Bulging Distortion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet on the Partially Penetrated Side of Non-Penetration Lap Laser Welding Joint

Non-penetration laser welding of lap joints in austenitic stainless steel sheets is commonly preferred in fields where the surface quality is of utmost importance.However,the application of non-penetration welded austenitic stainless steel parts is limited owing to the micro bulging distortion that occurs on the back surface of the partial penetration side.In this paper,non-penetration lap laser welding experiments,were conducted on galvanized and SUS304 austenitic stainless steel plates using a fiber laser,to investigate the mechanism of bulging distortion.A comparative experiment of DC01 galvanized steel-Q235 carbon steel lap laser welding was carried out,and the deflection and distortion profile of partially penetrated side of the sheets were measured using a noncontact laser interferometer.In addition,the cold-rolled SUS304 was subjected to heat holding at different temperatures and water quenching after bending to characterize its microstructure under tensile and compressive stress.The results show that,during the heating stage of the thermal cycle of laser lap welding,the partial penetration side of the SUS304 steel sheet generates compressive stress,which extrudes the material in the heat-affected zone to the outside of the back of the SUS304 steel sheet,thereby forming a bulge.The findings of these experiments can be of great value for controlling the distortion of the partial penetrated side of austenitic stainless steel sheet during laser non-penetration lap welding.

Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of 7Mo Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Based on Back Propagation Neural Network

The hot compression tests of 7Mo super austenitic stainless(SASS)were conducted to obtain flow curves at the temperature of 1000-1200℃and strain rate of 0.001 s^(-1)to 1 s^(-1).To predict the non-linear hot deformation behaviors of the steel,back propagation-artificial neural network(BP-ANN)with 16×8×8 hidden layer neurons was proposed.The predictability of the ANN model is evaluated according to the distribution of mean absolute error(MAE)and relative error.The relative error of 85%data for the BP-ANN model is among±5%while only 42.5%data predicted by the Arrhenius constitutive equation is in this range.Especially,at high strain rate and low temperature,the MAE of the ANN model is 2.49%,which has decreases for 18.78%,compared with conventional Arrhenius constitutive equation.

Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

SCC （stress corrosion cracking） is environmentally well-known as a failure caused by exposure to a corroding while under a sustained tensile stress. SCC is most often rapid, unpredictable. Failure can occur in a short time as a few hours or take years and decades to happen. Most alloys are liable to SCC in one or more environments requiring careful consideration of alloy type in component design. In aqueous chloride environments austenitic stainless steels and many nickel based alloys are common to perform poorly. SCC of austenitic stainless steels of types 316 was investigated as a function of applied stress at room temperature in sodium chloride solutions using a constant load method. The experiment uses a spring loaded fixture type and is based on ASTM G49 for experiment method, and E292 for geometry of notched specimen. The stress depends on fracture appearance and parameters of time to cracking, and cracking growth. The results explained in terms of comparison between the two concentrations of sodium chloride solutions.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nitrogen-containing Stainless Steel 316LN in High Temperature Water Environments

Stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of stainless steels and Ni-based alloys in high temperature water coolant is one of the key problems affecting the safe operation of nuclear power plants （NPPs）. The nitrogen-added stainless steel is a kind of possible candidate materials for mitigating SCC since reducing the carbon content and adding nitrogen to offset the loss in strength caused by the decrease in carbon content can mitigate the problem of sensitization. However, the reports of SCC of nitrogen-added stainless steels in high temperature water are few available. The effects of applied potential and sensitization treatment on the SCC of a newly developed nitrogen-containing stainless steel （SS） 316LN in high temperature water doped with chloride at 250 ℃ were studied by using slow strain rate tests （SSRTs）. The SSRT results are compared with our data previously published for 316 SS without nitrogen and 304NG SS with nitrogen, and the possible mechanism affecting the SCC behaviors of the studied steels is also discussed based on SSRT and microstucture analysis results. The susceptibility to cracking of 316LN SS normally increases with increasing potential. The susceptibility to SCC of 316LN SS was less than that of 316 SS and 304NG SS. Sensitization treatment at 700℃ for 30 h showed little effect on the S CC of 316LN S S and significant effect on the S CC of 316 S S. The predominant cracking mode for the 316LN S S in both annealed state and the state after the sensitization treatment was transgranular. The presented conditions of mitigating stress corrosion cracking are some useful information for the safe use of 316LN SS in NPPs.

