Numerical Computation of Stress Intensity Factors for Bolt-hole Corner Crack in Mechanical Joints

The three-dimensional finite element method is used to solve the problem of the quarter-elliptical comer crack of the bolt-hole in mechanical joints being subjected to remote tension. The square-root stress singularity around the corner crack front is simulated using the collapsed 20-node quarter point singular elements. The contact interaction between the bolt and the hole boundary is considered in the finite element analysis. The stress intensity factors （SIFs） along the crack front are evaluated by using the displacement correlation technique. The effects of the amount of clearance between the hole and the bolt on the SIFs are investigated. The numerical results indicate that the SIF for mode I decrease with the decreases in clearance, and in the cases of clearance being present, the corner crack is in a mix-mode, even if mode I loading is dominant.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO STRESS CONCENTRATION PROBLEM IN PLATES CONTAINING RECTANGULAR HOLE UNDER BIAXIAL TENSIONS

The stress concentration problem in structures with a circular or elliptic hole can be investigated by analytical methods. For the problem with a rectangular hole, only approximate results are derived. This paper deduces the analytical solutions to the stress concentration problem in plates with a rectangular hole under biaxial tensions. By using the U-transformation technique and the finite element method, the analytical displacement solutions of the finite element equations are derived in the series form. Therefore, the stress concentration can then be discussed easily and conveniently. For plate problem the bilinear rectangular element with four nodes is taken as an example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The stress concentration factors for various ratios of height to width of the hole are obtained.

Residual Stress Measurement for Ion-implanted NiTi Alloy by Using Moiré Interferometry and Hole-drilling Combined Method

Residual stresses in ion-implanted NiTi alloy are measured by a combined method ofMoir6 interferometry and hole-drilling. Oxygen ions are implanted into the NiTi alloy under a voltage of 30 kV by a dose of 1.0×10^17ions/cm^2 for one hour. Subsequently, in order to avoid dimensional error, a hole is drilled exactly in the center of the sample. The distribution of residual stresses around the hole is measured. It is indicated that the method which combines the Moire interferometry with hole-drilling is able to be used to measure residual stresses produced by ion implantation.

An analytical solution for the stress field and stress intensity factor in an infinite plane containing an elliptical hole with two unequal aligned cracks

The existing analytical solutions are extended to obtain the stress fields and the stress intensity factors(SIFs) of two unequal aligned cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in an infinite isotropic plane. A conformal mapping is proposed and combined with the complex variable method. Due to some difficulties in the calculation of the stress function, the mapping function is approximated and simplified via the applications of the series expansion. To validate the obtained solution, several examples are analyzed with the proposed method, the finite element method, etc. In addition, the effects of the lengths of the cracks and the ratio of the semi-axes of the elliptical hole(a/b) on the SIFs are studied. The results show that the present analytical solution is applicable to the SIFs for small cracks.

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD'S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.

Use of Plastic Correction Formula to Improve Accuracy of Welding Residual Stress Test with Blind-Hole Method

The blind-hole method is the most widely used approach to experimentally determine the distribution of residual stress. This paper aims to improve test accuracy of welding residual stress and conducts an experimental study on the strain release factors involved when using the blind-hole method for Q235 and Q345, two steels commonly used in building structures. The ranges of strain release factors A and B in the elastic stage, the effects of strain release factors on residual stress calculated values, and the plastic corrected strain release factors are analyzed considering of the effect of plastic deformation around the blind hole on measurement accuracy. Finally, a simplified calculation formula to determine strain release factors is proposed for use with the blind-hole method. Results show that in the elastic stage, strain release factor A for Q235 and Q345 ranges from-0.399 to-0.525 and strain release factor B from-0.791 to-0.960. Changing the strain release factors A and B shows that calculated residual tensile stress varies in relation to a decrease in both factor values. However, there is a increase in calculated residual compressive stress with a decrease in the strain release factor A value, but there is an decrease with a decrease in strain release factor B value. Calculated residual stress applied to elastic strain release factors is compared with that applied to amended plastic strain release factors for Q235 steel. The maximum deviation between calculated residual stress and test stress is reduced from 21.1 to 1.0%,and for Q345 steel from 26.5 to 1.2%. It is thus evident that the plastic correction formula proposed in this paper can be used in calculations when conducting a residual stress test.

