Static and Thermal Analysis of Aluminium (413,390,384 and 332) Piston Using Finite Element Method

The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.

Comparison of large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway: A theoretical analysis and field investigation

Under the dual influence of the mining disturbance of the previous working face and the advanced mining of the working face,the roadway is prone to large deformation,failure,and rockburst.Roadway stabilization has always significantly influenced deep mining safety.In this article we used the research background of the large deformation failure roadway of Fa-er Coal Mine in Guizhou Province of China to propose two control methods:bolt-cable-mesh+concrete blocks+directional energy-gathering blasting(BCM-CBDE method)and 1st Generation-Negative Poisson’s Ratio(1G NPR)cable+directional energy-gathering blasting+dynamic pressure stage support(πgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel)(NPR-DEDP method).Meantime,we compared the validity of the large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway based on theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and field experiments.The results show that directional energy-gathering blasting can weaken the pressure acting on the concrete blocks.However,the vertical stress of the surrounding rock of the roadway is still concentrated in the entity coal side and the concrete blocks,showing a’bimodal’distribution.BCM-CBDE method cannot effectively control the stability of the roadway.NPR-DEDP method removed the concrete blocks.It shows using the 1G NPR cable with periodic slipping-sticking characteristics can adapt to repeated mining disturbances.The peak value of the vertical stress of the roadway is reduced and transferred to the deep part of the surrounding rock mass,which promotes the collapse of the gangue in the goaf and fills the goaf.The pressure of the roadway roof is reduced,and the gob-side roadway is fundamentally protected.Meantime,the dynamic pressure stage support method withπgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel as the core effectively protects the roadway from dynamic pressure impact when the main roof is periodically broken.After the on-site implementation of NPR-DEDP method,the deformation of the roadway is reduced by more than 45%,and the deformation rate is reduced by more than 50%.

Deformation and failure characteristics of anchorage structure of surrounding rock in deep roadway

This paper investigated the stress evolution,displacement field,local deformation and its overall distribution,and failure characteristics of the anchorage structure of surrounding rock with different rockbolt spacing through the model experiments.The influences of the pre-tightening force and spacing of rockbolt on the support strength of the anchorage structure of surrounding rock were analyzed by the simulation using FLAC3D numerical software.The support scheme of the excavated roadway was then designed,and the effectiveness of this support scheme was further verified by the displacement measurement of the roadway.The results showed that the maximum displacement between the roof and floor of the west wing track roadway in Kouzidong coal mine,China is about 42 mm,and the maximum displacement between its both sides is about 72 mm,indicating that the support scheme proposed in this study can ensure the stability and safety of the excavated roadway.

Deformation tests and failure process analysis of an anchorage structure

In order to study the failure process of an anchorage structure and the evolution law of the body＇s defor- mation field, anchor push-out tests were carried out based on digital speckle correlation methods （DSCM）. The stress distribution of the anchorage interface was investigated using the particle flow numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there are three stages in the deformation and fail- ure process of an anchorage structure： elastic bonding stage, a de-bonding stage and a failure stage. The stress distribution in the interface controls the stability of the structure. In the elastic bonding stage, the shear stress peak point of the interface is close to the loading end, and the displacement field gradually develops into a ＂V＂ shape, in the de-bonding stage, there is a shear stress plateau in the center of the anchorage section, and shear strain localization begins to form in the deformation field. In the failure stage, the bonding of the interface fails rapidly and the shear stress peak point moves to the anchorage free end. The anchorage structure moves integrally along the macro-cracl~ The de-bonding stage is a research focus in the deformation and failure process of an anchorage structure, and plays an important guiding role in roadway support design and prediction of the stability of the surrounding rock.

