应用探讨

深埋隧道是交通建设中关键性和控制性的工程,近几年得到了迅速和蓬勃的发展。目前,深埋隧道围岩塑性分析,多采用Hoek-Brown强度准则,该准则只考虑了最大、最小主应力对围岩屈服的影响,与深埋隧道围岩三向受力的特征不符。根据Lee和Pietruszczak提出的递推计算方法,对围岩服从广义张-朱(generalized Zhang-Zhu strength criterion,简称GZZ)强度准则时的变形及周边应力分布进行了研究。发现当采用GZZ强度准则时,深埋隧洞洞壁位移、塑性半径明显减小,塑性区径向应力、环向应力均增大;中主应力系数增大,隧洞周边应力进一步提高。上述解法与引入面外应力解法相比,洞壁位移减小了26.6%,但塑性半径相差不大。应用GZZ强度准则计算了建平隧道围岩变形控制值,解决对深埋隧道围岩变形控制值认识模糊和无法有效判定的问题;继而改进开挖方案,有效提高了Ⅳ、Ⅴ围岩的掘进速度,实现了建平隧道安全快速的施工,获得了良好的工程效果。

Hoek-Brown强度准则在深部岩体力学参数估算中的应用研究

以H-B强度准则为基础的岩体力学参数估算方法综合考虑了岩体结构、岩块强度、应力状态等多种因素的影响,可更好地反映岩体的非线性破坏特征。以锦屏二级深埋大理岩为例,引入深部岩体完整性系数KV改进深部岩体GSI值确定方法,在此基础上详细分析了这一估算方法对深部工程岩体的适用性。结果表明:H-B强度准则中4个参数互相独立,且与围压应力状态无关,应用于深部岩体力学参数的估算是可行的;深部岩体完整性系数KV可反映岩体内部各种结构面的发育程度和岩体开挖受扰动程度,岩体完整性系数KV的引入,使深部岩体GSI值的确定更加客观;采用室内常规三轴试验结果参数σci和mi的值是比较合适的。采用上述方法估算获得锦屏深埋大理岩的强度包络线表现出明显的非线性,在中高围压阶段(15 MPa<σ3<40 MPa),其内摩擦角降低了32%,但黏聚力则是低围压阶段的近3倍。

深部围岩分区破裂的形态及其敏感性因素研究

分区破裂是深部围岩的特殊破坏形式,可能导致较大规模的灾害。当前的研究主要集中于对其形成机理的探讨,对分区破裂产生的条件、破裂发生后的形态特征及其相关影响因素等有所忽视,而该问题是预测破裂范围及采取注浆、锚固等治理预防措施的基础性机理。考虑深部巷道开挖后的岩体弹塑性应力分布,并以深部岩体强度准则为基础,研究了初始地应力和岩石抗压强度对分区破裂化现象的影响,得到深部巷道围岩破裂圈数、破裂区半径和破裂区宽度等形态。数值模拟结果发现,当初始地应力大于岩石抗压强度的1.1倍左右时,围岩出现分区破裂现象,破裂圈数、破裂区半径和破裂区宽度随着初始地应力增大而增加。该研究对揭示分区破裂的形态特征及其影响因素,建立针对不同分区破裂演化模式的预测、预防及治理措施等具有重要意义。