Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to...Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule （PMR）, this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories： damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages： stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule （MMR）, and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.展开更多
We investigate the segregation behavior of alloying atoms （Sr, Th, In, Cd, Ag, Sc, Au, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ti） near Z3 （ 111 ） [1]-0] tilt symmetric grain boundary （GB） in tungsten and their effects on the inter...We investigate the segregation behavior of alloying atoms （Sr, Th, In, Cd, Ag, Sc, Au, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ti） near Z3 （ 111 ） [1]-0] tilt symmetric grain boundary （GB） in tungsten and their effects on the intergranular embrittlement by performing first-principles calculations. The calculated segregation energies suggest that Ag, Au, Cd, In, Sc, Sr, Th, and Ti prefer to occupy the site in the mirror plane of the GB, while Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn intend to locate at the first layer nearby the GB core. The calculated strengthening energies predict Sr, Th, In, Cd, Ag, Sc, Au, Ti, and Zn act as embrittlers while Cu, Cr, and Mn act as cohesion enhancers. The correlation of the alloying atom＇s metal radius with strengthening energy is strong enough to predict the strengthening and embrittling behavior of alloying atoms; that is, the alloying atom with larger metal radius than W acts as an embrittler and the one with smaller metal radius acts as a cohesion enhancer.展开更多
In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for M...In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for MRF was designed. Moreover, relevant experiments were carded out and the relationship between squeezing pressure and braking torque was proposed. Experiments results showed that the yield stress of MRF improved linearly with the increasing of external squeezing pressure and the braking torque increased three times when external squeezing pressure achieved 2 MPa.展开更多
Quaternary Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystal-containing alloys were fabricated using a metal mold casting route. The microstructures of Mg-Zn-Y-Ce alloys and the distribution of the major elements were analyzed. The difference...Quaternary Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystal-containing alloys were fabricated using a metal mold casting route. The microstructures of Mg-Zn-Y-Ce alloys and the distribution of the major elements were analyzed. The differences in morphology and micro-hardness between quaternary Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystals and ternary Mg- Zn-Y quasi-crystals were discussed. The result showed that the micro-hardness of Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystals reached peak value when the content of Ce was 0.8at.%. Subsequently, various contents of Mg-Zn-Y-0.8Ce alloys were used to strengthen AZ91 magnesium alloys. The microstructural modification and mechanical properties of reinforced AZ91 alloys with and without solution, as well as their aging treatments, were also studied. Further research showed that aging-treated AZ91-10wt.%(Mg-Zn-Y-0.8at.%Ce) alloys exhibited excellent mechanical properties: their Brinell hardness, tensile strength, and elongation were HV91, 252 MPa, and 4.1%, respectively. Through this study, the range of application of AZ91 alloys can further be extended.展开更多
A lead-free Sn-3.5Ag solder was prepared by rapid solidification technology. The high solidification rate, obtained by rapid cooling, promotes nucleation, and suppresses the growth of Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds （I...A lead-free Sn-3.5Ag solder was prepared by rapid solidification technology. The high solidification rate, obtained by rapid cooling, promotes nucleation, and suppresses the growth of Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds （IMCs） in Ag-rich zone, yielding fine Ag3Sn nanoparticulates with spherical morphology in the matrix of the solder. The large amount of tough homogeneously-dispersed IMCs helps to improve the surface area per unit volume and obstructs the dislocation lines passing through the solder, which fits with the dispersion-strengthening theory. Hence, the rapidly-solidified Sn-3.5Ag solder exhibits a higher rnicrohardness when compared with a slowly-solidified Sn-3.5Ag solder.展开更多
The modification of Fe-14Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni shape memory alloys(SMAs) by copper addition was carried out, aiming at further enhancing its corrosion resistance. The results of electrochemical potentiodynamic measurement an...The modification of Fe-14Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni shape memory alloys(SMAs) by copper addition was carried out, aiming at further enhancing its corrosion resistance. The results of electrochemical potentiodynamic measurement and immersion test show that copper can remarkably improve the corrosion resistance in Cl- solution. Otherwise, it is found that copper cannot markedly affect the mechanical properties nor the shape memory effect(SME). As for the effects of copper on Fe-Mn-Si based alloys, the austenite strengthening is one of the key factors to improve SME.展开更多