Comparative analysis of deformation and failure mechanisms of underground powerhouses on the left and right banks of Baihetan hydropower station

The stability of the surrounding rocks of large underground powerhouses is always emphasized during the construction process,especially in large-scale underground projects under construction,such as the Baihetan hydropower station in China.According to field investigations,numerical simulations and monitoring data analysis,we present a comparative analysis of the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rocks of underground powerhouses on the left and right banks of the Baihetan hydropower station.The failure characteristics and deformation magnitude of the underground powerhouses on the left and right banks are quite different.Under the disadvantageous condition where the maximum principal stress intersects the axis of the powerhouse at a large angle,the left bank underground powerhouse shows prominent stress-controlled failure characteristics such as spalling,slack collapse and concrete cracking.Although the maximum principal stress is in the favorable condition which intersects the right bank powerhouse at a small angle,the relatively high intermediate principal stress with an angle subvertical to the right bank powerhouse plays an essential role in its deformation and failure,indicating that the influence of high intermediate principal stress cannot be ignored.In addition,structural plane-controlled failure and large deformation are also more evident on the right bank due to the extensive distribution of weak structural planes and complex surrounding rock properties.

Dynamic Analysis of Deformational Structures of the Xianniishan Fault Zone in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River

Field investigation and laboratory work reveal that inhomogeneity of the deformation of the Xiannushan fault is mainly characterized by lateral zonation, longitudinal segmentation and downward stratification. Based on these results, a 3-D deformational structure model of the fault was established and its geometrical and kinematic characteristics in two main deformational stages i.e. the main Yanshanian and Himalayan were discussed. The directions of principal and the differential stresses in these two stages were determined by using conjugate joints, striations of fault planes and microstructures of the fault zone. The direction of σI is N-S in direction with differential stresses of 150-250 MPa in the Yanshanian, and N70E with a differential stress ranging from 80-120 MPa in the Himalayan.

Residual Stress Relaxation of Thin‑walled Long Stringer Made of Aluminum Alloy 7050‑T7451 under Transportation Vibration

Thin-walled long stringer made of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 is prone to deformation during transportation,so a research of residual stress relaxation was launched in this paper.The transport resonance stress of long stringer was analyzed based on the power spectral density of road transport acceleration.The residual stress relaxation experiment of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 under different equivalent stress levels was designed and carried out.According to the amount of residual stress relaxation in the experiment,an analytical model was established with the equivalent stress level coefficient.The deflection range of long stringer was evaluated under different damping ratios.The results show that when the equivalent stress exceeds 0.8σ0.2,the residual stress relaxation of the thin-walled samples occurs.The residual stress relaxation increases linearly with the equivalent stress,which is logarithmically related to the loading cycle.The deformation caused by residual stress relaxation of the long stringer is proportional to the square of the length and the bending moment caused by stress rebalance,and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the structure.As the damping ratio decreases from 0.03 to 0.01,the total deflection of the long stringer increases from 0 to above 1.55 mm.

Research on numerical welding experiment of a thick spherical shell structure

In this paper, in order to predict the residual deformation of thick spherical structure, a welding program is compiled in APDL language based on Ansys and a numerical welding experiment of a welding example is carried out. The temperature field of welding was simulated firstly, then a thermal-structure coupling analysis was carried out, and at last the residual stress and deformation after welding were got. After that, the numerical experiment result was compared with physical experiment one. The comparative analysis shows that the numerical simulation fits well with physical experiment. On the basis of that, a three-dimensional numerical experiment of a thick spherical shell structure was carried out to get the changing rule of stress and deformation of a thick spherical shell structure during welding. The research is of great value to the prediction of residual deformation and high precision machining.

Advances in the deep tectonics and seismic anisotropy of the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault zone in the Sichuan-Yunnan Block,Southwestern China

The Sichuan-Yunnan Block(SYB)is located at the SE margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(TP).Under the influence of the southeastward movement of material originated from the TP,intense crustal deformation,frequent seismic activity,and complex geological structures are observed in the SYB.The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault(LXF)goes through the central part of the SYB,dividing it into two blocks from north to south,and forming an intersecting fault system with the surrounding faults.This paper firstly introduces the morphology and the nature of the LXF,the distribution of the regional surface displacements and the focal mechanisms,and then analyzes the medium deformation and the effects of faults.Moreover,according to the regional tectonics and geophysical patterns,the paper discusses the characteristics of the north-south blocks of the SYB and the abrupt change of deep structure along the LXF zone.Since seismic anisotropy is an essential property for detecting crustal stress,deep structures and dynamical mechanisms,this paper is dedicated to the advances in seismic anisotropy at different depths and different scales in the study area.There are noteworthy differences in the anisotropic features between the north part and the south part of the SYB,possibly associated with a clear boundary adjacent to the LXF.Such phenomenon suggests some close correlation between anisotropic zoning boundary and the LXF,although this boundary is not consistent with the LXF in strike.The results from the deformation of the crust and the upper mantle elucidate the distribution patterns of the crust-mantle coupling in the north part and the crustmantle decoupling in the south part,even though this conclusion needs to be further verified by more studies.Presently,the scientific understanding of the deep tectonics and the media deformation around the“generalized”LXF i.e.the LXF with the Jinpingshan fault on its eastern side,is still insufficient,and related equivocal topics deserve more in-depth studies.