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF AISI 321 STAINLESS STEEL IN ACIDIC SEAWATER

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of AISI 321 stainless steel in acidic seawaer was studied by slow strain rate (SSR) technique and fracture method. The fractured surface was characterzed by cleavage fracture. The inhibiting effects of KI on SCC behavior were also covered in this detailed study which showed that they were meinly attributable to their inhibition on anodic reaction. The SCC mechanism study supported the unified mechanism of SCC and corrosion fatigue cracking (CFC).

Hydrogen-induced Cracking of Weld Metal of Austenitic Stainless Steels

For 308L and 347L weld metals of austenitc stainless steels (ASS), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) occurred during dynamically charging under constant load. The threshold stress intensity for HIC, Km, decreased linearly with the logarithm of the concentration of diffusible hydrogen C0 in the weld metals and the rolled plate of type 304L ASS, i.e., KIH=85.2-10.71nC0 (308L), KIH=76.1-9.31n C0(347L), and KIH=91.7-10.11nC0(304L). The fracture mode for HIC in the three type of ASS changed from ductile to brittle with the decrease in the applied stress intensity KI or/and the increase in C0. The boundary line between ductile and brittle fracture surfaces was KI-54+25exp(-C0/153)=0.

Influence of Deformation-Induced Martensite on Stress Corrosion Cracking of AISI 321 Stainless Steel

Specimens of AISI 321 stainless steel (0Cr18Ni9Ti) of various martensile contents were prepared by the low temperature(-70℃) elongation method- X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) techniques were used to study the phase transition process and its structure. The relationship between deformation-induced martensite and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of the steel in 42% (boiling) MgCl2 solution was investigated using the constant load SCC test with the normalized threshold values. The results reveal that when the α'-martensite content is less than 5% and also in the range of 15%-24 % , the SCC susceptibility of this material decreases with the increase of α'-martensite content.However. whenthe α' martensite content is in the rang of 5% -15% and more than 24%, the SCC susceptibility of this material increases with the increase of the α'-martensite content. The SCC fracture surface of the specimens exhibits a stepped fracture surface and transgranular stress corrosion fracture surface morphology.

Influence of Clad Metal Chemistry on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Stainless Steels Claddings in Chloride Solution

The effect of clad metal composition on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of three types of SMAW filler metals (E308L-16, E309-16 and E316L-16), used for cladding components subjected to highly corrosive conditions, was investigated in boiling 43% MgCl2 solution. In order to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of the top layer, constant load tests and metallographic examinations in tested SCC specimens were conducted. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking was evaluated in terms of the time-to-fracture. Results showed that the E309-16 clad metal presented the best SCC resistance. This may be attributed to the presence of a discontinuous delta-ferrite network in the austenitic matrix, which acted as a barrier to cracks propagation. Concerning to E308-16 and E316L-16 clad metals, results showed that these presented a similar SCC test performance. Their higher SCC susceptibility may be attributed to the presence of continuous vermicular delta-ferrite in their microstructure.

Cracking Phenomenon in Spot Welded Joints of Austenitic Stainless Steel

The spot welds nugget cracking of austenitic stainless steel at temperatures between 700°C - 1010°C was investigated. Traditionally, the cracks have been observed around the spot nugget in welded temperature. Actually, these cracks are developed due to incomplete melting and inappropriate electrode pressure, which causes an expulsion of molten metal. These cracks start to grow and cause either the interface or plug fracture according to the loading type. In this work, the micro-cracks in the weld nugget were indicated for this type of steel at elevated temperature. Cracks appear in a certain range of temperature;about 700°C - 750°C. The cracks like defect and cavitations were presented. According to the fracture mechanics point of view, these cracks reduce the mechanical strength. Therefore, these cracks have to be taken into account with a certain precaution. Moreover, considering the working temperature and reducing the element may develop ferrite particles.