Scandium addition significantly alters the corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of Al-3 Mg alloys. The addition of 0.3% - 0.4% scandium with 0.14% zirconium has a beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance ...Scandium addition significantly alters the corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of Al-3 Mg alloys. The addition of 0.3% - 0.4% scandium with 0.14% zirconium has a beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance of the alloy under smoothly stirred condition. Addition of 0.3% Sc significantly suppresses corrosion under dynamic flow conditions. It also creates an optimal strengthening effect on the alloys. The corrosion resistance is attributed to the strong passive layer of Sc2O3 formed on the ultrafine coherent precipitates of Al3Sc. A strong evidence of the pinning of grain bounda-ries by coherent nano Al3Sc precipitates is responsible for the strengthening effect.展开更多
【目的】明确多效唑(PP333)与水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、壳聚糖(CTS)和苯并噻二唑(BTH)等药物互作对香蕉苗生长及抗病性的影响,为利用诱抗剂防控香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium wilt of banana)提供参考依据。【方法】以香蕉品种‘宝岛蕉’组培杯...【目的】明确多效唑(PP333)与水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、壳聚糖(CTS)和苯并噻二唑(BTH)等药物互作对香蕉苗生长及抗病性的影响,为利用诱抗剂防控香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium wilt of banana)提供参考依据。【方法】以香蕉品种‘宝岛蕉’组培杯苗为试验材料,叶面喷施PP333(A处理)及4种常用诱抗剂单剂(B、C、D和E处理)和双剂(A+B、A+C、A+D和A+E处理),以喷清水为对照(CK),结合伤根浸菌接种法,比较分析各处理香蕉苗的生长状况、抗枯萎病能力和防御酶活性。【结果】处理后30 d,各药物处理香蕉苗的株高均显著低于CK(P<0.05,下同),茎粗总体上高于CK。其中,双剂处理中以PP333配施BTH的株高最低,较CK显著降低31.84%,以PP333配施JA的茎粗最粗,较CK显著增加20.55%。双剂处理香蕉苗的地上部干物质量均显著低于CK,降幅为2.46%~5.74%,根系干物质量较CK显著提高39.02%~43.90%。各药物处理香蕉苗期的枯萎病病情指数均显著低于CK,其中PP333配施BTH和CTS对香蕉枯萎病的诱抗效果较佳,分别达57.63%和50.85%;双剂处理对诱导香蕉苗体内抗性相关酶活性的效应明显,其中,PP333分别配施BTH和CTS,其苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性较CK分别提高54.59%~101.69%和42.09%~103.50%,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性分别提高77.29%~228.77%和66.07%~267.65%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高121.82%~204.16%和54.31%~117.55%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别提高107.45%~263.51%和110.00%~301.07%,CAT活性分别提高141.95%~442.16%和192.68%~304.70%。【结论】PP333与诱抗剂互作可提高香蕉苗防御酶活性,壮苗效果好,对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的诱抗效果。其中,PP333与BTH和CTS配施的诱导效果更佳,具有生产应用前景。展开更多
基金Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2011AA11A265)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.50875173,51105241)Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11ZR1414700)
文摘Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule （PMR）, this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories： damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages： stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule （MMR）, and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.
基金Project supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program(Grant No.2011GB108004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91026002 and 91126002)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.KJCX2-YW-N35 andXDA03010303)the Center for Computation Science,Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences
文摘We investigate the segregation behavior of alloying atoms （Sr, Th, In, Cd, Ag, Sc, Au, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ti） near Z3 （ 111 ） [1]-0] tilt symmetric grain boundary （GB） in tungsten and their effects on the intergranular embrittlement by performing first-principles calculations. The calculated segregation energies suggest that Ag, Au, Cd, In, Sc, Sr, Th, and Ti prefer to occupy the site in the mirror plane of the GB, while Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn intend to locate at the first layer nearby the GB core. The calculated strengthening energies predict Sr, Th, In, Cd, Ag, Sc, Au, Ti, and Zn act as embrittlers while Cu, Cr, and Mn act as cohesion enhancers. The correlation of the alloying atom＇s metal radius with strengthening energy is strong enough to predict the strengthening and embrittling behavior of alloying atoms; that is, the alloying atom with larger metal radius than W acts as an embrittler and the one with smaller metal radius acts as a cohesion enhancer.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51475454)National Natural Science Foundation of JiangsuProvince(No.BK20151144)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds forthe Central Universities(No.2014QNA38)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for MRF was designed. Moreover, relevant experiments were carded out and the relationship between squeezing pressure and braking torque was proposed. Experiments results showed that the yield stress of MRF improved linearly with the increasing of external squeezing pressure and the braking torque increased three times when external squeezing pressure achieved 2 MPa.
