Implications for identification of principal stress directions from acoustic emission characteristics of granite under biaxial compression experiments

The rock fracture characteristics and principal stress directions are crucial for prevention of geological disasters.In this study,we carried out biaxial compression tests on cubic granite samples of 100 mm in side length with different intermediate principal stress gradients in combination with acoustic emission(AE)technique.Results show that the fracture characteristics of granite samples change from‘sudden and aggregated’to‘continuous and dispersed’with the increase of the intermediate principal stress.The effect of increasing intermediate principal stress on AE amplitude is not significant,but it increases the proportions of high-frequency AE signals and shear cracks,which in turn increases the possibility of unstable rock failure.The difference of stress in different directions causes the anisotropy of rock fracture and thus leads to the obvious anisotropic characteristics of wave velocity variations.The anisotropy of wave velocity variations with stress difference is probable to identify the principal stress directions.The AE characteristics and the anisotropy of wave velocity variations of granite under two-dimensional stress are not only beneficial complements for rock fracture characteristic and principal stress direction identification,but also can provide a new analysis method for stability monitoring in practical rock engineering.

Implications for rock instability precursors and principal stress direction from rock acoustic experiments

The characteristics of rock instability precursors and the principal stress direction are very crucial for the prevention of geological disasters.This study investigated the qualitative relationship between rock instability precursors and principal stress direction through wave velocity in rock acoustic emission(AE)experiments.Results show that the wave velocity variation exhibits obvious anisotropic characteristics in 0%–20%and 60%–90%of peak strength due to the differences of stress-induced microcrack types.The amplitude of wave velocity variation is related to the azimuth and position of wave propagation path,which indicates that the principal stress direction can be identified by the anisotropic characteristics of wave velocity variations.Furthermore,the experiments also demonstrate that the AE event rate and wave velocity show quiet and stable variations in the elastic stage of rock samples,while they present a trend of active and unstable variations in the plastic stage.It implies that both the AE event rate and wave velocity are effective monitoring parameters for rock instability.The anisotropic characteristics of the wave velocity variation and AE event rate are beneficial complements for identifying the rock instability precursors and determining the principal stress direction,which provides a new analysis method for stability monitoring in practical rock engineering.

Experimental investigation on crack initiation and damage stresses of deep granite under triaxial compression using acoustic methods

Crack initiation stress and crack damage stress are two critical indices for assessing the fracture strength of rock mass.However,understanding the stress characteristics of crack initiation and damage under triaxial compression remains still immature.To address this problem,by acoustic monitoring,i.e.ultrasonic wave transmission and acoustic emission(AE),the integrated triaxial compression experiments were carried out on granitic specimens.The crack initiation and damage stresses were determined by wave velocity,wave amplitude and AE methods,respectively.The discrepancy of stresses for crack initiation and damage identified by these methods were examined.Results showed that the confinement affected the peak stress and corresponding strain,and these two parameters increased with increasing confining pressure.The ultrasonic wave velocity and wave amplitude first increased and then remained relatively stable,and finally decreased with increasing axial compressive stress.The number of AE events stayed at a relatively low extent until axial stress approached the peak;after that,the AE accumulative counts skyrocketed to the maximum.It also shows that for a given confinement,the stresses for crack initiation and damage identified by the wave amplitude method were the smallest,followed those by AE method and wave velocity method.Moreover,the stresses for crack initiation and crack damage identified by these methods increased generally with confining pressures.However,the rate of increment of these two crack stresses decreased with increasing confining pressure.In addition,the slight decrease in these two crack stresses ratios was noticed with increasing confining pressure.The findings are helpful to understand the crack stresses of deep rocks,in terms of support of deep underground engineering.

基于声发射技术研究木材表面裂纹对应力波能量衰减特性的影响

木材中的裂纹对应力波的传播特性具有不可忽略的影响,探究应力波的能量变化规律对木材中裂纹深度的识别具有重要意义。以樟子松木材作为试验材料,在不同的试件上制作不同数量的裂纹,并且裂纹深度从0逐渐增加至90 mm,每次的增量为10 mm。首先,利用声发射(acoustic emission,AE)传感器采集铅芯折断在试件表面产生的应力波,并对其进行时频特征分析。然后,基于离散小波分析,建立应力波在不同频段中的能量衰减模型。研究结果表明,随着裂纹深度的增加,暂态波中频率成分为125~250 kHz的AE信号占比显著减小;随着裂纹数量的增加,小波重构后的AE信号能量衰减模型中表示衰减程度的系数由0.73增加至1.09;此外,随着裂纹深度的增加,频段为31.25~62.5 kHz的小波信号能量衰减明显缓慢;利用能量衰减模型确定的裂纹区域可以覆盖实际裂纹的所在位置。