Effect of Potential Perturbation Polarization on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 321 Stainless Steel

The SCC susceptibility of type 321 stainless steel in acidic chloride solution has been studied by slow strain rate testing (SSRT) and SEM. During the slow rate tensile process, the specimen was polarized with different potential perturbation modes such as cyclic potential scan and cyclic potential step methods. The results indicated that the potential scan rate or step frequency played an essential role in the initiation and propagation of crack.

The Enrichment of Chloride Anion in the Occluded Cell and Its Effect on Stress Corrosion Crack of 304 Stainless Steel in Low Chloride Concentration Solution

The enrichment of chloride anion within the occluded cell （OC） for Type 304 austenitic stainless steel in low chloride concentration solution has been investigated by means of a simulated OC. The influence of the enrichment of chloride anion on stress corrosion crack （SCC） of Type 304 stainless steel has been studied. It was observed that the amount of chloride anion migration was proportional to the charge flowing through the anode. Owning to the effects of enrichment of chloride anion, low chloride concentration solution could induce SCC for Type 304 stainless steel.

Characterization of stress corrosion crack growth of 304 stainless steel by electrochemical noise and scanning Kelvin probe

The fatigue pre-cracking 304 stainless steel （SS） specimens with lengths of 1.002 mm （L-crack） and 0.575 mm （S-crack） were prepared. Their corrosion behavior was studied by electrochemical noise （EN） in 4 mol/L NaC1 ＋ 0.01 mol/L Na2S203 solution under slow-strain-rate-testing （SSRT） conditions. Moreover, the characteristics of L-crack＇s surface morphology and potential distribution with scanning Kelvin probe （SKP） before and after SSRT were also discussed. Compared with S-crack, L-crack is propagated and the features of crack propagation can be obtained. After propagation, the noise amplitudes increase with increasing stress and accelerating corrosion, the white noises at low and high frequencies （WE and WH） of the later stage are one order of magnitude larger than that at early stage in the current power spectral densities （PSDs）. The potential PSDs also increase, but WH disappears. In addition, the crack propagation can be demonstrated according to variation of probability distribution, surface morphology and potential distribution.

3D stress simulation and parameter design during twin-roll casting of 304 stainless steel based on the Anand model

This study first investigated cracks on the surface of an actual steel strip. Formulating the Anand model in ANSYS software, we then simulated the stress field in the molten pool of type 304 stainless steel during the twin-roll casting process. Parameters affecting the stress distribution in the molten pool were analyzed in detail and optimized. After twin-roll casting, a large number of transgranular and intergranular cracks resided on the surface of the thin steel strip, and followed a tortuous path. In the molten pool, stress was enhanced at the exit and at the roller contact positions. The stress at the exit decreased with increasing casting speed and pouring temperature. To ensure high quality of the fabricated strips, the casting speed and pouring temperature should be controlled above 0.7 m/s and 1520℃, respectively.

Improvement of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Crack Susceptibility of Austenite Stainless Steel through Grain Boundary Engineering

Intergranular stress corrosion crack susceptibility of austenite stainless steel was evaluated through threepoint bending test conducted in high temperature water. The experimental results showed that the frequent and efficient introduction of low energy coincidence site lattice boundaries through grain boundary engineering resulted in an apparent improvement of the intergranular stress corrosion crack resistance of austenite stainless steel.

Laser Shock Processing of an Austenitic Stainless Steel and a Nickel-base Superalloy

An austenitic stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti and a solid solution-strengthened Ni-base superalloy GH30 were shock processed using a Q-switched pulsed Nd-glass laser. Microstructure, hardness and residual stress of the laser shock processed surface were investigated as functions of laser processing parameters. Results show that high density of dislocations and fine deformation twins are produced in the laser shock processed surface layers in both the austenitic stainless steel and the nickel-base superalloy. Extensive strain-induced martensite was also observed in the laser shock processed zone of the austenitic steel. The hardness of the laser shock processed surface was significantly enhanced and compressive stress as high as 400 MPa was produced in the laser shock processed surface.