Residual stress around rail bolt holes after cold-expansion

Focused on rail bolt hole cold-expansion, the theoretical prediction models and results of residual stress analysis on related Problems are summarized. And a stress analyzing method based on both of the strain measurement duringthe Process of cold expansion and elastoc-plastic theory is developed. By the method proposed and the magneto-elasticmethod as well as the stress relief measurement detailed experimental study on the residual stress surrounding the coldexpanded tail bolt hole is performed. Relationship between the distribution of residual stress and cold expansion rateare established. The adaptability and limitation of theoretical predichon are also analyzed by comparing the theoreticaland experimental results.

Three-Dimensional Stress Fields in Finite Thickness Plate with Hole Under Shear Load

The theoretical solutions are obtained for the three-dimensional(3-D)stress field in an infinite isotropic elastic plate with a through-the-thickness circular hole subjected to shear load at far field by using Kane and Mindlin′s assumption based on the stress function method.Based on the present solutions,the characteristics of 3-D stress field are analyzed and the emphasis is placed on the effects of the plate thickness and Poisson′s ratio on the deviation of the present 3-D in-plane stress from the related plane stress solutions,the stress concentration and the out-of-plane constraint.The present solutions show that the stress concentration factor reaches its peak value of about 8.9% which is higher than that of the plane stress solutions.As expected,the out-of-plane stress constraint factor can reach 1on the surface of the hole when the plate is a very thick one.

掏土孔应力扰动法下的塑性区范围研究

针对普通浅层掏土法下倾斜建筑回倾速度慢、沉降不均匀的问题,提出掏土孔应力扰动法。在岩石力学的弹性圈和塑性圈应力解中引入修正系数,得到掏土孔应力扰动法下的塑性区半径计算公式。在进行现场掏土孔周应力扰动试验时,采用地锚反压的形式模拟上部建筑荷载,利用长钉在掏土孔周围进行深度为50 mm的螺旋扰动,通过测量应力扰动前后的孔周土体应力并结合有限元模拟结果,得到实际塑性区范围,验证了塑性区半径公式的正确性。结果表明:当掏土孔半径为100 mm,应力扰动范围为孔径的1/2时,塑性区范围扩大30%~40%,掏土孔应力扰动法对于扩大塑性区范围、加快建筑纠倾速度具有工程应用价值。

Study on Plasticity Modification for Measuring High Residual Stress by Hole-Drilling Method

Hole-drilling method is a commonly used method for measuring residual stress. The calibration coefficients in ASTM E837-13 a would cause large errors due to the plasticity deformation of materials. In the study, calibration coefficients were modified in the plasticity deformation stage based on the distortion energy theory. The calibration experiment of calibration coefficients was simulated by the finite element model, and the plasticity modification formulas of 7075 aluminum alloy were obtained. From the results of uniaxial tensile loading test, the measuring errors of high residual stress are significantly reduced from-4.071%～53.440% to-5.140% ～ 0.609% after the plasticity modification. This work provides an effective way to expand the application of hole-drilling method.

Elastic Wave Scattering and Dynamic Stress Concentrations around Double Holes in Piezoelectric Media

In this paper, on the basis of Liu’s complex function and conformal mapping methods, supplemented by local coordinate system method, e-type piezoelectric material and elastic wave scattering and dynamic stress concentrations problems with double holes question are studied, and an analytical solution is given to the problems. On the basis of multiple scattering of elastic wave theory, put forward the study about microscopic dynamics model to dynamic stress in the structure of piezoelectric composites as well as dynamic playing field. As an example, the numerical results of the dynamic stress distribution around the hole in case double equal diameter holes are given in the paper, and the influence of incident wave number and hole-spacing parameters on the dynamic stress concentration factor is analyzed.

Stress concentration factor expression for tension strip with eccentric elliptical hole

Two explicit expressions of the stress concentration factor for a tension finite-width strip with a central elliptical hole and an eccentric elliptical hole, respectively, are formulated by using a semi-analytical and semi-empiricai method. Accuracy of the results obtained from these expressions is better, and application scope is wider, than the results of Durelli＇s photo-elastic experiment and Isida＇s formula. When eccentricity of the elliptical hole is within a certain range, the error is less than 8%. Based on the relation between the stress concentration factor and the stress intensity factor, a stress intensity factor expression for tension strips with a center or an eccentric crack is derived with the obtained stress concentration factor expressions. Compared with the existing formulae and the finite element analysis, this stress intensity factor expression also has sufficient accuracy.

