Lateral displacement of silty clay under cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments: Analytical consideration and field evidence

Based on back analysis of lateral displacements measured in situ by using the analytical solution, a useful method for estimating stress concentration ratio of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported(GRPS) embankments was proposed. In order to validate the proposed method, a full-scale high-speed railway embankment(HSRE) with four instrumented subsections over medium compressibility silty clay was constructed in three stages. The soil profile, construction procedure and monitoring of settlements and lateral displacements of the four test sections were described. The field deformation analysis results show that 1) the combined reinforcement of CFG piles and geosynthetic layer perform well in terms of reducing lateral displacements; 2) the development of lateral displacements lags behind the increase of fill load, which can be attributed to the vertical load transfer mechanism of the pile foundation; and 3) pile length has a dominant effect on the stress distribution proportion between piles and surrounding soils. The comparison between predicted and experimental results suggests that the proposed analytical solution and the back analysis-based method are capable of reasonably estimating the lateral deformation and the stress concentration ratio, respectively, if the appropriate soil elastic modulus is chosen.

Stress Ratio-Strain Relation of Pile and Soil in Composite Foundation

A series of triaxial compression tests were arried out by means of composite-reinforced soil samples to simulate the interaction between soil and pile. The samples are made of gravel or lime-soil with different length at the center. The experiment indicates that the strength of the composite samples can not be obtained by superimposure of reinforcing pile and soil simply according to their replacement proportion. It also indicates the law for stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil. The stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil increases and reaches peak rapidly while load and strain is small. Then the ratio decreases. This law is in accordance with the measuring resuits in construction site.

Critical Cyclic Stress Ratio of Undisturbed Saturated Soft Clay in the Yangtze Estuary under Complex Stress Conditions

There exists a critical cyclic stress ratio when sand or clay is subjected to cyclic loading. It is an index dis-tinguishing stable state or failure state. The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus de-veloped by Dalian University of Technology in China was employed to perform different types of tests on saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze estuary. Undisturbed samples were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consoli-dation parameters. The effects of initial orientation angle of major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress,initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and stress mode of cyclic shear on the critical cyclic stress ratio wereinvestigated. It is found that the critical cyclic stress ratio decreases significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientationangle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate prin-cipal stress is less evident. Under the same consolidation condition, the critical cyclic stress ratio from the cyclic cou-pling shear test is lower than that from the cyclic torsional shear test, indicating that the stress mode of cyclic shear has an obvious effect on the critical cyclic stress ratio. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stressdirections during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

Performance of X-Section Concrete Pile Group in Coral Sand Under Vertical Loading

To reveal the bearing capacity of the X-section pile group in coral sand, a series of model load tests are conducted.The testing results are presented as load-settlement curves, pile-soil stress ratios, distributions of side friction and axial force, and load-sharing ratio between side and tip resistances. The reliability and accuracy of the numerical simulation model are verified by comparing the results of the model test. Comparative analysis between X-section and circular section piles with the same cross-sectional area indicates that the bearing capacity of the X-section pile group is much larger than that of the circular pile group. The axial force of X-section piles is smaller while the peak skin friction is larger than that of circular piles at the same depth. The skin friction of the core pile is the largest,followed by the side pile and the corner pile is the smallest when the load is relatively small;however, it is converse when the load is larger than 10 k N. Compared with piles in silica sand, the pile in coral sand has a lower bearing capacity, and the sand breakage leads to the steep drop failure of pile foundation. Moreover, pile positions under the raft have less effect on the load-share differences among corner, side and core piles in coral sand. This study provides a reference for the construction of pile foundations in coral sand.

Model test on vertical bearing capacity of X-section concrete pile raft foundation in silica sand

To reveal the bearing capacity of the X-section concrete piles pile raft foundation in silica sand,a series of vertical load tests are carried out.The X-section concrete piles are compared with circular section pile with the same section area.The load−settlement curves,axial force and skin friction,strain on concave and convex edge of the pile,pile-sand stress ratio,distributions of side and tip resistance are presented.The results show that bearing capacity of the X section concrete pile raft foundation is much larger than that of the circular pile raft foundation.Besides,compared with the circular pile,the peak axial force of X-section piles under raft is deeper and smaller while the neutral point of X-section concrete pile is deeper.Moreover,the strain on the concave edge is much larger than that on the convex edge of the pile,and the convex edge has more potential in bearing capacity as the vertical load increases.The X-section pile has higher pile-sand stress ratios and load-sharing between side resistance and tip resistance.Above all,the X-section concrete pile can significantly increase the bearing capacity of pile-raft foundations in silica sand.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

