The effects of sulfide stress cracking on the mechanical properties and intergranular cracking of P110 casing steel in sour environments

Variation and degradation of P-110 casing steel mechanical properties, due to sulfide stress cracking （SSC） in sour environments, was investigated using tensile and impact tests. These tests were carried out on specimens, which were pretreated under the following conditions for 168 hours： temperature, 60 ℃; pressure, 10 MPa; H2S partial pressure, 1 MPa and CO2 partial pressure, 1 MPa; preload stress, 80% of the yield strength （os）; medium, simulated formation water. The reduction in tensile and impact strengths for P-110 casing specimens in corrosive environments were 28% and 54%, respectively. The surface morphology analysis indicated that surface damage and uniform plastic deformation occurred as a result of strain aging. Impact toughness of the casing decreased significantly and intergranular cracking occurred when specimens were maintained at a high stress level of 85% %.

Sulfide Stress Cracking Assessment of Carbon Steel Welding with High Content of H<SUB>2</SUB>S and CO<SUB>2</SUB>at High Temperature: A Case Study

In the oil and gas industry, it has been established that for pipelines fabricated with carbon steels, their limitation is related to H2S and CO2 environments, which is 7 to 10 psia of partial pressure of CO2. Therefore, in carbon steel cracking is shown, after 7 or 10 psia of partial pressure of CO2. The experimental work was performed under static conditions in autoclaves within a pH of 3 to 3.8;partial pressures of 16 - 96 psi for H2S and 15 - 53 psi for CO2, in the temperature range of 25°C - 150°C. It was observed that the average yielding stress used in Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) tests decreases with temperature increment. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) evaluations showed that X52 steel, under conditions, was not susceptible to HIC. Results of SSC did not show indications of cracking after exposure to sour solutions, except for the specimen exposed to high H2S and CO2 content (96 psi of H2S and 53 psi of CO2 of the partial pressure) and high temperature (150°C). Microcracks located between the upper and lower weld beads were also observed. However, the highest average corrosion rate was 0.27 mm/year (10.6 mpy), which occurred in samples exposed to 96 psi of H2S and 53 psi of CO2 at 150°C. Likewise, the highest localized corrosion (severe pitting attack) was obtained at the same environment with a corrosion rate of 4.2 mm/year (167 mpy). The oil and gas industry could use carbon steels pipelines in partial pressure higher than 10 psia.

SUPPLEMENTARY STUDY ON ANISOTROPIC PLASTIC STRESS FIELDS AT A STATIONARY PLANE-STRESS CRACK-TIP

Under the hypothesis that all the perfectly plastic stress components at a orach tip are the functions of θ only, making use of yield conditions and equilibrium equations. we derive the generally analytical expressions of the perfectly plastic stress field at a crack tip. Applying these generally analytical expressions to the concrete cracks, the analytical expressions of perfectly plastic stress fields at the tips of Mode Ⅰ Mode Ⅱ, Mode Ⅲ and Mixed Mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ cracks are obtained.

A SUPPLEMENTARY STUDY OF ANISOTROPIC PLASTIC FIELDS AT A RAPIDLY PROPAGATING PLANE－STRESS CRACK－TIP（I）

The results in Ref. [1] are not suitable for the cases of β≥2. For this reason, byusing the methods in Ref [1] and Ref [2], we derive the general expressions ofamsotropic plastic fields at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack-tip for both thecases of β=2 and β>2 .

Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance of Halloysite Nanoclay-Polyester Nanocomposites

The environmental stress cracking resistance of halloysite nanoclay-polyester nanocomposites was investigated using fracture mechanics approach. The incorporation of halloysite nanoclay was found to improve the environmental stress cracking resistance of the nano-composites. The storage modulus of nano-composites measured by dynamic mechanical analysis increased remarkably as a function of halloysite nanoclay content. At 0.7 wt% nanoclay, the Tg improved from 72°C to 76°C. The fracture toughness increased up to 33% and time to failure improved 155% with the addition of 0.7 wt% of halloysite nanoclay. The maximum microhardness was found 119% higher for the same nano-filler concentration compared to monolithic polyester. The reinforcement with 1 wt% showed lower fracture toughness due to agglomerations of nanoclay which act as flaws. The presence of agglomerates weakened the bond between nano-particles and matrix hence reduces the environmental stress cracking resistance by halloysite nanoclay reinforcement.