Study Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional of the Stress Concentration of the Traction Arm of the NEW HOLLAND TT75 Tractor in Service in CHAD

The New Holland TT75 tractors currently in service in Chad use a tractor arm with three holes, the middle one of which has recurrent failures due to traction. The purpose of this work is to use a finite element model to provide an improvement by modifying the geometric parameters to avoid premature failure of the tractor arms of the New Holland TT75. The ultimate force formula of Eurocode 3 was used to determine the maximum pressure to be applied and. A comparative traction study between the current arm and the proposed arm was performed, taking into account the variation in hole size, arm width and applied pressure for the determination of the stress concentration factor Kt. With the determination of Kt and for the arm width (w) less than or equal to 85 mm;the results showed that the proposed arm geometry is better.

沿空留巷密集钻孔切顶机理及关键参数确定方法

为实现密集钻孔切顶条件下沿空留巷顶板结构安全稳定,研究正常情况与密集钻孔条件下顶板岩层结构受力状况,基于岩石断裂理论和弹性理论分析回采前后顶板密集钻孔孔间围岩受力分布及其破断过程,明确密集钻孔切顶机理及相邻钻孔的孔间集中应力相互作用机制,推导工作面端头弧形三角板结构巷道侧边界密集钻孔孔间围岩的拉剪应力计算公式。在此基础上,分析不同参数对孔间围岩所受拉剪应力的影响作用,提出沿空留巷密集钻孔切顶关键参数确定方法。研究表明:密集钻孔主要通过回采前后钻孔周围应力条件改变来增加钻孔围岩拉剪应力集中程度,引起孔间裂隙扩张联通,形成切缝线破断关键岩层。回采前钻孔主要受水平挤压应力影响,回采后钻孔受力逐渐转变为采空区顶板回转下沉产生的拉剪应力为主,钻孔孔间围岩状态随之由孔间围岩弱化阶段过渡到孔壁裂纹成形阶段,再转变为孔间围岩破断阶段。密集钻孔孔间围岩所受拉剪应力大小主要取决于关键岩层厚度及钻孔孔径与孔间距之比,与钻孔高度及间距成负相关,与角度及直径正相关。据此提出了密集钻孔关键参数确定方法,并根据龙滩矿3124 N工作面坚硬顶板条件设计了密集钻孔切顶留巷方案,确定钻孔长度为8.3 m,角度为15°,钻孔直径为48 mm,间距为500 mm。留巷后巷道顶帮变形可控且整体稳定性较好,由此可证明密集钻孔布置参数较为合理,密集钻孔关键参数确定方法有效可行。

Dynamic stress concentrations in thick plates with two holes based on refined theory

Based on complex variables and conformal mapping, the elastic wave scat- tering and dynamic stress concentrations in the plates with two holes are studied by the refined dynamic equation of plate bending. The problem to be solved is changed to a set of infinite algebraic equations by an orthogonM function expansion method. As examples, under free boundary conditions, the numerical results of the dynamic moment concen- tration factors in the plates with two circular holes are computed. The results indicate that the parameters such as the incident wave number, the thickness of plates, and the spacing between holes have great effects on the dynamic stress distributions. The results are accurate because the refined equation is derived without any engineering hypothese.

多孔套筒定向压裂力学机制及影响因素分析

坚硬顶板破断释放巨大冲击动能是诱发煤矿动力灾害的重要因素之一,在特定位置断顶实现岩层的定向断裂、减小坚硬顶板悬顶长度是防治煤岩动力灾害的关键。多孔套筒压裂技术具有操作简单、适用条件广泛等优点,在坚硬顶板弱化领域有着广泛的研究前景。为深入了解多孔套筒压裂机理,采用理论分析与数值模拟方法开展了多孔套筒压裂力学机制研究,揭示了不同影响因素下孔间应力变化规律,获得了压裂过程裂缝扩展规律及力链分布特征。通过钻孔切槽可提升套筒压裂预裂效果,为确定合理的布孔参数,基于线弹性断裂力学建立了含预制缝多孔套筒压裂力学模型,给出了缝端应力强度因子、临界膨胀力及裂缝临界起裂角计算方程,获得了不同影响因素下缝端应力强度因子、临界膨胀力及临界起裂角的变化规律。研究结果表明:①侧压系数k对钻孔最小起裂应力影响显著,当侧压系数k>1时,最小起裂应力随布孔角度的增大而减小;当侧压系数k<1时,最小起裂应力随布孔角度的增大而增大。②数值模拟结果表明:套筒间存在应力叠加效应,接触力链呈“放射状”分布。套筒压裂过程以张拉破坏为主,孔心连线处变形破坏最剧烈,均沿布孔方向形成了“条带状”断裂面。③缝槽改变了缝端附近的应力分布,相较无缝槽模型环向拉应力更大。当缝槽长度为0.5倍孔半径时,临界膨胀力最小,裂缝最易发生扩展。④临界起裂角由KⅠ与KⅡ共同决定,且小于70.53°。在泵压与地应力条件无法改变的情况下,可通过调节布孔角度与预制缝槽长度实现岩石的定向压裂。