双向增强复合地基桩土应力比计算方法研究

研究目的:桩土应力比是反映双向增强复合地基工作特性的重要指标。由于路堤荷载下双向增强复合地基承载变形机理复杂,本文以双桩范围内的路堤与双向复合地基为研究对象,考虑路堤土拱效应、加筋层网兜效应、应力扩散效应等多重效应的共同作用,建立路堤-水平加筋垫层-竖向桩体-桩间土协调变形的二维理论分析模型,探究各影响因素对桩土应力比的影响规律。研究结论:(1)桩土应力比随填土重度、桩间距的增加而减小,随填料内摩擦角的增大呈先增加后减小趋势,随路堤填筑高度、格栅层数、填料黏聚力的增加而增大;(2)桩土应力比对各参数的敏感性由高到低排序为:桩间距、路堤填筑高度、路堤填土重度、路堤填料黏聚力、格栅层数及路堤填料内摩擦角;(3)本研究成果可为类似工程的桩土应力比计算提供理论依据及工程借鉴。

基于现场试验的CFG桩复合地基桩帽与垫层效应分析

【目的】柔性垫层和桩帽对CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降均有较大影响,但目前柔性垫层与桩帽在现场试验中如何共同影响复合地基特性仍有待进一步的研究。【方法】以CFG桩复合地基软基处理的某路段作为工程背景,在土工格栅层数不变的情况下,对垫层厚度为100 mm、200 mm、300 mm,桩帽尺寸为0.8 m、1.0 m、1.2 m组合下的形式进行了现场原位试验,研究了CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降特性。【结果】现场试验表明:随着垫层厚度由100 mm增大到300 mm,桩土荷载比减小了51.5%,桩土应力比减小了52.5%,总沉降量增大了7.9%;随着桩帽直径由0.8 m增大到1.2 m,桩土荷载比增大了29.0%,桩土应力比减小了29.2%,总沉降量10.4%.本文区域地质条件,宜选用垫层厚度100 mm、桩帽直径为1.2 m的CFG桩复合地基形式。

桩网复合地基离心模型试验中桩顶轴力测试方法研究

桩网复合地基是常见的软土加固措施。在开展桩网复合地基离心模型试验时,为了分析桩土应力比,需要测量桩顶轴力和桩间土压力。微型土压力计在离心模型试验中已经得到广泛应用,但尚无成熟的微型桩顶轴力测试传感器。利用模型桩的桩帽,开发了一种离心模型试验专用桩顶轴力测试方法,标定结果显示该方法测试线性度好。通过某桩网复合地基离心模型试验和数值分析的桩土应力比结果对比分析,验证了该方法的测试效果。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

盐渍土地区CFG桩水泥土褥垫层性能的研究

利用MIDAS-GTS NX数值模拟软件,针对褥垫层厚度和弹性模量变化对桩的沉降和桩土应力比的影响等问题,通过数值模拟对CFG桩桩顶沉降、桩顶应力、桩土应力比等进行研究,并得出以下结论:随着弹性模量的增大,桩土应力比增加趋于平缓,桩顶沉降增加;随着水泥土褥垫层厚度的增大,桩顶应力变化趋势也随之增大,且趋势基本相似;褥垫层厚度小于600 mm,弹性模量小于100 MPa时,地基沉降与二者参数变化有着较大关联;盐渍地区600 mm的水泥土褥垫层理论上可以有400 mm碎石褥垫层的工作性能。

水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基静载荷试验数值分析

以榆林地区水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基工程为背景,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层的复合地基静载荷试验进行数值模拟,并分析风积沙复合地基桩土荷载传递机制及变形特性。结果表明:合理设置褥垫层厚度能有效减小桩顶应力集中,降低桩土应力比。提高褥垫层模量可减小复合地基的沉降,改善其承载性能。设置褥垫层的桩侧摩阻力在桩顶附近出现负摩阻力,随着深度向下快速增加至零,并转为正摩阻力。桩身的附加轴应力在桩顶附近先增加到峰值,然后逐渐衰减。水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地基时存在临界桩长。在相同荷载水平下,随着桩长的增加,桩土应力比先增大后趋于稳定,桩侧摩阻力分布随着桩长的增加趋于稳定。按规范设计的风积沙复合地基承载力特征值偏于安全,有较大的富余度。