基金supported by the Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No. E2010000057)the International S & T Cooperation Program of China (No. 2010DFA51850)
文摘Quaternary Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystal-containing alloys were fabricated using a metal mold casting route. The microstructures of Mg-Zn-Y-Ce alloys and the distribution of the major elements were analyzed. The differences in morphology and micro-hardness between quaternary Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystals and ternary Mg- Zn-Y quasi-crystals were discussed. The result showed that the micro-hardness of Mg-Zn-Y-Ce quasi-crystals reached peak value when the content of Ce was 0.8at.%. Subsequently, various contents of Mg-Zn-Y-0.8Ce alloys were used to strengthen AZ91 magnesium alloys. The microstructural modification and mechanical properties of reinforced AZ91 alloys with and without solution, as well as their aging treatments, were also studied. Further research showed that aging-treated AZ91-10wt.%(Mg-Zn-Y-0.8at.%Ce) alloys exhibited excellent mechanical properties: their Brinell hardness, tensile strength, and elongation were HV91, 252 MPa, and 4.1%, respectively. Through this study, the range of application of AZ91 alloys can further be extended.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50401003), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City (No. 033608811) and Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (No. 104015).
文摘A lead-free Sn-3.5Ag solder was prepared by rapid solidification technology. The high solidification rate, obtained by rapid cooling, promotes nucleation, and suppresses the growth of Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds （IMCs） in Ag-rich zone, yielding fine Ag3Sn nanoparticulates with spherical morphology in the matrix of the solder. The large amount of tough homogeneously-dispersed IMCs helps to improve the surface area per unit volume and obstructs the dislocation lines passing through the solder, which fits with the dispersion-strengthening theory. Hence, the rapidly-solidified Sn-3.5Ag solder exhibits a higher rnicrohardness when compared with a slowly-solidified Sn-3.5Ag solder.
文摘The modification of Fe-14Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni shape memory alloys(SMAs) by copper addition was carried out, aiming at further enhancing its corrosion resistance. The results of electrochemical potentiodynamic measurement and immersion test show that copper can remarkably improve the corrosion resistance in Cl- solution. Otherwise, it is found that copper cannot markedly affect the mechanical properties nor the shape memory effect(SME). As for the effects of copper on Fe-Mn-Si based alloys, the austenite strengthening is one of the key factors to improve SME.
文摘Scandium addition significantly alters the corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of Al-3 Mg alloys. The addition of 0.3% - 0.4% scandium with 0.14% zirconium has a beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance of the alloy under smoothly stirred condition. Addition of 0.3% Sc significantly suppresses corrosion under dynamic flow conditions. It also creates an optimal strengthening effect on the alloys. The corrosion resistance is attributed to the strong passive layer of Sc2O3 formed on the ultrafine coherent precipitates of Al3Sc. A strong evidence of the pinning of grain bounda-ries by coherent nano Al3Sc precipitates is responsible for the strengthening effect.
文摘【目的】明确多效唑(PP333)与水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、壳聚糖(CTS)和苯并噻二唑(BTH)等药物互作对香蕉苗生长及抗病性的影响,为利用诱抗剂防控香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium wilt of banana)提供参考依据。【方法】以香蕉品种‘宝岛蕉’组培杯苗为试验材料,叶面喷施PP333(A处理)及4种常用诱抗剂单剂(B、C、D和E处理)和双剂(A+B、A+C、A+D和A+E处理),以喷清水为对照(CK),结合伤根浸菌接种法,比较分析各处理香蕉苗的生长状况、抗枯萎病能力和防御酶活性。【结果】处理后30 d,各药物处理香蕉苗的株高均显著低于CK(P<0.05,下同),茎粗总体上高于CK。其中,双剂处理中以PP333配施BTH的株高最低,较CK显著降低31.84%,以PP333配施JA的茎粗最粗,较CK显著增加20.55%。双剂处理香蕉苗的地上部干物质量均显著低于CK,降幅为2.46%~5.74%,根系干物质量较CK显著提高39.02%~43.90%。各药物处理香蕉苗期的枯萎病病情指数均显著低于CK,其中PP333配施BTH和CTS对香蕉枯萎病的诱抗效果较佳,分别达57.63%和50.85%;双剂处理对诱导香蕉苗体内抗性相关酶活性的效应明显,其中,PP333分别配施BTH和CTS,其苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性较CK分别提高54.59%~101.69%和42.09%~103.50%,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性分别提高77.29%~228.77%和66.07%~267.65%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高121.82%~204.16%和54.31%~117.55%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别提高107.45%~263.51%和110.00%~301.07%,CAT活性分别提高141.95%~442.16%和192.68%~304.70%。【结论】PP333与诱抗剂互作可提高香蕉苗防御酶活性,壮苗效果好,对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的诱抗效果。其中,PP333与BTH和CTS配施的诱导效果更佳,具有生产应用前景。
