Borehole stability in naturally fractured rocks with drilling mud intrusion and associated fracture strength weakening:A coupled DFN-DEM approach

Borehole instability in naturally fractured rocks poses significant challenges to drilling.Drilling mud invades the surrounding formations through natural fractures under the difference between the wellbore pressure(P w)and pore pressure(P p)during drilling,which may cause wellbore instability.However,the weakening of fracture strength due to mud intrusion is not considered in most existing borehole stability analyses,which may yield significant errors and misleading predictions.In addition,only limited factors were analyzed,and the fracture distribution was oversimplified.In this paper,the impacts of mud intrusion and associated fracture strength weakening on borehole stability in fractured rocks under both isotropic and anisotropic stress states are investigated using a coupled DEM(distinct element method)and DFN(discrete fracture network)method.It provides estimates of the effect of fracture strength weakening,wellbore pressure,in situ stresses,and sealing efficiency on borehole stability.The results show that mud intrusion and weakening of fracture strength can damage the borehole.This is demonstrated by the large displacement around the borehole,shear displacement on natural fractures,and the generation of fracture at shear limit.Mud intrusion reduces the shear strength of the fracture surface and leads to shear failure,which explains that the increase in mud weight may worsen borehole stability during overbalanced drilling in fractured formations.A higher in situ stress anisotropy exerts a significant influence on the mechanism of shear failure distribution around the wellbore.Moreover,the effect of sealing natural fractures on maintaining borehole stability is verified in this study,and the increase in sealing efficiency reduces the radial invasion distance of drilling mud.This study provides a directly quantitative prediction method of borehole instability in naturally fractured formations,which can consider the discrete fracture network,mud intrusion,and associated weakening of fracture strength.The information provided by the numerical approach(e.g.displacement around the borehole,shear displacement on fracture,and fracture at shear limit)is helpful for managing wellbore stability and designing wellbore-strengthening operations.

Failure characteristics of three-body model composed of rock and coal with different strength and stiffness

Four different types of three-body model composed of rock and coal with different strength and stiffness were established in order to study the failure characteristics of compound model such as roof-coal-floor. Through stress analysis of the element with variable strength and stiffness extracted from the strong-weak interface, the tri-axial compressive strength of the weak body and strong body near the interface as well as the areas away from the contact surface was found. Then, on the basis of three-dimensional fast Lagrangian method of continua and strain softening constitutive model composed of Coulomb-Mohr shear failure with tensile cut-off, stress and strain relationship of the four three-body combined models were analyzed under different confining pressures by numerical simulation. Finally, the different features of local shear zones and plastic failure areas of the four different models and their development trend with increasing confining pressure were discussed. The results show that additional stresses are derived due to the lateral deformation constraints near the strong-weak interface area, which results in the strength increasing in weak body and strength decreasing in strong body. The weakly consolidated soft rock and coal cementation exhibit significant strain softening behavior and bear compound tension-shear failure under uni-axial compression. With the increase of confining pressure, the tensile failure disappears from the model, and the failure type of composed model changes to local shear failure with different number of shearing bands and plastic failure zones. This work shows important guiding significance for the mechanism study of seismic, rock burst, and coal bump.

Evaluation of the weakening behavior of gas on the coal strength and its quantitative influence on the coal deformation

The coal strength and deformation properties are key factors affecting safe coal mining and highefficiency coalbed methane(CBM)development.In this paper,reconstituted coal samples are chosen to investigate the weakening behavior of gas on coal strength,meanwhile,its effects on coal deformation are quantitatively evaluated.The results indicate that the weakening degree of gas on coal strength is closely related to the confining stress and gas pressure.Compared with non-gas-saturated coals,the maximum weakening ratios of adsorbed gas to coal strength are 10.58%,18.12%,8.55%and 14.65%under the conditions of confining stress CS=3 MPa and gas pressure GP=1 MPa,CS=3 MPa and GP=2 MPa,CS=4 MPa and GP=1 MPa,and CS=4 MPa and GP=2 MPa,respectively.Furthermore,the maximum weakening ratios of free gas to coal strength are 18.27%,36.54%,14.79%and 29.58%,respectively,under above four conditions.The maximum coal bulk strain decreases as particle sizes of coal powders increase,and it has a maximum value of 0.0227 and a minimum value of 0.0191 in particle size ranges of 0.01–0.041 and 0.5–1 mm.Under the same conditions,the coal bulk strain increases with increasing gas pressure,revealing that coal deformation properties can be enhanced by gas.

