A laboratory study of stress arching around an inclusion due to pore pressure changes

When the pore pressure in a porous rock changes, stress arching will occur within the rock and the surrounding region. Stress arching ratio is defined as the total stress changes in the porous rock to the pore pressure change in the region. The region may have the same or different elastic moduli with the surrounding rock, which is usually referred to as inclusion or inhomogeneity. Stress arching is responsible for many geomechanical problems encountered during production or injection; in addition, it is a crucial parameter in stress estimation during field development. This paper aims to present laboratory measurements of vertical stress arching ratio in a material surrounding the inclusion(inhomogeneity).To the authors’ knowledge, few laboratory experiments have been reported on direct measurement of stress arching. The inclusion is a cylindrical sandstone(44 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height)embedded in a larger cylindrical sandstone(150 mm in diameter and 154 mm in height), both of which are made synthetically. These two parts are separated and sealed by a internal polyurethane sleeve.Vertical stress changes are recorded by a mini hydraulic sensor embedded in surrounding rock. Laboratory results are compared to those obtained by numerical models. These models are checked with analytical formulations. The results of numerical models show a good agreement with laboratory data.The numerical results also indicate that the sensor response is affected by elastic properties of the internal sleeve. According to the sensitivity analysis performed, in the absence of the internal sleeve,properties of the inclusion have significant effects on the surrounding stress arching induced.

Stress arch bunch and its formation mechanism in blocky stratified rock masses

Stress arch is a common phenomenon occurring in continuous materials and has also l：een proved to have great influences on the self-stabilization of soils or rock masses after excavation. In this paper, based on UDEC simulation, stress redistribution after excavation is investigated for a kind of special discontinuous material, i.e. blocky stratified rock mass. A layered stress arch system is observed with each stress arch lying over another. This special phenomenon is defined herein as ＂stress arch bunch＂. Effects of dip angle of bedding plane, lateral pressure and joint offset on this stress arch bunch are studied. Its formation mechanism is also discussed based on voussoir beam theory.

Weakening effects of hydraulic fracture in hard roof under the influence of stress arch

For the problem of hydraulic fracture propagation when weakening the hard roof in fully mechanized top-coal caving stope of ultra-thick coal seam, based on the stress arch theory and the fracture mechanics, a two-dimensional model for hydraulic fracture of the roof in the stope was established to investigate the propagation laws of hydraulic fracture. The result shows that, after mining, the principal stress direction of overlaying rock deflects to form the stress arch, whose arrow height and arch thickness increase with the increase of the mining width and the side pressure coefficient. Within the influence range of stress arch, the hydraulic fracture in hard roof deflects towards the stope direction in the course of propagation and forms the ‘‘arch" fracture, which cuts off the roof below the fracture in a laminated way. The deflection angle of hydraulic fracture increases with the increase of the mining width, but decreases with the increase of the side pressure coefficient and the fractured horizon. This research can provide theoretical basis for the application of hydraulic fracturing method in the stope roof weakening.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

General displacement arch-cantilever element method for stress analysis of arch dam

Based on the general displacement method and the basic hypothesis of the trial load method, a new advanced trial load method, the general displacement arch-cantilever element method, was proposed to derive the transformation relation of displacements and loads between the surface nodes and middle plane nodes. This method considers the nodes on upstream and downstream surfaces of the arch dam to be exit nodes （master nodes）, and the middle plane nodes to be slave nodes. According to the derived displacement and load transformation matrices, the equilibrium equation treating the displacement of middle plane nodes as a basic unknown variable is transformed into one that treats the displacement of upstream and downstream nodes as a basic unknown variable. Because the surface nodes have only three degrees of freedom （DOF）, this method can be directly coupled with the finite element method （FEM）, which is used for foundation simulation to analyze the stress of the arch dam with consideration of dam-foundation interaction. Moreover, using the FEM, the nodal load of the arch dam can be easily obtained. Case studies of a typical cylindrical arch dam and the Wudongde arch dam demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of the proposed method.