Stress concentration coefficients of optimized cope-hole welded detail

The fatigue performance of optimized welded detail has been investigated by fatigue experiments of three welded specimens under different loadings.In addition,local finite element models of this welded detail were established using finite element software ANSYS.The influences of different factors such as plate thickness,plate gap and initial geometric imperfections on the stress concentration coefficient(SCC) were discussed.The experimental results indicate that the fatigue life of three specimens for this welded detail is 736,000,1,044,200 and 1,920,300 times,respectively.The web thickness,the filler plate thickness and the initial geometric imperfection have relatively less effect on the SCCs of this welded detail.However,cope-hole radius is influential on the SCCs of the web and the weld.The SCC of weld is significantly affected by the weld size and plate gap,but the SCCs of other parts of the welded detail are hardly affected by the plate gap.

激光冲击诱导应力波对残余应力孔洞形成的影响

目的揭示残余应力孔洞形成的影响机制。方法采用有限元动力学仿真,实现对激光冲击诱导应力波传播过程的捕捉和特性分析。结果在2000 ns以内的光斑作用区域,材料的初始应力仅受到激光冲击诱导Ⅱ类应力波的扰动作用,此扰动作用由光斑中心向外依次减弱,引起的应力波动幅值由2459 MPa降至224 MPa;在其他工艺参数相同的情况下,残余应力孔洞随着峰值压力和脉宽的增加而变得更加明显,应力幅值差σ_(k)分别由0、114 MPa增至454、568 MPa,孔洞直径d_(k)分别由0、0.8 mm增至约1.4 mm,光斑直径的影响相对较弱。在激光能量3 J的作用下,空间高斯分布对应结果存在应力孔洞,σ_(k)、d_(k)分别为190 MPa、1 mm。将空间平顶分布激光能量增至7 J,对应结果由3 J激光能量时的无应力孔洞转变为存在明显应力孔洞,σ_(k)、d_(k)分别为634 MPa、1.4 mm。另外,在激光能量3 J的作用下,材料1的应力孔洞最显著,σ_(k)、d_(k)分别为207 MPa、1.4 mm,均高于材料2和材料3的对应值。凸圆面、平面和凹圆面对应的σ_(k)分别为212、190、83 MPa,d_(k)均为1 mm。结论在圆形光斑激光冲击载荷作用下,加载和卸载过程中形成的应力波在光斑中心的汇聚作用均较强,导致光斑中心区域材料持续出现正反向屈服,进而形成残余应力孔洞;在相同参数条件下,激光能量越高,则材料的力学性能越低,应力波扰动作用越强,应力孔洞现象越明显。

围缘扁钢加强的开圆孔无限平板应力解析算法

为了研究围缘扁钢加强的开圆孔无限平板应力解析计算方法,近似认为围缘扁钢区域的平均应力处于广义平面应力状态。运用复变函数论的方法,将应力函数表示为两个待定的解析函数;列出围缘扁钢的边界条件、围缘扁钢与平板之间的应力连接条件和位移连接条件,求出应力函数,根据求出的应力函数便可求出应力。为了描述围缘扁钢减缓孔口应力集中的效果,提出围缘扁钢加强系数的定义。算例计算表明:本文提出的解析算法计算结果与有限元法计算结果吻合良好,围缘扁钢加强的开圆孔无限平板应力普遍小于开圆孔无限平板应力,围缘扁钢加强效果明显;相同体积的加强构件,围缘扁钢的加强效果优于环形加厚板。

水冷壁管接头开裂原因

某电厂发生锅炉水冷壁管开裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试等方法分析了水冷壁管开裂的原因。结果表明:水冷壁管接头对接环焊缝焊接产生了残余应力,材料中存在焊接缺陷,在高温、高压环境下,缺陷逐渐扩展为孔洞,并对其他管壁造成冲蚀破坏,最终导致水冷壁管开裂。