Stability analysis of longwall top-coal caving face in extra-thick coal seams based on an innovative numerical hydraulic support model

The relationship between support and surrounding rock is of great significance to the control of surrounding rock in mining process.In view of the fact that most of the existing numerical simulation methods construct virtual elements and stress servo control to approximately replace the hydraulic support problem,this paper establishes a new numerical model of hydraulic support with the same working characteristics as the actual hydraulic support by integrating numerical simulation software Rhino,Griddle and FLAC3D,which can realize the simulation of different working conditions.Based on this model,the influence mechanism of the supporting strength of hydraulic support on surrounding rock stress regulation and coal stability in front of the top coal caving face in extra thick coal seam were researched.Firstly,under different support intensity,the abutment pressure of the bearing coal and the coal in front of it presents the “three-stage”evolution characteristics.The influence range of support intensity is 15%–30%.Secondly,1.5 MPa is the upper limit of impact that the support strength can have on the front coal failure area.Thirdly,within a displacement range of 2.76 m from the coal wall,a support strength of1.5 MPa provides optimal control of the horizontal displacement of the coal.

Coal mine roof rating(CMRR),rock mass rating(RMR)and strata control:Carborough Downs Mine,Bowen Basin,Australia

The rock mass rating(RMR)has been used across the geotechnical industry for half a century.In contrast,the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)was specifically introduced to underground coal mines two decades ago to link geological characterization with geotechnical risk mitigation.The premise of CMRR is that strength properties of mine roof rock are influenced by defects typical of coal measures stratigraphy.The CMRR has been used in longwall pillar design,roof support methods,and evaluation of extended cuts,but is rarely evaluated.Here,the RMR and CMRR are applied to a longwall coal mine.Roof rock mass classifications were undertaken at 67 locations across the mine.Both classifications showed marked spatial variability in terms of roof conditions.Normal and reverse faulting occur across the mine,and while no clear relationships exist between rock mass character and faulting,a central graben zone showed heterogeneous rock mass properties,and divergence between CMRR and RMR.Overall,the CMRR data fell within the broad envelope of results reported for extended cuts at Australian and U.S.coal mines.The corollary is that the CMRR is useful,and should not be used in isolation,but rather as a component of a strata control programme.

Strength weakening effect of high static pre-stressed granite subjected to low-frequency dynamic disturbance under uniaxial compression

This study aimed to elucidate the strength weakening effect of high static pre-stressed rocks subjected to low-frequency disturbances under uniaxial compression.Based on the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of granite under static loading,70%,80%,and 90%of UCS were selected as the initial high static pre-stress(σ_(p)),and then the pre-stressed rock specimens were disturbed by sinusoidal stress with amplitudes of 30%,20%,and 10%of UCS under low-frequency frequencies(f)of 1,2,5,and 10 Hz,respectively.The results show that the rockburst failure of pre-stressed granite is caused by low-frequency disturbance,and the failure strength is much lower than UCS.When theσp or f is constant,the specimen strength gradually decreases as the f or σ_(p) increases.The experimental study illustrates the influence mechanism of the strength weakening effect of high static pre-stress rocks under low-frequency dynamic disturbance,that is,high static pre-stress is the premise and leading factor of rock strength weakening,while low-frequency dynamic disturbance induces rock failure and affects the strength weakening degree.

