Lateral displacement of silty clay under cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments: Analytical consideration and field evidence

Based on back analysis of lateral displacements measured in situ by using the analytical solution, a useful method for estimating stress concentration ratio of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported(GRPS) embankments was proposed. In order to validate the proposed method, a full-scale high-speed railway embankment(HSRE) with four instrumented subsections over medium compressibility silty clay was constructed in three stages. The soil profile, construction procedure and monitoring of settlements and lateral displacements of the four test sections were described. The field deformation analysis results show that 1) the combined reinforcement of CFG piles and geosynthetic layer perform well in terms of reducing lateral displacements; 2) the development of lateral displacements lags behind the increase of fill load, which can be attributed to the vertical load transfer mechanism of the pile foundation; and 3) pile length has a dominant effect on the stress distribution proportion between piles and surrounding soils. The comparison between predicted and experimental results suggests that the proposed analytical solution and the back analysis-based method are capable of reasonably estimating the lateral deformation and the stress concentration ratio, respectively, if the appropriate soil elastic modulus is chosen.

Stress Ratio-Strain Relation of Pile and Soil in Composite Foundation

A series of triaxial compression tests were arried out by means of composite-reinforced soil samples to simulate the interaction between soil and pile. The samples are made of gravel or lime-soil with different length at the center. The experiment indicates that the strength of the composite samples can not be obtained by superimposure of reinforcing pile and soil simply according to their replacement proportion. It also indicates the law for stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil. The stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil increases and reaches peak rapidly while load and strain is small. Then the ratio decreases. This law is in accordance with the measuring resuits in construction site.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

Performance of X-Section Concrete Pile Group in Coral Sand Under Vertical Loading

To reveal the bearing capacity of the X-section pile group in coral sand, a series of model load tests are conducted.The testing results are presented as load-settlement curves, pile-soil stress ratios, distributions of side friction and axial force, and load-sharing ratio between side and tip resistances. The reliability and accuracy of the numerical simulation model are verified by comparing the results of the model test. Comparative analysis between X-section and circular section piles with the same cross-sectional area indicates that the bearing capacity of the X-section pile group is much larger than that of the circular pile group. The axial force of X-section piles is smaller while the peak skin friction is larger than that of circular piles at the same depth. The skin friction of the core pile is the largest,followed by the side pile and the corner pile is the smallest when the load is relatively small;however, it is converse when the load is larger than 10 k N. Compared with piles in silica sand, the pile in coral sand has a lower bearing capacity, and the sand breakage leads to the steep drop failure of pile foundation. Moreover, pile positions under the raft have less effect on the load-share differences among corner, side and core piles in coral sand. This study provides a reference for the construction of pile foundations in coral sand.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

桩网复合地基离心模型试验中桩顶轴力测试方法研究

桩网复合地基是常见的软土加固措施。在开展桩网复合地基离心模型试验时,为了分析桩土应力比,需要测量桩顶轴力和桩间土压力。微型土压力计在离心模型试验中已经得到广泛应用,但尚无成熟的微型桩顶轴力测试传感器。利用模型桩的桩帽,开发了一种离心模型试验专用桩顶轴力测试方法,标定结果显示该方法测试线性度好。通过某桩网复合地基离心模型试验和数值分析的桩土应力比结果对比分析,验证了该方法的测试效果。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

盐渍土地区CFG桩水泥土褥垫层性能的研究

利用MIDAS-GTS NX数值模拟软件,针对褥垫层厚度和弹性模量变化对桩的沉降和桩土应力比的影响等问题,通过数值模拟对CFG桩桩顶沉降、桩顶应力、桩土应力比等进行研究,并得出以下结论:随着弹性模量的增大,桩土应力比增加趋于平缓,桩顶沉降增加;随着水泥土褥垫层厚度的增大,桩顶应力变化趋势也随之增大,且趋势基本相似;褥垫层厚度小于600 mm,弹性模量小于100 MPa时,地基沉降与二者参数变化有着较大关联;盐渍地区600 mm的水泥土褥垫层理论上可以有400 mm碎石褥垫层的工作性能。

孔内深层强夯复合地基桩土应力比试验研究

通过开展孔内深层强夯单桩复合地基现场静载试验和桩土应力测试,获取了不同荷载作用下孔内深层强夯复合地基的平均桩顶应力、桩间土应力、桩土应力比、荷载分担比及其变化规律。试验结果表明:孔内深层强夯复合地基的桩间土承担了主要的上部荷载,约占50%~63%,随着荷载增大,桩间土承担的荷载比例逐步增大;对于孔内深层强夯复合地基,随着荷载的增大,桩土应力比随荷载的增大而减小,数值介于2~5之间;对粘性素填土地基,孔内深层强夯复合地基在处理后的桩间土地基承载力比处理前可提高220%。