基于PCA-SSA-XGBoost算法的拱坝应力预测模型研究

由于大坝应力受水位、温度等众多因素共同作用,各影响因子间的相互关联会引起多重共线性问题,容易导致以此为输入的预测模型出现伪回归现象。此外,现有基于机器学习算法的应力预测模型由于训练特征过多、过度训练易产生过拟合现象,其预测精度还有待提高。针对上述问题,提出了基于主成分分析法(PCA)和麻雀搜索算法(SSA)改进的极限梯度提升算法(PCA-SSA-XGBoost)构建拱坝应力预测模型。该模型首先采用主成分分析法对参数进行降维,降低影响因子的多重共线性影响;进而通过SSA算法优化XGBoost的超参数,以避免传统算法过拟合,进一步提高模型预测性能。将该模型应用于我国西南某混凝土拱坝工程,对应力及应力相关监测数据进行处理、分析和预测,并与多元线性回归模型(MVLR)、神经网络模型(RBFNN)、极限梯度提升回归预测模型(XGBR)的预测结果进行对比分析。结果表明,基于PCA-SSA-XGBoost算法的应力预测模型可克服输入变量的多重共线性和过拟合问题,在预测精度方面具有优越性。

系杆拱顶推施工方案及力学性能研究

为了探讨系杆拱结构的顶推方案及在顶推过程中的受力特点和设计要点,以某系杆拱桥的整体顶推施工工程为例,建立有限元模型,分析了系杆拱及导梁在不同顶推方案过程中的最值应力分布及挠度变形情况。研究结果表明:原吊杆连接方案(方案一)下,主梁及导梁变形过大,主梁应力过大,方案不可行,可通过增加梁高或者板厚来降低应力及变形,然而该法会造成外形不美观、造价偏高等情况;采用临时撑杆连接方案(方案二)时,受力得到优化,方案可行,然而靠近临时撑杆和端横梁的拱肋会出现较大应力,靠近顶推端部的两根临时撑杆中间主梁处会出现较大应力和变形;在导梁范围内,导梁端部会出现最不利挠度,需要注意控制导梁的整体刚度以及辅助墩上装置的竖向调节量,以免导梁和桥墩相撞。

长阳天池口清江特大桥主拱圈悬臂浇筑斜拉扣挂系统设计

长阳天池口清江特大桥主桥为净跨径242 m的非对称上承式钢筋混凝土拱桥,主拱圈采用单箱单室截面,宽9.5 m、高4.0 m。资丘岸和五峰岸半跨主拱圈各分为24个和21个节段,第1个节段采用支架现浇,其余节段采用斜拉扣挂悬臂浇筑法施工。扣索采用星式和扇形组合方式布置,位于墩顶和扣塔的扣索为星式布置,位于交界墩墩身的扣索为扇形布置,并将墩身上的扣锚索设计成连续索以避免在墩身上搭设张拉平台;扣塔由8根∅800 mm×16 mm钢管组成,两岸扣塔分别高52.68 m和60.12 m;根据锚索最大索力,设计了能承受800 kN张拉力的岩锚索。建立主拱圈悬臂浇筑施工阶段MIDAS Civil有限元模型,对斜拉扣挂系统扣锚索索力进行计算,通过拆除部分扣索和调整扣锚索索力,施工期间主拱圈截面最大拉应力、扣塔最大偏位、主拱圈成拱后线形均满足要求。

超大跨劲性骨架拱桥缩尺模型试验方案设计研究

为对超大跨劲性骨架拱桥缩尺模型试验方案进行合理设计,以计算跨径600 m的劲性骨架拱桥——天峨龙滩特大桥为背景,围绕模型缩尺比、结构设计、材料及加载系统等关键环节,开展主拱圈缩尺模型试验方案设计研究。最终确定模型拱缩尺比为1∶10,劲性钢骨架采用单肋形式,采用与实桥主拱圈性能相近、便于施工的材料,采用阵列式滑轮组加载系统实现模型拱和实桥主拱圈的应力等效,还原外包混凝土分环分段浇筑施工,并简化劲性钢骨架与管内混凝土施工。将模型拱外包混凝土应力实测值、ANSYS建模计算得到的模型拱理论值及实桥主拱圈理论值进行对比,结果表明:模型拱和实桥主拱圈外包混凝土在施工阶段的应力变化趋势基本相同,最大绝对误差在2 MPa以内,模型拱应力实测值和理论值也吻合较好,缩尺模型试验方案设计合理。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

