Investigation and improvement of tiny spot defects on hot-dip galvanized automotive steel sheets

The causes of tiny spot defects on the surface of hot-dip galvanized automotive steel sheets were studied using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and effective control measures were introduced.The results show that rubbing against the top roller after galvanizing is easy due to the local thickness of tiny spot defect location coating;therefore,the surface morphology is different from the normal part.Three kinds of defects,namely zinc slag,small slivers,and pitting,are likely to cause local thickening of the coating after galvanizing,leading to the formation of tiny spots.Therefore,resolving the three types of defects can effectively control the generation of tiny spot defects.Among them,due to the hereditary nature of the small sliver defect,focusing on its control and supervision is necessary.

Recent development of UHSS and its hot-dip galvanizing processes in Baosteel

Baosteel has excelled in automotive steel sheets in the past three decades.It has made a significant contribution to the development of China’s automotive industry by producing a wide range of high-quality steel products.Some milestones achieved by Baosteel automotive steel sheet were briefly reviewed.The current challenges in producing ultra-high strength steel(UHSS),especially hot-dip galvanized UHSS,were summarized.The most current advancements in UHSS and the corresponding hot-dip galvanizing processes were discussed.The galvanizability of Si-Mn-added QP steel and DP steel, Mn-added TWIP steel, and Al-added low-density steel has been improved by different techniques in Baosteel.

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C–Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800°C for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450°C and held for 30 s(process A) or rapidly cooled to 350°C and then reheated to 450°C(process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel(DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength(YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient(n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and elongation(A80) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties(YS = 362 MPa, UTS = 638 MPa, A_(80) = 24.3%, n = 0.17) was obtained via process A.

Preparation and hot-dip galvanizing application of CeO_2/Zn nanocomposite

CeO2/Zn nanocomposite was fabricated by high-energy ball milling and subsequent hot-press sintering under vacuum. The produced nanocomposite powders and bulks were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum （EDS）. The as-fabricated nanocomposite bulks were added successfully into the hot-dip galvanizing bath to improve the corrosion resistance of coatings. The results show that after milling for 120min, nano-sized CeO2 particles are distributed homogeneously on the surface of fine Zn particles to form spherical-like nanocomposite powder with narrow grain size distribution. The subsequent sintering does not lead to a dramatic grain growth, and the distribution of CeO2 nanoparticles in the composite bulk is also homogeneous. With the addition of as-prepared bulks, the corrosion resistance of the galvanized coatings is improved obviously. It provides a feasible route for adding CeO2 nanoparticles into the hot-dip galvanized coating.

Application of WC cermet sprayed composite coating in hot-dip galvanizing lines

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, the use of galvannealed and galvanized steel sheets in automobiles is on the rise. These sheets must meet very high surface quality requirements. The surface treatment of line rolls is known to have a great impact on strip quality. To prevent dusts such as zinc ash from pressing into the strip surface, we used a composite thermal spray surface treatment technique to treat rolls. The successfully developed tungsten carbide （WC） ＋ Ni-P composite plating technology improved the quality of the tungsten carbide thermally sprayed WC roll surface. This technique is also helpful to control defects such as adhered foreign materials in hot-dip galvanized automobile outer panel surfaces.

The Influence of Al on the Surface Properties of the Hot-dip Galvanized Melt

Wettability of Zn-Al alloy melt on the pure iron substrate at 450℃was studied.The effect of Al content(Zn,Zn-1Al,Zn-2Al,Zn-3Al,Zn-4Al,and Zn-5Al)on the wetting behavior and interfacial reaction was investigated by high-temperature contact angle measuring device and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that,with the increase of Al content,the initial contact angle of the molten alloy on the substrate decreases gradually and the wettability increases gradually.Compared with the initial contact angle,the final contact angle is slightly reduced,because the Fe-Al inhibition layer is preferentially formed at the interface when adding Al to the alloy.The presence of Al will promote the occurrence of the reactive wetting,leading to an insignificant wetting spreading process,and the final contact angle negligibly differs from the initial contact angle.The adhesion work and charge density distributions of interface systems were calculated based on the first-principles.The results show that the adhesion work of the Fe/Zn and Fe/(Zn-Al)interface model is 2.0171 J/m^(2)and 13.7944 J/m^(2),respectively.The addition of Al greatly increases the adhesion work between alloy melt and iron substrate.Compared with the Zn-Fe and Al-Fe interface models,it can be seen that a significant charge migration phenomenon occurs between the interfaces.The amount of charge migration in the Al-Fe interface model is much larger than that in the Zn-Fe interface model,indicating that the bonding between Al-Fe atoms can occur more easily and the interaction between Al-Fe interfaces is stronger.This is also the reason why the addition of Al increases the adhesion work between interfaces.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Sheet Production and Application

Hot-dip galvanized sheet is wildly used in construction,household appliances,ship,vehicle and vessel building and machinery,etc.In last ten years,with the development of automobile industry,the anti-eorrosion requirements for car body are increasingly strict,by which the rapid development in technology has been promoted.The application of hot-dip galvanized sheet,technological progress in production and some Chinese large units were introduced.