Research on propagation law of AE wave in coal seam

Based on mechanism of AE creation, put forward sphere cavity model, and deduced wave Equation of AE wave radiated by the AE source in detail, and analyzed the propagation attenuation law of AE stress wave in coal （rock） strata. Displacement function of AE wave indicates that displacement field can be divided into two parts. Firstly, displacement of particle is approaching to the source intensity function in zone near the AE source. Secondly, in zone far away from the AE source, displacement of particle is approaching to the derivative of source intensity function. AE wave changes gradually in the spreading process, and notable change of the wave form happens when wave propagates far away from the AE source.

煤岩破裂过程声发射时-频信号特征与演化机制

掌握声发射信号时-频域特征及其与煤岩力学性质间的本质联系是利用该方法预测、预警煤岩失稳的基础。以具有不同夹矸和原始裂隙煤岩压缩破坏声发射监测试验为基础,引入小波变换方法,结合数字信号分析、岩石力学等相关理论深入分析煤岩破坏过程声发射时-频信号演化规律,构建了裂纹扩展释放弹性能引起应力波的振幅、频率力学表达。结果表明:受所含弱夹矸或裂隙增加影响煤岩强度、弹性模量降低,峰后软化特征明显,声发射存在由低幅振荡向高幅脉冲转化的信号激增点,强度越高,能量信号幅值显著提高、累积总能量越多,波形幅值增加,信号波形两相邻波峰间隔时间增长,夹杂的小幅振荡波越少;db5和sym2小波基函数分别与激增点、峰值点时域波形相似度最高,更适用于煤岩声发射信号研究;试验所用煤岩声发射信号主频带为0~70 kHz,煤岩强度越低信号频率分布越宽泛,随所受应力升高信号频带分布范围逐渐向主频移动。弹性模量和裂纹扩展速率共同确定了应力波振幅的变化范围,裂纹尺寸决定了振幅和频率的变化趋势,裂纹扩展速率是决定应力波频率的关键参量,进而3个参量共同影响声发射信号时-频特征。试验结果建立了裂纹表征参量与声发射信号频率、幅值的定性描述,为提高声发射信号监测准确性提供了理论基础,开展该理论的定量化应用是后续研究工作的重点。

脆性岩石应力-应变全过程声学特征演化规律

采用岩石加载系统获得脆性花岗岩单轴压缩全应力-应变曲线,同步测试声发射(AE)和超声波变化,研究应力-应变全过程AE特征、声波波速、波速各向异性及透射波频谱特征随岩石破裂的变化规律,并结合宏观变形和声学特征综合分析花岗岩破裂过程。研究结果表明:破裂全过程AE频谱表现出双峰值或多峰值特征,主频及振幅先增后减;起裂应力附近AE主频快速增大,损伤应力后高频大幅值AE信号数量快速增多,对应中尺度裂纹扩展,同时AE频带宽度增大,峰值应力附近低频大幅值AE急剧释放对应大尺度破裂发生;波速先增后减,波速各向异性逐渐增大,峰后段波速降低幅度超过40%;透射波频谱振幅和主频随着微裂纹的压密闭合而逐渐增大,并伴随裂纹的萌生扩展逐渐减小,且频谱幅值变化比波速和频谱主频的大;大幅值AE震源在峰值应力附近局部聚集成核;AE数量显著增加早于波速下降及宏观扩容发生,AE事件对裂纹萌生、扩展的敏感性比波速和宏观变形的大,但峰后卸载段宏观变形对裂纹扩展的响应比AE事件对裂纹扩展的响应大,这与峰后破坏模式相关。

含瓦斯煤体声发射应力波传播规律理论研究

基于含瓦斯煤岩体属于固-气两相孔隙介质,运用经典的弹性动力学理论进行AE信号的传播分析不能准确反映含瓦斯煤层中的传播情况.提出了固-气耦合两相孔隙介质模型,进行了两相介质AE传播理论的初步研究,推导了固-气两相孔隙介质的本构关系和波动方程,对含瓦斯煤层中的AE应力波进行了理论分析.结果表明:含瓦斯煤体双相介质中的横波方程仍然保持单相介质中的传播形式;纵波方程发生明显改变.