Rock burst risk evaluation based on equivalent surrounding rock strength

On-site investigations consistently show that the rock burst inherent to coal seams varies greatly with coal seam thickness.In this study,impact factors related to coal seam thickness and surrounding rock strength were analyzed and a corresponding rock burst risk assessment method was constructed.The model reflects the influence of coal seam thickness on the stress distribution of surrounding rock at the roadway.Based on the roadway excavation range,a stress distribution model of surrounding roadway rock is established and the influence of coal seam thickness on rock burst risk is analyzed accordingly.The proposed rock burst risk assessment method is based on the equivalent surrounding rock strength and coal seam bursting liability.The proposed method was tested in a 3500 mining area to find that it yields rock burst risk assessment results as per coal seam thickness that are in accordance with real-world conditions.The results presented here suggest that coal seam thickness is a crucial factor in effective rock burst risk assessment.

Mechanical properties of material in a mine dump at the Shengli#1 Surface Coal Mine,China

ln-situ experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the soil-rock mixture in the internal dump of the Shengli #1 Surface Coal Mine, China. Based on the experimental results, this study used comparative analysis and found that the shear strength of the soil-rock mixture in the dump was greater than the residual shear strength of the original rock. The results showed that the material presented in the dump as large blocks was the main factor affecting the strength of the soil-rock mixture, Numerical simulation was carried out for the analyses of three factors： different combinations of shear failure, rolling failure along with different large-block radius ratios, and mixture densities. The results illustrated that the cohesion and angle of internal friction of the soil-rock mixture are 12 kPa and 32.26°. However, in some cases the bench angle in the dump was controlled by a coupling relationship of rocks in the material. Finally, the stability of a soil slope showed a linear relationship with the large-block radius ratio and the bulk density.

不同加载条件下含瓦斯煤岩强度极限邻域范围研究

煤与瓦斯突出灾害的发生机理尚不清楚,据流变假说,含瓦斯煤岩在长期载荷下可能进入“强度极限邻域”,此时受外部冲击扰动更易破坏。为研究不同加载条件下含瓦斯煤岩的“强度极限邻域”,以找到进入该状态的影响规律,并建立相应的微观判别标准,利用自主研发的岩石流变扰动效应三轴试验系统和煤岩流变扰动效应渗流实验装置,开展不同围压、不同瓦斯压力、轴压下的含瓦斯煤岩流变扰动实验,通过核磁共振手段对流变扰动前后煤岩进行分析对比,得到不同加载条件下的孔隙率、孔径分布、T_(2)谱曲线。试验结果表明:①不同加载条件下的煤岩流变过程中,存在一个应力阈值,可以使得煤岩在受到外部冲击扰动后阈值左右邻域有不同力学性质的表现;当施加力小于此阈值时,冲击扰动后,煤岩的孔隙度减小,煤样随之被压缩紧密,T_(2)谱曲线中代表大孔径的谱峰降低,谱峰曲线左移;当施加力大于此阈值时,冲击扰动后,煤岩大孔径孔隙增多,T_(2)谱曲线出现右移,所有谱峰高度增大,说明该应力阈值是用来判断煤岩是否进入“强度极限邻域”关键。②围压和瓦斯压力对煤岩的影响具有相反的力学作用性质,在抗压能力、损伤程度、长期强度、“强度极限邻域”中有所表现,其中,围压越大,煤岩越晚进入“强度极限邻域”,瓦斯压力越大,煤岩则越早进入该邻域。③煤岩的孔径分布、T_(2)谱曲线能直观反映了煤岩“强度极限邻域”内、外微观变化特征。④通过煤岩孔隙率所确定的进入“强度极限邻域”时的轴压与围压、瓦斯压力构建函数方程可判断不同加载条件煤岩进入“强度极限邻域”的时机,作为进入“强度极限邻域”范围时的判别标准,其中围压越大,此时进入“强度极限邻域”范围时的应力阈值越大;瓦斯压力越大,进入“强度极限邻域”时的应力阈值越小。