Structure-activity relationships regarding the antioxidant effects of the flavonoids on human erythrocytes

The effects of eleven flavonoids on lipid peroxidation, protein degradation, deformability and osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes exposed in vitro to 10 mM H2O2 for 60 min at 37 oC have been studied. The following flavonoids;quercetin, rutin and morin significantly protected eryt-hrocytes against lipid peroxidation caused by H2O2. This inhibition of lipid peroxidation could be explained by the presence of at least two hydroxyl groups in ring B of the flavonoid structure, regardless of their positions. However, the flavonoids;quercetin, 3,5,7-trihy- droxy-4'-methoxy flavone-7-rutinoside and 3- hydroxy flavone significantly protected eryt-hrocytes against protein degradation. This inhibition could also be explained by the presence of a hydroxyl group at C-3 in ring C of the flavonoid structure. Quercetin and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'- methoxy flvone-7-rutinoside significantly protected erythrocytes against loss of deformability and increased osmotic fragility, indicating that the loss of erythrocyte deformability and the increase in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes exposed to H2O2 are related to protein degradation rather than to lipid peroxidation. The other flavonoids (chrysin, 2-carboxy ethyl dihydroxy flavone, apigenin, cirsimaritin, α-naphto flavone and flavanone) failed to protect erythrocytes against the observed oxidative damages. The results demonstrate the importance of the chemical groups substituted on the basic skeleton of the flavonoids in dictating the type of antioxidant activity, and also demonstrate the hemorheological potentials of flavonoids that have particular protein-antioxidant activities.

有变形缝工况下地铁左右线盾构并行下穿对既有明挖公路隧道变形及应力的影响

[目的]为确保有变形缝工况下地铁盾构隧道并行下穿既有明挖公路隧道工程的顺利实施,须对该工况下既有明挖公路隧道的变形情况及应力特征进行分析。[方法]建立了济南济泺路下穿黄河隧道工程中市域轨道交通S2线左右线盾构隧道并行下穿既有明挖公路隧道的精细化模型,分析了既有明挖公路隧道车道结构底板的z向(竖向)沉降、x向(水平向)位移及车道结构底板的应力变化情况。选取有无变形缝2种工况,对2个施工步完成后测线的x向位移和z向沉降变化情况进行对比。进一步选取工程中的2号变形缝,分析施工过程中2号变形缝两侧的结构沉降差和变形缝的应力状态发展历程。[结果及结论]与无变形缝工况相比,有变形缝工况降低了既有明挖公路隧道结构的整体性,改变了其变形及受力特征;变形缝始终受到拉应力及剪应力的影响;有变形缝工况下,变形缝两侧沉降随地铁盾构掘进呈现出明显的变化,地铁盾构掘进至该变形缝正下方时,沉降达到最大值。

基坑开挖卸荷对侧方隧道的影响研究——以南京市某地铁车站基坑开挖为例

为研究基坑土体开挖卸荷对围护结构、墙后土体变形以及隧道的影响,针对南京地区地铁车站基坑开挖对侧方既有隧道的影响进行研究,借助有限元软件ABAQUS建立二维隧道-基坑数值模型,重点对隧道水平和竖向位移、隧道结构应力、支护桩水平位移以及基坑周边地表沉降进行分析。研究表明,由于拱顶处混凝土厚度较薄,抵抗变形能力较差,水平位移最大值出现在南侧隧道拱顶位置,基坑开挖过程中,第二和第三层土体开挖对隧道竖向位移影响最大;隧道结构的拉应力整体上随基坑开挖的进展呈现逐渐增加的趋势,第二层土体开挖对隧道结构的拉应力和压应力影响最大;隧道的存在会在一定程度上提高周围土体的刚度,使得土体变形减小,支护桩水平位移曲线呈现“两端小,中间大”,受隧道的“遮挡效应”影响,近隧道水平位移小于远隧道侧;基坑开挖过程中地表沉降变形形态呈“凹槽型”,隧道结构的存在能有效控制近隧道侧地表变形。