应力波作用下岩石声发射实验研究

在霍普金森(SHPB)冲击系统上进行了应力波作用下岩石声发射实验,获得了该加载条件下岩石破裂的声发射规律。实验结果表明,应力波下,声发射峰值能量之前所出现的声发射信号相当匮乏;而且其能量规律呈现出两种明显不同的特征:Ⅰ型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量迅速衰减,到了加载的末期,能量出现了一定的回升,产生了"拐点";Ⅱ型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量衰减相对Ⅰ型较慢,且不出现"拐点"。研究结果表明,声发射的能量特征与岩石破碎的程度密切相关;冲击载荷作用下岩石的声发射不仅仅是裂纹信息的反映,其中也包含了对应力波信号的反映。

无损检测在航空维修中的应用

首先介绍了无损检测技术的发展和现状,给出了目前常用的无损检测方法,然后着重分析了无损检测在航空维修中的应用,重点介绍了涡流检测技术和超声波检测技术,并对当前无损检测新技术作了详细的分析,最后,对航空维修中无损检测的发展趋势作了展望。

金属矿床采掘过程围岩失稳状态的声发射监测实践

本文以声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用为基础,结合国内外的研究成果,对小铁山矿脉内采准工程中采准和回采巷道的稳定性进行了实时监测,确定了不同岩性的稳固性、开挖后的松动范围和巷道的合理支护方式及支护时间.从岩石应力和声发射次数与能量的关系出发,通过实测一定时期内巷道的声发射特征,对比相应的破坏形式,确定了巷道开挖后破坏形式和声发射的关系,为脉内采准工程合理性和地压控制措施提供了理论指导,同时也证明了声发射监测技术在岩矿地下开挖工程地压活动监测中的有效性.

单轴加载下混凝土超声波与声发射联合特性试验研究

本研究通过混凝土试件在单轴向受压下的试验研究,对比了不同强度等级立方体和棱柱体试件对超声波波速的影响,分析超声波及声发射参数随应力的变化关系。试验结果表明:强度等级越高的混凝土超声波波速时间稳定性表现越好;棱柱体超声波稳定性优于立方体试件;在工作应力为极限破坏应力的20%~70%阶段,超声波波速下降缓慢,声发射撞击数增加,能量和振铃计数呈突发式增长;当工作应力大于混凝土的极限破坏应力70%后,超声波波速明显下降,声发射活动急剧增加。提出划分应力阶段对2种检测方法进行分析,为混凝土结构工作应力状态的检测提供参考。

钻井动态过程的声发射监测

文中分析了钻井过程中钻头所产生的弹性应力波的形成;井下防震器对应力波的影响;钻柱传递函数的合理解法。介绍了实测的结果。证明在使用动力钻具的情况下。从井口位置的钻杆上检测钻头的振动信号,对钻井随机过程进行分析以及利用钻头通过地层传递的应力波信号进行随钻定位是可能的。

30V条件下功率MOSFET器件应力波理论与试验研究

功率金属–氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor,MOSFET)在电磁热机等物理场相互作用下产生的应力波,对器件的可靠性设计和状态监测有重要意义。根据理论分析可知,功率MOSFET开通或关断可以产生瞬态电磁场,器件中的带电粒子在磁场中所受洛伦兹力,因此产生机械应力波。在30V低压条件下,采用脉冲测试电路并对功率MOSFET进行试验,应用声发射测量平台采集试验过程中功率MOSFET器件产生的瞬态电磁场和机械应力波。对不同电气参数下得到的声发射信号进行处理和分析,发现器件漏源电压导致高频电磁波的产生,而栅源电压和漏源电压共同影响低频机械应力波,为功率MOSFET器件产生声发射现象提供理论依据。

IGBT开关诱导产生机械应力波的低压试验研究

绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)是新能源发电、智能电网、高压输电等领域实现电能有效变换和利用的关键电力电子设备。IGBT的状态监测是电力电子装置可靠性监测的基础。现有基于电磁热参数的检测方法难以同时满足快速、无损和在线的检测需求。在开关状态下,IGBT内部电磁力多物理场相互作用会产生机械应力波信号,信号的特征参数可有效表征IGBT的状态,因此未来有潜力成为一种新的IGBT状态监测方法。该文从信号的产生机理、试验系统的搭建、试验结果分析3个方面对低压条件下IGBT的不同开关状态所产生的声发射信号展开研究,得出IGBT在开通和关断瞬间都会产生应力波信号,并得出信号的主要组成成分和频率范围;开通时刻的应力波信号脉冲尖峰幅值与集电极电压V CE呈线性相关;高频电磁波与V CE相关,脉宽会影响频率点的密集程度,并且无V CE时也会有应力波信号产生。