Investigations on the Corrosion Behaviour and Structural Characteristics of Low Temperature Nitrided and Carburised Austenitic Stainless Steel

The wear resistance of austenitic stainless steels can be improved by thermo-chemical surface treatment with nitrogen and carbon. However, it is possible that the corrosion resistance will be impaired by the precipitation of chromiumnitrid or -carbide. The present contribution deals with investigations of the corrosion behaviour and structural characteristics of a low temperature nitrided and carburised austenitic stainless steel. The material investigated was AISI 316L (X2CrNiMol7-12-2) austenitic stainless steel. A commercial plasma-nitriding unit (pulsed dc) was used for the nitriding and carburising process. Additional samples were treated by the gasoxinitriding process for a comparison between plasma- and gasoxinitriding. The nitrided and carburised layer of austenitic stainless steel consists of the nitrogen or carbon S-phase (expanded austenite), respectively. X-ray diffraction investigations show the typical shift of the peaks to lower angles, indicating expansion of the fee lattice. Also the X-ray diffraction technique was employed to study the residual stresses in the nitrogen and carbon S-phase. The corrosion behaviour of surface engineered samples was investigated with electrochemical methods. Anodic potentiodynamic polarisation curves were recorded for testing the resistance against general corrosion (in H2SO4) and pitting corrosion (in NaCl).

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL BEHAVIOURS OF HIGH Mo AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL DURING HOT DEFORMATION

The dynamic mechanical behaviours of super low carbon high Mo austenitic stainless steel (00Cr20Nil8Mo6CuN)during hot deformation have been studied by using Formaster-Press hot working simulator. The hot deformation equation, as well as the relationship between peak strain, peak stress and Zener-Hollman parameter, together with the deformation activation energy have been resulted through the experiments.

SCF FEATURE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IN BOILING MgCl_2SOLUTION

Corrosion fatigue under the load of low frequency and bigh mean stress has been generally defined as stress corrosion fatigue(SCF).It is a specific failure process due to the inter- action between stress corrosion cracking(SCC) and corrsion fatigue(CF),the effects of which on fracture characteristics,including crack initiation and propagation.service life and cracking mode have not been investigated systematically.The purpose of this pa- per was to study the environment-sensitive fracture behaviour of OCr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel under the load of different fiequencies and high mean stress in boiling MgCl_2 solution.The interaction between SCC and CF would be emphasized.

Stress corrosion cracking behavior of 310S in supercritical water with different oxygen concentrations

The effect of dissolved oxygen(DO) on the stress corrosion cracking(SCC) of 310 S in supercritical water was investigated using slow-strain-rate tensile tests.The tensile properties, fracture morphology, and distribution of the chemical composition of the oxide were analyzed to evaluate the SCC susceptibility of 310 S. The results showed that the rupture elongation decreased significantly as the degree of DO increased. A brittle fracture mode was observed on the fracture surface, and only intergranular cracking was observed on the surface of the gauge section, regardless of the DO. Cracks were widely distributed on the gauge surface near the fracture surface.Oxides were observed in the cracks with two-layered structures, i.e., a Cr-rich inner oxide layer and an Fe-rich outer oxide layer.

SCC MECHANISM OF STAINLESS STEEL AISI 321 IN ACIDIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION

It is verified that stainless steel AISI 321 is in the active anodic dissolution state in 0.5 mol/L HCll+0.5 mol/L NaCl solution at 55℃.The SCC of the steel in the solution can not be reasonably explained by passive film rupture-nepasivation theory and by hydrogen embrittlement theory.There are evidences that the fracture stress at the tip of the cracks is reduced by anodic dissolution due to its role in relieving strain hardening layer at crack tip.