金沙江上游白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学行为研究

金沙江构造结合带是典型的板块碰撞作用形成的构造混杂岩带,不仅地质结构复杂,而且发育了工程特性极差的特殊岩土体。本文在金沙江上游白格滑坡成因机理调查与分析过程中,新发现了巨型滑坡体后缘滑壁发育厚度较大、分布较连续的黏土化蚀变岩,是构成滑动带的重要组分。基于相关样品的原位测试和室内系统的物质组成、耐崩解、环形剪切、动三轴等物理力学试验研究,揭示了黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学特性及其在白格滑坡形成演化中的作用。主要结论如下:1)白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩是金沙江构造结合带中蛇绿岩蚀变的产物,蚀变程度高,蚀变系数介于0.64~0.86之间,黏土矿物成分以伊利石为主、伊/蒙混层矿物次之,遇水极易崩解,崩解指数达50%以上;2)黏土化蚀变岩中工程性质最差的是蚀变黏土,水和振动荷载作用下剪切强度弱化显著,含水率由10%增至20%后剪切强度降幅达34%,动强度远小于其静强度,并随着振动次数的增加不断降低,蚀变黏土是促进斜坡岩体结构面贯通、破坏的重要因素;3)白格滑坡滑动面的形成受节理结构面与黏土化蚀变岩联合控制,整体上可分为2种模式:黏土化蚀变岩厚层软弱夹层型和充填节理裂隙贯通型;4)金沙江上游发育的不少巨型高位滑坡与黏土化蚀变岩不良工程特性具有密切的关系,岩体结构与特殊岩性的组合是值得关注的区域性易滑地质结构。以上结论对于青藏高原东缘大江大河岸坡稳定性分析和防灾减灾具有较好的启示意义。

降雨开挖诱发顺层岩质滑坡稳定性与堆积特征

在自然环境与工程建设中,顺层岩质滑坡因其易发、频发、突发等特征,一直是地质灾害领域研究热点之一。以湖北省建始县大包山滑坡为例,综合现场调查、无人机(UAV)摄影等手段,开展含软弱夹层结构面强度弱化规律试验,考虑强度弱化的降雨-开挖联合作用,进行边坡动态稳定性与堆积特征数值模拟分析,探讨边坡破坏诱因,揭示边坡变形机制。主要结论如下:①自然边坡在天然、暴雨工况下稳定性系数分别为1.35和1.20,开挖边坡在天然、暴雨工况下稳定性系数分别为1.04和0.90;最不利工况下,边坡第四级开挖后,发生失稳破坏,诱因为降雨-开挖联合作用;②大包山滑坡破坏模式为典型的滑移-拉裂破坏,即滑坡体前缘侧向隆起,中后缘牵引式滑动,后缘发生拉裂破坏,滑坡体沿软弱结构面整体性顺层平面滑动;③大包山滑坡的变形破坏和启滑运动堆积过程可划分为5个阶段,即裂缝发展贯通阶段、启滑动态响应阶段、整体高速滑动阶段、平台碰撞制动阶段、堆积侧向挤滑阶段;滑坡前缘于坡脚处堆积,堆积距离约15~25 m,整体滑移水平距离约15 m,滑坡最大位移量高达30 m。研究成果对类似顺层岩质滑坡研究具有一定参考价值。

基于黏聚力单元的煤岩复合体水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

为分析煤岩复合体中水力裂缝扩展路径及演化规律,从应力场、煤岩交界面强度以及煤层层理倾角出发,基于黏聚力单元法建立了煤岩复合体水力压裂模型,分析了不同工况下煤岩复合体水力裂缝扩展规律。研究结果表明:煤岩复合体水压裂缝在上覆岩层中起裂后,随着垂向与水平应力差的逐渐增大,水力压裂裂缝受应力场的控制作用越来越显著;煤岩交界面强度较小时,水力裂缝在交界面中难以形成水压聚集达到煤层的开裂条件,煤岩交界面强度较大时能够在煤岩交界面中扩展一定距离并完成憋压,当压力达到煤层开裂条件时水压裂缝穿越煤岩交界面并诱导煤层起裂扩展;在煤层层理倾角30°条件下水力裂缝沿主应力方向形成主裂缝并沿层理方向形成次生分支裂缝;在不同地质条件下,应力场、煤岩交界面和煤体层理对水力裂纹的控制作用不同,可结合三者对水力裂纹的控制作用使其形成复杂的裂纹网络结构。