路堤下复合地基的垫层对桩土应力比的影响分析

垫层是复合地基的核心,其主要作用是调节桩土应力比。但是,目前复合地基的垫层多采用厚度约30 cm的砂石垫层。简单模式的垫层,尚不能充分发挥垫层对桩土应力比的调节作用,使得复合地基的工作性状最优。针对路堤下不同黏结强度桩复合地基垫层的弹性模量、厚度对桩土应力比的影响展开数值模拟分析,得出:复合地基桩土应力比随垫层弹性模量和垫层厚度的增加而提高,但它的提高幅度反而逐步缩小。每种复合地基垫层都有其敏感厚度,垫层的敏感厚度可以作为垫层厚度设计的参考。垫层的敏感厚度与复合地基桩本身的黏结强度、垫层的弹性模量有关。桩的弹性模量越大,桩土应力比对垫层的弹性模量和厚度变化越敏感,变化幅值也越大。可以通过改变复合地基垫层材料、密实度、黏结强度、厚度等来改变垫层对桩土应力比的调节作用,改善复合地基的工作性状。

孔内深层强夯复合地基桩土应力比试验研究

通过开展孔内深层强夯单桩复合地基现场静载试验和桩土应力测试,获取了不同荷载作用下孔内深层强夯复合地基的平均桩顶应力、桩间土应力、桩土应力比、荷载分担比及其变化规律。试验结果表明:孔内深层强夯复合地基的桩间土承担了主要的上部荷载,约占50%~63%,随着荷载增大,桩间土承担的荷载比例逐步增大;对于孔内深层强夯复合地基,随着荷载的增大,桩土应力比随荷载的增大而减小,数值介于2~5之间;对粘性素填土地基,孔内深层强夯复合地基在处理后的桩间土地基承载力比处理前可提高220%。

城市轨道交通暗挖洞桩法车站拱顶矢跨比对钢管桩受力和地面沉降的影响分析

[目的]拱顶矢跨比影响着城市轨道交通暗挖洞桩法车站的建筑高度,以及车站设计的合理性和施工的安全性,需对拱顶矢跨比对钢管桩的受力以及地面沉降的影响进行研究。[方法]构建城市轨道交通车站拱顶结构力学模型,分析不同拱顶矢跨比下的结构内力。通过数值模拟分析软件建立车站-地层三维数值模型,结合地面沉降数值模拟值和现场监测值进行对比分析,论证模型的合理性。同时研究了暗挖洞桩法施工时钢管桩的力学特性,以及其对地面沉降的影响。[结果及结论]拱顶矢跨比从0.20到0.40变化时,拱顶结构的最大弯矩、最大轴力及最大剪力均呈递减趋势,钢管桩的最大轴力呈先减少后增大的趋势;当拱顶矢跨比为0.30时,中桩轴力为最小;随着拱顶矢跨比的增大,地面沉降呈先减少后增大的趋势,地面沉降控制最优的拱顶矢跨比为0.30,比拱顶矢跨比为0.20时减少了34%。导洞施工和扣拱施工是地面产生沉降最明显的两个阶段,合理的拱顶矢跨比会提高导洞施工和扣拱施工阶段地面沉降量的占比,进而减弱后续车站主体结构土体开挖对土层的扰动。

循环荷载下粉煤灰群桩复合地基承载性能试验研究

在不同的循环荷载比和循环次数下进行循环荷载室内模型试验,从桩顶累积沉降、桩身应力、桩间粉煤灰应力和桩土应力比等方面分析循环次数和循环荷载比等因素对粉煤灰复合地基承载特性的影响。在循环荷载作用下,桩顶累积沉降与循环荷载比呈非线性相关关系,桩顶累积沉降曲线主要分为稳定型和发展型等2种变化形态;随着循环次数的增加,桩身应力和桩间粉煤灰应力均呈现先增大后稳定的趋势;当循环次数超过临界次数时,桩土应力比的减小速率将出现收敛;循环荷载比的增大会导致土拱效应发挥不稳定。

刚性桩复合地基在不同荷载下的桩土分担特性

利用解析解答对刚性桩复合地基在竖向荷载下的工作特性进行了较深入的分析,着重讨论了桩土应力比及荷载分担比等随复合地基荷载、垫层厚度、垫层模量、桩长、桩间距、桩间土模量和桩端土抗力系数等因素变化的规律.计算结果表明,竖向荷载作用下,桩土应力比随复合地基荷载、垫层模量、桩长和桩间距的增加而增大,随垫层厚度和土体模量的增加而减小,同时也表明复合地基的设计参数有合理的取值范围.