Observation of Environmental Stress Cracking in Polymethylmethacrylate by Using the Chemiluminescence Method

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is highly regarded for its transparency, and is used in such products as cameras and Video Tape Recorders as plastic lenses to take advantage of its excellent optical properties. Also, it is used in numerous other industrial fields like automobile lamp lenses, billboards, and lighting equipment. The phenomenon of environmental stress cracking is known to occur in PMMA due to ethanol, and there are cases when this may become a factor which causes damage of molded products. In the present paper, upon close observation by using the method of chemiluminescence in order to elucidate the mechanism by which this environmental stress cracking occurs, we report that we are able to capture the formation of a radical at the moment of cracking.

The Plane Stress Crack-Tip Field for an Incompressible Rubber Material

The crack-tip field under plane stress condition for an incompressible rubbermaterial￣[1] is investigated by. the use of the fully nonlinear equilibrium theory. It isfound thai the crack-tip field is composed of two shrink sectors and one expansion se-ctor. At the crack-tip, stress and strain possess the singularity of R￣(-1) and R￣(-1n), respec-tively, (R is the distance to the crack-tip before deformation, n is the material const-ant). When the crack-tip is approached, the thickness of the sheet shrinks to zerowith the order of R￣(1.4n). The results obtained in this paper are consistent with that ob-tained in [8] when s→∞ .

ANISOTROPIC PLASTIC FIELDS AT A RAPIDLY PROPAGATING PLANE-STRESS CRACK-TIP

Under the condition that all the stress components at a crack-tip are the functions of 0 only, making use of the equations of steady-state motion. Hill anisotropic yield condition and stress-strain relations, we obtain the general solution of anisotropic plastic field at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack-tip. Applying this general solution to four particular cases of anisotropy, the general solutions of these four particular cases are derived. Finally, we give the anisotropic plastic field at the rapidly propagating plane-stress mode I crack-tip in the case of X=Y=Z

PERFECTLY PLASTIC FIELDS AT A RAPIDLY PROPAGATING PLANE-STRESS CRACK TIP

Under the condition that all the perfectly plastic stress components at a crack tip are the functions of only, making use of the Mises yield condition , steady-state moving equations and elastic perfectly-plastic constitutive equations, we derive the generally analytical expressions of perfectly plastic fields at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack tip. Applying these generally analytical expressions to the concrete crack, we obtain the analytical expressions of perfectly plastic fields at the rapidly propagating tips of modes I and II plane-stress cracks.

Effect of icosahedral phase formation on the stress corrosion cracking(SCC)behaviors of the as-cast Mg-8%Li(in wt.%)based alloys

Through exploring the stress corrosion cracking(SCC)behaviors of the as-cast Mg-8%Li and Mg-8%Li-6%Zn-1.2%Y alloys in a 0.1 M NaCl solution,it revealed that the SCC susceptibility index(I_(SCC))of the Mg-8%Li alloy was 47%,whilst the I_(SCC)of the Mg-8%Li-6%Zn-1.2%Y alloy was 68%.Surface,cross-sectional and fractography observations indicated that for the Mg-8%Li alloy,theα-Mg/β-Li interfaces acted as the preferential crack initiation sites and propagation paths during the SCC process.With regard to the Mg-8%Li-6%Zn-1.2%Y alloy,the crack initiation sites included the I-phase and the interfaces of I-phase/β-Li andα-Mg/β-Li,and the preferential propagation paths were the I-phase/β-Li andα-Mg/β-Li interfaces.Moreover,the SCC of the two alloys was concerned with hydrogen embrittlement(HE)mechanism.

Stress corrosion cracking of magnesium alloys:A review

Magnesium(Mg)alloys have been widely used in automobile,aviation,computer,and other fields due to their lightweight,high specific strength and stiffness,low pollution,and good electromagnetic shielding performance.However,the chemical stability of Mg alloys is poor,especially in the corrosive medium environment with high stress corrosion sensitivity,which causes sudden damage to structural components and restricts their application field.In recent years,owing to the increasing failure rate of engineering structures caused by stress corrosion of Mg alloys,it has become necessary to understand and pay more attention to the stress corrosion cracking(SCC)behavior of Mg alloys.In this paper,the SCC mechanisms and test methods of Mg alloys have been summarized.The recent research progress on SCC of Mg alloys has been reviewed from the aspects of alloying,preparation process,surface modification,corrosive medium,and strain rate.More importantly,future research trends in the field of SCC of Mg alloys have also been proposed.