排桩复合土钉支护结构水平位移简化计算方法

针对排桩复合土钉支护结构,基于其受力变形机理,引入了土钉钉头与排桩在相应位置处变形协调的基本假定,考虑了分步开挖施工工况,采用增量法建立了考虑施工过程影响的排桩复合土钉支护结构水平位移简化计算方法。算例及工程实例计算的对比分析表明,所建立的排桩复合土钉支护结构水平位移简化计算方法具有工程适用性。

螺旋套管换热器大变形与热应力分析

采用“流-固”共轭传热与“热-固”单向耦合的方法,分析了螺旋套管换热器对流换热特性、热膨胀大变形以及对热应力计算的影响。结果表明:受离心力影响,螺旋管及夹层流体质点形成二次流混合强化螺旋外侧换热,螺旋内管外侧比同一截面内侧点温度更低;在高温换热工况下,在螺旋管因热膨胀而出现显著的变形,其变形量与管壁厚度处于同一数量级,高温工况下螺旋套管换热器热应力计算属于大变形问题,采用大变形有限单元非线性计算结果比小位移线性计算的热应力更大、更加符合实际。最后,以减小热应力为优化目标,对螺旋套管T型接头布置方位进行了优化,当接管径向布置时热应力比轴向布置减小约1/3。

某超深圆形基坑围护结构优化分析

针对佛山市某超深圆形工作井围护结构设计问题,结合地层特点采用数值模拟及现场实测手段对原设计方案进行分析.对围护结构厚度及嵌固深度进行优化分析,探讨相同条件下基坑稳定性随着围护结构厚度及嵌固深度的变化规律.结果表明:开挖面入岩的超深圆形基坑自稳性好,从经济角度考虑,围护结构嵌岩不宜深;足够刚度的内衬墙基础上,较薄的地连墙嵌固很浅也可检算通过,且有较大安全富余,可为相关工程提供参考.

深基坑工程不同施工阶段对其围护结构及临近在役铁路路基稳定性影响分析

为研究基坑工程不同施工阶段对基坑围护结构及临近在役铁路稳定性的影响,针对盐城市铁路综合客运枢纽能源中心深基坑工程,首先分析不同施工阶段对基坑围护结构变形量的影响;然后基于临近铁路路基沉降变形监测数据,分析各施工阶段对铁路路基稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:土方开挖过程中基坑圈梁水平和竖向位移、支撑轴力、格构柱竖向位移均呈逐步增大的变化规律,支撑施工及底板浇筑过程中基坑各结构的位移量及支撑轴力逐步减小;随着施工进程的不断推进,铁路路基的竖向位移逐渐增大,直至拆撑结束后逐渐趋于稳定。最后通过收集若干基坑开挖对临近铁路路基影响的工程实例,发现铁路路基最大沉降值S_(max)与mH_(e)/L_(t)(m为基坑靠近路堤一侧的宽度、L_(t)为基坑坑壁至路基坡脚线的水平净距、H_(e)为基坑开挖深度)存在良好的对数关系。