钢筋混凝土拱桥加固施工次序方案及效果评价

为研究钢筋混凝土拱桥最优的加固施工次序,以一座在役4跨箱形拱桥的加固方案为背景,设计了3组针对性的加固方案,并对不同拆除加固施工次序下的主拱圈力学性能进行了分析;采用恒载应力变化率(αD)和荷载效应变化率(αN)评价了施工中拱圈的应力变化规律及加固后原拱圈的荷载效应。研究结果表明:拱上结构的拆建次序对加固后主拱圈的力学性能影响较小,但对加固过程中主拱圈的受力状态影响较大;拱顶对称拆除时αD<0,结构处于“卸载”状态,有利于拱桥施工中的受力;αN随着拱上结构恒载减小而增大,且增速减缓,故加固层材料利用率也随拱上结构恒载减小而增大,且增幅变缓;αN越大,则加固效果越好。

单向应力作用下地下采空区顶板破坏规律特征

针对单向应力作用于地下采空区顶板的破坏规律特性问题,基于弹性薄板理论和压力拱理论,利用单轴压力试验机对顶板模型进行了试验,并探究了不同荷载条件下顶板模型的受压过程和变形特性。结果表明:顶板的破坏过程与峰值应力是否超过疲劳强度密切相关,超过疲劳强度时会出现加速破坏阶段;顶板的变形过程可以分为三个阶段,分别对应于不同的应力和应变变化规律;顶板的失稳破坏位置与荷载条件有关,周期荷载条件下更容易导致整体垮落塌陷;侧帮支撑作用对顶板的承载能力和稳定性有正面影响,但也会增加应力集中和变形。研究结果对于理解顶板在不同荷载条件下的力学行为和提高顶板的安全性具有重要意义。

深埋隧洞软岩变形控制和应力拱圈形成分析

就深埋隧洞在高地应力软岩环境应力拱圈的形成、应力拱圈的强度和围压作用,以及围岩变形控制机理进行论述。分析超前地质预报、减少围岩扰动、数学模拟及监测、主动让压支护、围岩约束平稳过渡对变形控制及应力拱圈形成的作用,以及分析主动让压支护成功案例,阐明控制围岩应力释放的同时又及时提供围压的主动让压支护体系和使围岩约束平稳过渡的措施可以推动应力拱圈形成,能承担高地应力环境下的压应力。

基于压力拱发展规律的隧道初次支护时机研究

本文依托济莱高铁宅科隧道工程,利用现场监测和FLAC 3D数值模拟的方法,基于隧道应力传递路径的改变探究压力拱形成机制和分布范围,得出隧道纵截面压力拱形态特征图,引入位移完成率衡量围岩的开挖扰动程度,建立位移完成率和应力释放率的对应关系,得到最优初次支护时机。研究结果表明:在隧道开挖过程中,上部围岩中应力逐渐偏转,围岩荷载逐渐向四周传递,最终达到新的应力平衡状态,即在隧道四周产生形成封闭环状应力现象的压力拱;隧道仰拱靠近拱脚部位围岩产生应力集中,在1.8 D(D为隧道截面宽度)范围内的围岩均参与成拱效应,承担隧道拱部上方的围岩荷载;对塑性区体积率进行计算与分析,认定70%~80%应力释放率较为缓慢,应作为最佳初期支护时间点;在开挖时隧道初期支护滞后于掌子面的距离宜控制在4.3~7.6 m。

Investigation of the short-term stress distribution in stopes and drifts backfilled with cemented paste backfill

Cemented paste backfill(CPB) is largely used in underground mines worldwide.A key issue associated with application of CPB is to estimate the stresses in backfilled stopes and on barricades.Recent numerical and experimental results show that arching effect is absent shortly after the placement of CPB in stopes.However,stress decreases in barricade drift with increasing distance between the measurement points and drawpoint have also been observed,demonstrating arching effect shortly after the pouring of CPB.To explain these paradoxes,CPB is considered as Bingham fluid having a yield shear stress.Three dimensional analytical solutions are proposed to evaluate the short-term total stresses in backfilled stopes and on barricades,accounting for the CPB's yield shear stress-induced arching effect.Stress diminution due to such arching effect in the backfilled stopes and on barricades is indeed obtained.But the reduction becomes insignificant using typical yield shear stress and stope geometry.More analyses indicate that the typical yield shear stress values do not fully correspond to field conditions where the yield shear stress would increase exponentially due to apparent consolidation(loss of water by drainage,a phenomenon similar to the desiccation of overly saturated fine-grained materials).