水岩作用下不同煤体厚度组合体力学特性及损伤规律研究

为研究水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学行为及其界面不均匀破坏特征,揭示井下隔水煤岩柱变形及富水环境下煤岩层变形规律.对不同高度比例的岩-煤-岩组合体开展干燥和饱水条件下单轴压缩试验,分析组合体应力-应变、强度及弹性模量劣化规律,探究水岩作用下煤-岩交接面处应力分布关系,明确组合体变形破坏特征及过程.研究结果表明:水岩作用下煤体高度对组合体力学特征具有较大影响,在干燥与饱水状态下,组合体单轴抗压强度与弹性模量均随煤体高度的增加而减小,且试件的破坏形态随着煤体高度的增加由拉伸破坏转变成斜面剪切破坏,最终表现为煤体挤裂破坏.但组合体强度损失劣化度随着岩体层间煤体高度增加,先增大后减小,当煤∶岩高度比为1∶2时,组合体强度对水的敏感度最大并出现极大值,这主要与煤岩交界面高度位置有关.弹性模量呈现降速缓释趋势,主要与组合体组成岩石性质有关.水岩作用下煤体部分为组合体整体失稳破坏的触发点位,延续影响煤体两端岩体,由于交界面产生侧向平面约束力,使煤体轴向抵抗变形能力得到强化,但随着煤体高度的增加,煤体中部所受约束影响迅速衰减.组合体变形破坏渐进性过程分为四个阶段:裂隙孔隙压密阶段、裂隙产生并稳定发育阶段、裂隙加速发育并贯通阶段和破坏后阶段.

浸水煤样强度劣化机理与防隔水煤柱留设公式优化方法探讨

防隔水煤柱的留设是防治老空水害问题的有效措施之一,为考虑煤柱长期浸水失稳对防隔水煤柱安全留设尺寸的影响,进一步提高防隔水煤柱的安全性,以华北型煤田为研究背景,基于模拟浸泡试验实测数据,分析了煤柱浸水时的强度破坏规律,探究了强度破坏的内在原因及影响因素。结果表明:不同浸泡环境下的煤柱抗压强度均随浸泡时间的延长而降低,并最终趋于稳定;抗拉强度与浸泡时间的关系在不同浸泡条件下呈现不同的变化规律,去离子水溶液浸泡条件下仍呈降低且趋于稳定的变化趋势,在高矿化度矿井水环境下则存在临界值,并在突破临界值后再次呈现降低趋势;影响煤柱稳定性的因素包括煤岩体性质、浸泡时间、浸泡溶液水化学特征等,其中浸泡时间为主要影响因素之一。结合实测数据及上述分析,从更加安全的角度引入了煤柱软化系数以限制经验公式中的抗拉强度,将防隔水煤柱留设公式修正为:L=0.5KM√3P/R_(t)K_(p)。

不同法向应力和剪切速率下煤平直节理剪切特性研究

煤体剪切力学参数是分析煤体变形及稳定性的重要参数。为研究不同法向应力和剪切速率下煤平直节理剪切特性,开展剪切数值模拟与实验室试验,研究法向应力、剪切速率对煤平直节理剪切特性的影响规律。结果表明:节理剪切强度随剪切速率增加而减小,随着法向应力增加而增加,且法向应力越高,节理剪切强度受到剪切速率的影响越大;剪切刚度与法向应力呈正相关关系,与剪切速率呈负相关关系,当剪切速率达到一定值之后对剪切刚度的影响不明显;剪切速率增加使模拟节理更容易发生剪切滑移,易引发煤岩动力灾害,这一现象在高法向应力更为严重。