循环荷载下粉煤灰群桩复合地基承载性能试验研究

在不同的循环荷载比和循环次数下进行循环荷载室内模型试验,从桩顶累积沉降、桩身应力、桩间粉煤灰应力和桩土应力比等方面分析循环次数和循环荷载比等因素对粉煤灰复合地基承载特性的影响。在循环荷载作用下,桩顶累积沉降与循环荷载比呈非线性相关关系,桩顶累积沉降曲线主要分为稳定型和发展型等2种变化形态;随着循环次数的增加,桩身应力和桩间粉煤灰应力均呈现先增大后稳定的趋势;当循环次数超过临界次数时,桩土应力比的减小速率将出现收敛;循环荷载比的增大会导致土拱效应发挥不稳定。

硬壳层对管桩复合地基桩-土应力比的影响

为研究就地固化硬壳层对预应力管桩复合地基桩-土应力比的影响,以绍兴钱滨线泥浆池路段为背景,开展现场试验和数值模拟分析,研究路堤荷载作用下预应力管桩复合地基的受力和变形;从桩-土应力比的角度,着重探讨硬壳层对桩基复合地基承载性能的影响规律;分析路堤高度与桩帽净间距之比、桩帽宽度与桩帽净间距之比等设计参数对桩-土应力比发展的影响机制.研究结果表明:硬壳层的存在能够有效提高桩基复合地基的承载特性;在本文试验条件下,就地固化硬壳层的预应力管桩复合地基最大水平位移发生在地表以下5~6 m处,区别于传统桩基复合地基的土体水平位移沿深度逐渐降低的规律;桩-土应力比在23~37,高于传统桩基复合地基.

包裹碎石桩在粉质黏土地基中的承载特性研究

为了探究包裹碎石桩对粉质黏土地基的加固效果,基于模型试验和数值模拟方法,对包裹碎石桩与传统碎石桩复合地基承载力特性进行了研究,并分析了碎石模量、碎石内摩擦角和土工格栅刚度等参数对包裹碎石桩复合地基承载及变形的影响。结果表明:传统碎石桩复合地基在荷载小于20 kPa时,沉降增大不明显。当荷载大于30 kPa时,沉降迅速增大,复合地基失稳破坏;在一定的粒径范围内,相同级配下,碎石粒径越大,碎石桩整体变形越小,承载能力越高;包裹碎石桩的碎石模量在高应力状况下,对复合地基沉降的影响效果较为明显。当桩土模量比大于30时,其对复合地基的沉降影响逐渐减弱;增大碎石内摩擦角能有效增大桩土应力比,并提高桩身应力传递效率。随着内摩擦角的增大,复合地基的沉降逐渐减小,在高荷载水平下,其影响效果更加明显;土工格栅的包裹能减少复合地基沉降,但影响程度有限,当包裹刚度J>1000 kN/m时,对沉降的影响逐渐减弱。

基于相似理论的复合地基弹性垫层模型试验研究

为了对比分析不同桩型(半刚性桩和柔性桩)、不同垫层材料(砂垫层、碎石垫层、弹性垫层)和垫层厚度对复合地基承载特性的影响,需要开展复合地基室内模型试验研究。在研制模型试验系统、建立符合模型试验要求的模化条件和相关准则的基础上,分析了复合地基的承载特性,引入了弹性垫层模拟实际工况的可行性。结果表明,随着垫层厚度的增大,桩土应力比有所减小,上刺入量会逐渐增大。柔性桩的桩顶面中心点沉降量明显小于半刚性桩,一般差值在10 mm左右;柔性桩的分级加载分界点在60 kPa左右,半刚性桩则在80 kPa左右。弹性垫层相比于砂垫层和碎石垫层,其整体性相对更好,可将原有的“100~200 mm砂垫层+荷载板”改为“小于100 mm的砂粒找平层+弹性垫层+荷载板”,以更好地发挥实际垫层在复合地基的作用。

堆筑期土石坝软土碎石桩复合地基固结有限元分析

目前工程界常采用碎石与原状土参数按面积置换率叠加的方法获取复合地基参数,以进行碎石桩复合地基承载力及变形的计算,但对该方法在堤坝地基中的适用性研究尚不深入。以卢旺达那巴龙格河2号水电站深厚覆盖层软弱基础处理项目为背景,基于PLAXIS有限元平台,采用桩墙法与复合地基法构建二维数值模型,进行大坝堆筑期固结分析。通过观察施工过程中复合地基变形、超静孔压及桩土应力,得到了不同面积置换率下桩墙法与复合地基法在计算加固区沉降的差异,以及不同面积置换率下土中超静孔压及桩土应力比的变化规律。结果表明,传统参数叠加法低估了软土碎石桩复合地基的沉降,其低估程度随置换率的减小而增大。在相同置换率下,施工过程中大坝心墙下部软土超静孔压积累较大。桩土应力比呈先增大后减小的变化规律,且坝高一半处下方桩土应力比较大;不同面积置换率下,碎石桩最大桩土应力比随置换率增大而减小,趋于稳定时的桩土应力比随置换率增大而增大。