基于声发射检测技术的电力电子器件/模块机械应力波综述

针对部分机构已有的能够表征电力电子器件/模块状态的机械应力波研究均分散在信号提取、信号分析和状态表征等方面,没有进行系统总结,该文首先对机械应力波的基础内容进行讨论,总结对比适用于电力电子器件/模块的产生机理、测试检测电路和信号处理方法;随后对电力电子器件/模块机械应力波的研究现状进行综述,归纳总结机械应力波的组成模式、源机制、频域特征与健康状态的对应关系;最后从机理分析、研究对象、信号处理、状态表征和检测装置五个方面对电力电子器件/模块机械应力波存在的关键问题进行分析,并提出未来的研究方向。

Crack initiation of granite under uniaxial compression tests:A comparison study

In this study,a combination of acoustic emission(AE)method(AEM)and wave transmission method(WTM)is used to investigate the behaviors of AE and ultrasonic properties corresponding to initial fracturing in granitic rocks.The relationships of AE characteristics,frequency spectra,and spatial locations with crack initiation(CI)are studied.The anisotropic ultrasonic characteristics,velocity distributions in different ray paths,wave amplitudes,and spectral characters of transmitted waves are investigated.To identify CI stress,damage initiations characterized by strain-based method(SBM),AEM and WTM are compared.For granite samples,it shows that the ratio of CI stress to peak strength estimated by SBM ranges from 0.4 to 0.55,and 0.49-0.6 by WTM,which are higher than that of AEM(0.38-0.46).The CI stress identified by AEM indicates the onset of microcracking,and the combination of AEM and WTM provides an insight into the detection of rock damage initiation and anisotropy.

钻孔岩芯声发射法在张北能源储气库地应力测量中的应用

使用新型定向岩芯声发射方法,对河北张北综合能源项目储气库建造工程区域进行地应力测量,结果表明,3个钻孔对应的90 m埋深处的地应力以水平构造应力为主,3个钻孔的最大主应力方向基本一致,均为近南北方向。使用圆周波速各向异性分析法进行验证,结果显示,圆周波速各向异性分析法得到的最大主应力方向与钻孔岩芯声发射法得到的结果吻合,进一步验证了钻孔岩芯声发射法测量结果的正确性。

IGBT关断时刻的应力波测量优化及影响因素分析

绝缘栅极双极型晶体管(IGBT)是电能变换的核心器件,其健康状态与系统的可靠运行直接相关。声发射(AE)是一种快速、无损、在线的检测方法,广泛应用于电力行业,在IGBT的状态评估中具有潜在的应用价值。已有的研究表明:IGBT在关断瞬间能够产生应力波(SW),且AE传感器能够对应力波信号进行测量,但在测量时容易受到周围电场的干扰。该文分析了普通AE传感器干扰信号产生的原因,提出基于差分式AE传感器的应力波测量方法,并从理论角度论证了差分式AE传感器的抗干扰机理。搭建试验平台,通过试验证明差分式AE传感器具有较好的抗电气干扰能力,能够对IGBT关断应力波进行有效地提取。进一步地,对不同关断电流条件下的IGBT进行应力波的测量和分析,发现关断电流与应力波的强度强相关,可为后续探索应力波产生机理及实现IGBT在线监测提供参考。

逆变电路中功率器件声发射信号分析

逆变电路中最重要的部分是功率器件,功率器件在开通和关断时会有电磁声发射的现象产生,经过声发射仪器的采集和后期数据处理,可得出机械应力波的特征信息,有望实现通过电磁声发射无损检测技术对逆变电路进行状态监测。主要针对方波逆变电路和正弦波电路中功率器件工作时产生的机械应力波的特征参量进行研究,发现方波逆变电路中功率器件的时域峰值、能量和频域峰值都随着负载阻值的增大而减小,开通时刻上升时间和峰值频率几乎不变,关断时刻上升时间随负载阻值的增大而增大;正弦波逆变实验中应力波的时域峰值、能量、频域峰值和峰值频率几乎不变,基于以上研究结论,提供了一种逆变电路功率器件状态监测的新思路。