Experimental investigation on crack initiation and damage stresses of deep granite under triaxial compression using acoustic methods

Crack initiation stress and crack damage stress are two critical indices for assessing the fracture strength of rock mass.However,understanding the stress characteristics of crack initiation and damage under triaxial compression remains still immature.To address this problem,by acoustic monitoring,i.e.ultrasonic wave transmission and acoustic emission(AE),the integrated triaxial compression experiments were carried out on granitic specimens.The crack initiation and damage stresses were determined by wave velocity,wave amplitude and AE methods,respectively.The discrepancy of stresses for crack initiation and damage identified by these methods were examined.Results showed that the confinement affected the peak stress and corresponding strain,and these two parameters increased with increasing confining pressure.The ultrasonic wave velocity and wave amplitude first increased and then remained relatively stable,and finally decreased with increasing axial compressive stress.The number of AE events stayed at a relatively low extent until axial stress approached the peak;after that,the AE accumulative counts skyrocketed to the maximum.It also shows that for a given confinement,the stresses for crack initiation and damage identified by the wave amplitude method were the smallest,followed those by AE method and wave velocity method.Moreover,the stresses for crack initiation and crack damage identified by these methods increased generally with confining pressures.However,the rate of increment of these two crack stresses decreased with increasing confining pressure.In addition,the slight decrease in these two crack stresses ratios was noticed with increasing confining pressure.The findings are helpful to understand the crack stresses of deep rocks,in terms of support of deep underground engineering.

EXACT SOLUTIONS OF NEAR CRACK LINE FIELDS FOR MODE I CRACK UNDER PLANE STRESS CONDITION IN AN ELASTIC－PERFECTLY PLASTIC SOLID

The near crack line analysis method has been used in the present paper,The classical small scale yielding conditions have been completely abandoned in the analyses and one inappropriate matching condition used to be used at the elasticplastic boundary has been corrected.The reasonable solution of the plastic stresses near the crack line region has been established.By matching the plastic stresses with the exact elastic stresses at the elastic-plastic boundary,the plastic stresses the length of the plastic zone and the unit normal vector of the elastic-plastic boundary near the crock line region have been obtained for a mode I crack under uniaxial tension,as well as a mode I crack under biaxial tension,which shows that for both conditions the plastic stress componentsσy, and σsy.he length of the plastic zone and the unit normal vector of the elastic-plastic boundary are quite the same while the plastic stress σs is different.

Effect of hydrogen on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution

Hydrogen was a key factor resulting in stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X80 pipeline steel in Ku＇erle soil simulated solution. In this article, the effect of hydrogen on the SCC susceptibility of X80 steel was investigated further by slow strain rate tensile test, the surface fractures were observed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the fracture mechanism of SCC was discussed. The results indicate that hydrogen increases the SCC susceptibility. The SEM micrographs of hydrogen precharged samples presents a brittle quasi-cleavage feature, and pits facilitate the transgranular crack initiation. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） measurement, the decreased polarization resistance and the pitting resistance of samples with hydrogen indicate that hydrogen increases the dissolution rate and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance. The potentiodynamic polarization curves present that hydrogen also accelerates the dissolution rate of the crack tip.

Effect of pre-deformation on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of aluminum alloy 2519

The effects of pre-deformation and strain rate on the stress corrosion cracking （SCC） behavior of aluminum alloy 2519 in air and in 3.5% NaCI water solution were investigated by means of slow strain rate tension （SSRT）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results indicate that the alloy is susceptible to SCC in 3.5% NaCI water solution and not in air. At the same pre-deformation, the alloy is more susceptible to SCC at 1.33 × 10^-5 s^-1 than at 6.66 × 10^-5 s^-1. Moreover, it is more susceptible to SCC at free pre-deformation than at 10% pre-deformation at the same strain rate. The number of 0 precipitated along the grain boundaries is reduced and distributed discontinuously, at the same time, the precipitate-free zones （PFZ） become narrow and the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is reduced after 10% pre-deformation.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nitrogen-containing Stainless Steel 316LN in High Temperature Water Environments

Stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of stainless steels and Ni-based alloys in high temperature water coolant is one of the key problems affecting the safe operation of nuclear power plants （NPPs）. The nitrogen-added stainless steel is a kind of possible candidate materials for mitigating SCC since reducing the carbon content and adding nitrogen to offset the loss in strength caused by the decrease in carbon content can mitigate the problem of sensitization. However, the reports of SCC of nitrogen-added stainless steels in high temperature water are few available. The effects of applied potential and sensitization treatment on the SCC of a newly developed nitrogen-containing stainless steel （SS） 316LN in high temperature water doped with chloride at 250 ℃ were studied by using slow strain rate tests （SSRTs）. The SSRT results are compared with our data previously published for 316 SS without nitrogen and 304NG SS with nitrogen, and the possible mechanism affecting the SCC behaviors of the studied steels is also discussed based on SSRT and microstucture analysis results. The susceptibility to cracking of 316LN SS normally increases with increasing potential. The susceptibility to SCC of 316LN SS was less than that of 316 SS and 304NG SS. Sensitization treatment at 700℃ for 30 h showed little effect on the S CC of 316LN S S and significant effect on the S CC of 316 S S. The predominant cracking mode for the 316LN S S in both annealed state and the state after the sensitization treatment was transgranular. The presented conditions of mitigating stress corrosion cracking are some useful information for the safe use of 316LN SS in NPPs.

Electrochemical investigation on the hydrogen permeation behavior of 7075-T6 Al alloy and its influence on stress corrosion cracking

The hydrogen permeation behavior and stress corrosion cracking （SCC） susceptibility of precharged 7075-T6 A1 alloy were inves- tigated in this paper. Devanthan-Stachurski （D-S） cell tests were used to measure the apparent hydrogen diffusivity and hydrogen permeation current density of specimens immersed in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Electrochemical experiment results show that the SCC susceptibility is low during anodic polarization. Both corrosion pits and hydrogen-induced cracking are evident in scanning electron microscope images after the specimens have been charging for 24 h.

Stress corrosion cracking of X80 pipeline steel exposed to high pH solutions with different concentrations of bicarbonate

Susceptibilities to stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X80 pipeline steel in high pH solutions with various concentrations of HC03 at a passive potential of-0.2 V vs. SCE were investigated by slow strain rate tensile （SSRT） test. The SCC mechanism and the effect of HC03 were discussed with the aid of electrochemical techniques. It is indicated that X80 steel shows enhunced susceptibility to SCC with the concentration of HCO3 increasing from 0.15 to 1.00 mol/L, and the susceptibility can be evaluated in terms of current density at -0.2 V vs. SCE. The SCC behavior is controlled by the dissolution-based mechanism in these circumstances. Increasing the concentration of HCO3 not only increases the risk of rupture of passive films but also promotes the anodic dissolution of crack tips. Besides, little susceptibility to SCC is found in dilute solution containing 0.05 mol/L HCO3 for X80 steel. This can be attributed to the inhibited repassivation of passive films, manifesting as a more intensive dissolution in the non-crack tip areas than at the crack tips.

Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environ- ment in China, two simulating methods were used： one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300 ℃ for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south- east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed using slow stain rate test （SSRT） and potentiodynamic polarization technique to investigate the SCC electrochemical mechanism of different microstructures further. The results show that SCC appears in the original microstructure and the quenched microstructure as the polarization potential decreases. Hydrogen revolution accelerates SCC of the two tested materials within the range of-850 mV to -1200 mV vs. SCE. Microstructural hardening and grain coarsening also increase SCC. The SCC mechanisms are different, anodic dissolution is the key of causing SCC as the polarization potential is higher than the null current potential, and hydrogen embrittlement will play a more important role to SCC as the polarization potential lower than the null current potential.

EFFECT OF POTENTIAL ON INTERACTION BETWEEN STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND CORROSION FATIGUE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IN BOILING 42% MgCl_2 SOLUTION

The environment-sensitive fracture behaviour of 0Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel in boiling 42% MgCl_2 under the specific load of low frequency and high mean stress was inves- tigated from the relations and differences of crack growth rates and fractographs between stress corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking.The interaction between stress corro- sion cracking and corrosion fatigue was also studied from fracture characteristics with empha- sis on the effects of applied potential on the interaction.