岩煤强度比对组合体破裂声发射及裂隙分形特性的影响

为研究不同岩煤强度比条件下煤岩组合体分层介质的渐进破坏特征,采用DYD-10电子万能试验机、PCI-8型声发射信号采集系统,结合能量耗散、分形理论,对不同岩煤强度比的煤岩组合体开展了单轴压缩试验。结果表明:不同岩煤强度比组合体试件破坏模式为煤体部分的剪切破裂进而牵引岩体破裂;岩煤强度比的增加,使得煤岩组合体的抗压强度在有限的范围内增加,而煤体强度是影响试件抗压强度的主要因素;分形维数D_(c)的斜率均大于D_(r),煤岩组合体全应力应变过程中裂隙在煤体部分的发育程度更完全;随着岩煤强度比增大,煤岩组合体中煤体部分裂隙更加发育、破坏程度更大,岩体部分裂隙扩展范围更小;当岩煤强度比增大时,煤岩组合体储能极限逐渐减小,试件内部储存的能量不足以驱动裂隙进一步向岩层部分扩展。该研究对进一步完善采动煤岩体动力学灾害防治具有重要意义。

不同浸润时间下煤岩蠕变力学模型研究

以煤岩为研究对象,进行不同浸润时间下的单轴压缩蠕变试验。试验表明:煤岩在轴向应力加载瞬间,产生瞬时弹性应变,接着出现衰减、稳定蠕变,当加载应力高于长期强度时,表现出加速蠕变行为;通过等时应力-应变曲线求拐点的方式,确定煤岩长期强度,随着浸润时间的增长而递减。基于煤岩蠕变的黏弹塑性,确定基础蠕变模型,利用考虑损伤的Hooke体描述煤岩瞬时弹性应变,分数阶黏滞体表征黏弹性应变,分数阶黏塑性体反映黏塑性应变,构建一个新的改进后的煤岩蠕变力学模型。结果表明:改进后模型对煤岩蠕变曲线具有良好模拟效果,能较为准确反映煤岩在不同浸润时间下的蠕变力学行为。

不同界面倾角下煤岩组合体强度及破坏特征分析

开采深部煤炭时,煤层与顶底板相互作用更加明显,影响工作面安全生产。针对此问题,基于离散元方法,采用PFC2D建立了煤岩组合体试样,分析了不同界面倾角下煤岩组合体强度及破坏特征。结果表明,随着煤岩界面倾角的增加,煤岩组合体试样的峰值强度近似线性减小,弹性模量非线性增加,起裂应力和峰值应变规律性较差,AE计数的峰值逐渐降低,且AE事件出现阶段提前,试样破坏形态逐渐由“V”字形向沿界面倾角破坏转变,且裂纹具有更强的贯穿能力。

加载速率对岩-煤-岩组合体力学和破坏特征的影响

针对矿井中岩煤岩复合结构在不同荷载条件下破坏的复杂性等问题,基于离散元法研究了不同加载速率下,岩煤岩组合结构的强度和破坏特征,分析了不同裂纹数时刻试样内部应力分布特征及砂岩、煤岩结构承载演化过程。结果表明,岩煤岩组合体峰值应力随加载速率整体近似线性增加,峰值应变随加载速率整体呈加速增加趋势,弹性模量随加载速率整体呈减速增加趋势;当加载速率较高时,试样应力应变曲线出现明显波动;随加载速率增加,试样在声发射递增期和峰值期的AE事件逐渐密集;试样最大裂纹数随加载速率整体呈线性增加趋势,低应力水平下由煤岩结构承载,达到峰值强度后承载结构逐渐由煤岩结构向砂岩结构转化。

浅埋近距离煤层群工作面支架选型技术研究

为了确保浅埋近距离煤层群工作面的安全高效开采,以陕西神木矿区锟源煤矿近距离2-2煤采空区下,3-1煤工作面开采作为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和相似模拟的研究方法,分析近距离煤层上层煤开采后,下分层3-1煤工作面开采时工作面支架的合理支护强度。理论计算工作面支架支护强度为0.695 MPa,数值模拟3-1煤工作面支架支护强度为0.4~0.77 MPa,相似模拟3-1煤工作面支架支护强度为0.45~0.78 MPa,该工作面工作阻力大于7 435 kN,与现场实测数据相吻合。由此表明,现有支架选型不满足支护要求,选用支护阻力为8 200 kN的液压支架可满足工作面支护要求。该研究补充了在浅埋近距离煤层群开采情况下工作面支架选项技术研究,为神木地区浅埋近距离煤层群的安全高效回采提供了理论依据。