Analysis of causes and influence factors of small black spot defects in hot-dip galvanized pure Zn products

In this study,the factors affecting the formation of small black spot defects on the surface of a hot-dip galvanized pure zinc strip are analyzed. These defects are primarily formed w hen the iron-aluminum inhibition layer is incompletely formed or fails to form or when foreign matter adheres to the surface or embeds in the zinc layer.The defects can be reduced by controlling the cleanliness and activity of the strip base before coating,regulating the zinc pot process parameters,and ensuring the cleanliness of the passline and workshop.

Development of Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet for household appliances

China has become the maximum household appliances manufacturing base worldwide.It is a new challenge facing the steel industry to develop the low-cost and environment-friendly sheet for household appliance industry,so Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet for household appliances is the upgraded product which satisfies the requirement of China household appliance industry' s nuisanceless treatment.The paper discusses the technical key points of development on Cr-free anti-fingerprint galvanized sheet for household appliances,including the development of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical and the production technology of Cr-free anti-fingerprint galvanized sheet for household appliances.The paper elaborates the main compositions,physical features and properties of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical, surface quality control technology,anti-fingerprint coating quality control technology,influence of anti-fingerprint film weight on corrosion resistance,conductibility,high-temperature discolouration resistance,acid resistance,alkaline resistance and solvent resistance of Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet, influence of anti-fingerprint coating uniformity on paintability of the sheet,influence of strip surface roughness on corrosion resistance and conductivity of the sheet and influence of strip surface quality on corrosion resistance of the sheet.Adopting the suitable Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical and the reasonable production process parameters,the properties of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet conform to the delivery technical norms and the Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet becomes the new material for household appliances such as computer case.

Evolution of appearance profile of hot-dip galvanized car-body steel sheet during deformation process

In recent years, the waterborne free intermediate coating process has been widely used in the automotive industry. Because the baking times and coating thickness are decreased, the surface covering capability of the painting process is reduced, which directly affects the appearance quality（ long-and short-wave values） of the body paint. Thus, there are correspondingly higher requirements for the white body surface profile prior to painting. The surface profile of the white body is mainly affected by the plate material, the surface profile, and the deformation process. So,the change rule for the surface profile during deformation of the steel plate is a key factor in coating appearance optimization. In this paper, we first analyze the typical deformation of the outer cover of a car body. Then ,we examine the change tendency of the surface profile of steel plates with respect to different deformation rates, specifically for a steel plate comprising a hot-dip galvanized bake-hardened steel sheet. Based on our analysis of the influence of the deformation on the coating appearance,we selected 3% ,5% ,and 8% deformation rates in this research. We found the roughness （Ra） value in the typical deformation range （3% -8% ） of the car body to exhibit a decreasing trend at first and then an increasing trend. The Ra value of the 8% deformation is not more than the original plate test value. When the Pc value of the original plate is in the lower range （ about 60）, it exhibits a slight increasing trend in the deformation process （3 % -8 % ）. And when the Pc value of the original plate is in the higher range （ about 120 ）, it exhibits no increasing trend in the deformation process （ 3% -8% ）. In contrast,the waviness （WCA） value in the car body＇s typical deformation range （3%-8%） shows a significant growth trend.

Lead and Cadmium Distribution in Tubes of Galvanized Steel by Hot-Dip Used for Drinking Water Supply

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of lead and cadmium in galvanized steel tubes by hot-dip used exclusively for drinking water supply.In this research,samples of galvanized tubes were removed from walls of residential buildings with 30 years of use.In the process of hot galvanizing,the manufacturing standards allow or for low cost conveniences,and the use of primary zinc ingot with 1.6%metallic impurities,such as lead and cadmium,is allowed,enabling the incorporation of these metals into the zinc coating deposited on the carbon steel.The associated corrosion of these tubes can release these toxic metals,contaminating the drinking water used by residents.The samples taken from the tubes were evaluated by a square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry technique,and the results for lead and cadmium suggested randomly distributed levels,indicating that the contents of these contaminants depend mainly on the quality of the added primary zinc and the operational conditions of the immersion bath.The metallographic evaluations performed on the samples of the galvanized tubes showed irregularities in thickness and even a lack of the zinc layer deposited on the carbon steel surface.These facts suggest that galvanized tubes should not be used for drinking water.