微型劈裂注浆桩复合地基桩土应力比算法研究

劈裂注浆技术是加固黄土地基的常用技术,在进行劈裂注浆桩复合地基沉降计算时,需要合理的桩土应力比公式作为理论支撑。根据黄土劈裂注浆原理将桩周土划分为注浆压密区和原地基土区,认为注浆压密区土体呈现水泥土特性。考虑到劈裂注浆桩与注浆压密区间相互作用受劈裂支脉的影响,在假设桩侧摩阻力线性分布的基础上,建立了劈裂注浆桩侧摩阻力计算方法,结合垫层桩土体在应力与位移协调下的相互作用,得到了桩土应力比计算公式。通过现场试验结果与计算结果对比发现,两者相对误差在10%左右,满足工程实用性。最后采用单一变量法分析发现,劈裂支脉长度的增加使得桩体所分担荷载增加,而注浆压密区压缩模量增加能够明显分担桩体应力。

CFG桩复合地基新型嵌入式褥垫层桩-土应力比改善特性

CFG桩复合地基具有较好的环保效益,近年来在软基处理中推广迅速。鉴于天然地基自身较差的工程特性,加之CFG桩施工扰动易引发表层土持力性能进一步弱化,受荷状态下刚性的CFG桩与桩间土易形成过大的桩-土应力比,褥垫层结构破坏风险增大,不利于复合地基协同受力。研究提出对截桩面下约50 cm厚剧烈影响区土层采用压实碎石换填,再铺设水泥土垫层而形成新型嵌入式褥垫层结构,以改善CFG桩复合地基持力性能,得到以下结论:①基于单桩复合地基现场载荷试验对比分析,采用嵌入式褥垫层测得的桩-土应力比显著低于常规平铺褥垫层,极限载荷下桩-土应力比较常规褥垫层的22.9降至13.8,降幅约40%,且全过程桩-土应力比曲线波动相对平缓,尤其是达到极限承载力后无陡降,有利于地基安全受荷;②采用数值试验手段模拟CFG群桩复合地基竖向受荷特性,嵌入式褥垫层对桩间土压缩层起到了显著的综合强化作用,既有效减小了桩向褥垫层的相对刺入,也使得褥垫层的变形形态更均匀平整,局部刺入和翘起得到有效缓解,避免了桩-土应力比过大对褥垫层结构的破坏;③嵌入式褥垫层条件下不同部位CFG桩的水平变形状态更优,顶部较强的约束将CFG桩受力模式由接近“悬臂式”变为接近“简支式”,对复合地基边桩和角桩的变形受力状态改善显著。

竹筋格栅套筒碎石桩复合地基承载变形特性研究

为响应国家“双碳”战略,促进水利及建筑业朝着绿色、低碳、可持续性方向发展,探索天然竹筋材料替代传统土工合成材料应用于软弱土地基的加固领域具有重要意义。通过室内模型试验,对竹材力学性能、竹筋格栅套筒加筋碎石桩复合地基的荷载-沉降变化规律、桩土应力分布规律、桩体应力传递规律、桩体破坏模式进行了研究。结果表明:竹筋力学性能不仅能满足规范对加筋材料的要求,还优于传统土工格栅;竹筋格栅全长加筋碎石桩对复合地基承载力的影响较半长加筋提升效果更为明显;竹筋格栅套筒可使桩土应力比显著增大,在一定程度上提高了碎石桩的荷载传递能力;此外,竹筋全长加筋碎石桩表现为摩擦端承桩的承载特性,而半长加筋碎石桩表现为端承摩擦桩的特性。研究成果可为竹筋格栅套筒加筋碎石桩的设计及施工提供借鉴和参考。

锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基荷载传递特性分析

锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基属于一种新型的地基处理方法,相关计算理论仍处于探索性阶段。通过室内模型试验,分析竖向荷载作用下锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基荷载-沉降曲线、桩身轴力、桩土应力比的变化规律,揭示其荷载传递特性。研究结果表明:1)相同荷载作用下锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基沉降小于无锥有孔管桩,在一定锥度范围内,锥度越大复合地基总沉降越小,复合地基极限承载力越大;2)相较于无锥有孔管桩复合地基,锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基桩身侧摩阻力有更好的发挥;3)复合地基桩土荷载分担比随着桩身锥度的增大而减小。研究成果能为锥形-有孔管桩复合地基理论研究提供实践基础,并对其应用推广和优化设计起辅助作用。