下承式系杆拱桥部分吊杆失效影响分析

以六安市跨淠河某下承式系杆拱桥为研究对象,利用有限元软件Midas建立空间模型对下承式系杆拱桥发生局部吊杆破坏失效进行模拟,研究分析靠近拱脚处四分之一跨径内发生吊杆失效时,对临近吊杆、拱肋及纵梁等构件受力的影响。为下承式系杆拱桥后续设计优化及运营阶段维修养护提供参考。

劲性骨架拱桥外包混凝土底模设计及拆除研究

为了探究大跨劲性骨架拱桥拱圈外包混凝土底模拆除工艺技术以及底模体系安全性问题,以奉节梅溪河双线特大桥为研究对象,从底模拆除的工艺流程探究其经济性、安全性,从底模模板系统的受力验算探究其设计合理性、安全性。为了验算底模模板的支撑安全性问题,依据相应的安全技术规范,对模板使用过程中可能出现的各种荷载进行计算,并按最不利进行荷载组合,计算模板使用过程中的荷载值;结合计算得到的最不利荷载值,对模板进行面板计算、次楞计算、主楞计算和吊杆计算,使其满足要求,进而确保模板在使用过程中的支撑安全性问题。结果表明,通过底模模板系统验算,其设计合理,底模拆除工艺采用吊篮结合吊具的方法,缩短了工期,减少了施工人员的投入,大大降低施工成本。

堆石混凝土高拱坝施工期温度应力仿真分析

为研究堆石混凝土高拱坝施工期温度场和应力场的分布特点,并探究堆石混凝土在高拱坝上的适用性,本文运用数值仿真及顺序耦合法,综合考虑堆石混凝土弹模变化、堆石混凝土入仓温度、环境气候变化等因素,对不同温控措施的堆石混凝土高拱坝进行施工期全过程仿真计算。对比分析不同温控措施下高拱坝施工期的温度场和应力场,结果表明:不同温控工况下,坝体温度场和应力场的分布规律基本一致,施工期温度应力与混凝土入仓温度相关,运行期坝体应力随环境气温变化;应力线性化后最大拉应力分别为1.68 MPa、1.60 MPa、1.48 MPa。因此,堆石混凝土运用于高拱坝时,在分缝浇筑的情况下,仅需采取简单温控措施即可满足温度防裂要求。

顶推中不同临时墩间距对某无横撑拱桥的影响

为探讨顶推中不同临时墩间距对无横撑拱桥的影响,以某钢桁架拱桥整体顶推施工工程为背景,建立有限元模型,分析不同临时墩间距布置时钢桁架拱桥在顶推过程中的最值应力和挠度分布情况,拱桥及构件敏感位置的稳定性,以及第2种临时墩布置时主墩和临时墩在顶推过程中的反力变化情况。研究表明:拱桥的下弦杆PL01临时墩处主梁(跨中杆件)和拱肋端部受力最不利,且临时墩间距越大,产生的应力越大;导梁端部出现最不利挠度,且临时墩间距越大,变形越大;临时墩间距越大,上弦杆的稳定性越差;第2种临时墩布置时,主墩和临时墩在顶推至最大悬臂和顶推就位2个状态下达到最不利反力情况,且临时墩起关键作用。

倾斜式钢箱拱结构分析与设计

钢箱拱应用广泛,以往的研究主要针对竖直的拱或水平的曲梁,对于倾斜钢箱拱研究较少。该文采用板单元对倾斜钢箱拱进行数值模拟,在考虑几何非线性和材料非线性的情况下模拟失稳的全过程,并对内力变化和极限稳定状态下的变形、应力分布进行分析。分析表明,倾斜钢箱拱从局部屈曲到整体失稳发展很快,工程中应注意稳定承载力的安全储备;倾斜钢箱拱的第二体系影响很大,钢箱拱的构造直接影响局部变形和第二体系应力,工程中应注意合理布置。