巨厚膏盐岩形变机制解析及其对油气成藏的影响——以阿姆河右岸东部阿盖雷地区侏罗系为例

阿姆河右岸侏罗系钦莫利阶发育巨厚膏盐岩,其对油气富集成藏具有重要影响。综合利用钻井岩心测试资料和地震资料,通过剖面地质形态分析与地震分频属性刻画,对阿姆河右岸东部阿盖雷地区侏罗系与膏岩层相关的典型构造样式进行了识别,并解析了其形变机制,恢复了关键成藏期的古构造,探讨了不同时期构造运动对油气运聚成藏的控制作用。研究结果表明:①阿盖雷地区侏罗系上盐层上部及上覆地层发育滑脱褶皱,下部发育少量大型盐枕构造,中石膏—下盐层—下石膏层整体变形程度较低,下盐层内发育3种形态小型盐枕构造及盐缩颈,盐枕构造间可识别典型礁/丘滩体。②研究区构造挤压应力和重力滑脱作用是形成膏盐岩形变的主要动力,考虑“2期主要构造运动、先存地貌/构造、多层差异化变形塑性地层、纵横向复合叠加变形”4项关键因素建立了多层叠覆型复杂构造变形模式。③采用基于盐层流动增厚量回填的厚度图法恢复了研究区上盐层沉积前、早白垩世末生烃高峰期的古构造,综合生排烃史、构造发育史、气井产量,明确了基于膏盐岩形变恢复的古构造是天然气富集高产的重要因素,具有“天然气持续充注、多期动态成藏”的演化特征,古、今构造继承性发育区为天然气富集的最有利区。

超深圆形基坑地下连续墙支护结构体系力学性能分析

为了定量研究超深圆形基坑地下连续墙支护结构体系的受力和变形机理,通过Midas GTS建立超深圆形基坑施作过程的精细化有限元模型,通过改变地下连续墙局部弱化程度、地下连续墙先行幅和后续幅数量和嵌固深度等参数,对围护结构受力、变形和基坑周边地表沉降等规律进行了分析,分析结果显示:本工程的围护结构设计具有一定的优化空间;围护结构的水平最大变形和最大应力集中于第8~10道环梁处;围护结构的变形随幅间弱化程度和幅数的增加而增加,围护结构应力随幅间弱化程度和幅数增加而减小;基坑周边地表沉降随幅间弱化程度和幅数的增加而增加。分析结果对类似超深圆形基坑的设计和施工具有一定的借鉴意义。

基于流固耦合的搅拌桨叶数值模拟研究

为探究三角形桨叶、格子式桨叶、八字形桨叶在不同工况时的性能,基于ANSYS Workbench平台,采用k─ε标准流场模型,对不同水流冲击和不同转速的3种桨叶进行流固耦合数值模拟研究。仿真结果表明,格子式桨叶性能和结构稳定性最差,相同工况其变形和应力最大,随着工况的变化变形与应力的大小变化最为明显;八字形桨叶性能和结构稳定性最好,载荷冲击下其变形和应力最小,随着工况的变化变形和应力的大小变化最小;桨叶转速对变形和应力的影响比水流速明显,转速越高则变形和应力越大;高变形区域发生在桨叶边缘,高应力区域则发生在桨叶中心旋转轴及其附近。研究结果为卧式搅拌设备桨叶选型与优化设计提供理论依据。

典型软土地层管廊基坑垫层换撑可行性研究

针对基坑传统换撑方法换撑工序复杂,对管廊结构施工延续性及施工效率影响较大的问题,基于典型软土地层,以广东中山某管廊深基坑工程为背景,提出了利用垫层换撑的新方法.首先,对基坑进行三维Abaqus数值模拟并与实测数据进行对比分析;然后,提出垫层换撑方法并进行数值模拟正交试验,探究采用垫层换撑方法在拆撑后不同因素对基坑围护结构变形影响情况;最后,通过现场试验验证管廊深基坑垫层换撑新方法的合理性和可行性,并将垫层换撑方法与传统换撑方法对于围护结构水平位移影响进行对比.研究结果表明:影响围护结构变形的3个主要因素为垫层改良区域(垫层梁)厚度、混凝土强度等级和纵向钢筋直径,其中垫层改良区域(垫层梁)的厚度极差最大,为影响围护结构变形最显著的因素;垫层换撑现场实验在拆除底部横撑后,围护结构最大水平位移平均实测值仅为21.79 mm,有效解决了软土区围护结构易变形过大的问题,验证了垫层换撑方法的适用性;在基坑地层及开挖条件相同情况下,采用垫层换撑方法围护结构最大水平位移约为传统方法的84%,相较于传统换撑方法能够更好地控制基坑变形.