不同除鳞工艺对热轧带钢热镀锌质量的影响

目的研究酸洗、湿法抛丸技术(Eco-Pickled Surface,EPS)、EPS+纤维刷工艺(EPS+plus)和干抛丸4种不同除鳞工艺对Q235B热轧带钢热镀锌质量的影响机理和规律,并将EPS和EPS+plus工艺处理后的热轧带钢在带钢热镀锌生产线上试制,实现大规模生产。方法采用粗糙度轮廓仪测量4种表面除鳞处理后的Q235B钢板表面粗糙度,利用扫描电镜分析表面形貌及氧化皮残留情况。通过实验室热镀锌实验,观察镀锌层表面形貌,利用场发射电子探针(EF-EPMA)分析锌层截面形貌及成分面分布;通过折弯实验评定锌层结合力;去除表面镀锌层,计算锌消耗量,观察脱锌后表面抑制层形貌,并用能谱对其进行成分分析。将Q235B热轧带钢在鞍钢金固EPS生产线上进行EPS和EPS+plus处理后,分别在热镀锌生产线进行镀锌和镀锌铝镁工业试制,并对生产试制卷进行力学、折弯及杯突检测,以评定质量。结果酸洗、EPS、EPS+plus和干抛丸4种工艺处理后钢板表面粗糙度分别为1.4442、3.3305、2.3964、4.3388μm。EPS处理试样表面未发现有氧化铁皮的残留,EPS+plus处理试样仅有极少量的氧化铁皮残留。EPS和EPS+plus工艺处理钢板热镀锌试样基体与锌层之间均能形成连续较致密的抑制层,锌层结合力评为1级,且锌消耗量较小,分别为148.3、123.5g/m^(2)。结论EPS和EPS+plus工艺处理后钢板镀锌质量优于酸洗和干抛丸工艺,EPS和EPS+plus工艺处理后在热镀锌生产线上试制的实验卷满足镀锌质量要求。

镀锌机组张力辊打滑现象分析

冷轧热镀锌张力辊打滑现象时有发生,根据生产时遇到的张力辊打滑现象,进行了分析,总结了原因,并给出了针对性的措施,使打滑问题得到了有效的解决。

电控纠偏系统在冷轧酸洗镀锌产线的应用

阐述了冷轧酸洗镀锌产线电控纠偏系统的分类,原理及其应用范围,对电控纠偏系统的电容式传感器、电感式传感器及摄像式传感器的特点及其原理进行了详细分析。

Q195镀锌带钢表面横纹的原因与控制

镀锌生产线上,Q195带钢经过塔顶辊后表面出现横纹。对显示横纹的带钢进行了宏观检验、金相检验、拉伸试验和力学性能的理论计算。结果表明:该镀锌线能生产的最大带钢厚度为1.975 mm,超过该厚度的带钢受到的弯曲应力小于屈服极限,从而仅发生弹性变形。通过提高运行速度、降低退火温度,从而提高带钢强度,厚规格带钢已经不再显示因塑性变形而产生的横纹。

冷轧厂薄带钢高效生产的问题及解决方案分析

热镀锌板具有抗腐蚀强、易于深加工、使用寿命长、成本低以及表面美观等特点,主要用于家用电器、汽车等产品的内部构件和面板应用。随着家电板、汽车板工业的发展,家电和汽车所用的镀锌板占全国钢产量的比例逐步提升。随着国内外家电板、汽车板轻质化和高质量的要求,客户对产品表面质量要求越来越严格。针对生产线在提速增产过程中出现的入口跑偏、工艺段带钢表面质量缺陷和薄带钢薄锌层产速受限问题,提出了相应的改进措施。优化后,不仅提高了产量,而且提高了产品质量。

A sandwich-like structure hybrid coating of cold galvanizing coating/polydopamine on hot-dip galvanized steel with enhanced adhesion and corrosion resistance

This study aims to enhance the adhesion strength and anti-corrosion performance of the cold galvanizing coating(CGC)applied on the hot-dip galvanized steel(HDG).Polydopamine(PDA)is deposited on the HDG surface with different time ranges and as an interlayer between CGC and HDG through covalent immobilization.The surface morphology and the covalent interaction between PDA/HDG are exhibited by scanning electron microscope(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The pull-off adhesion tests before and after neutral slat spry tests show an enhanced dry adhesion strength and less adhesion loss of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG compared with the direct CGC coated HDG.In addition,open circuit potential(OCP)reveals that the corrosion protection performance of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG increases by 200%(up to 201 d)and the corrosion density icorrattaining about 4.45×10^(-7)A/cm^(2).Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurements and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis confirm that the precipitate of the stable chelation formed by PDA and Zn^(2+)between CGC and HDG substrate can also improve the corrosion protection performance.Such a strategy of strengthening adhesion and forming the chelate compound at the HDG surface promises a new route to corrosion protection of CGC on HDG.

电控纠偏系统在冷轧酸洗镀锌产线的应用及常见故障处理

本文讲述电控纠偏系统在冷轧酸洗、镀锌带钢生产线得到了广泛应用,是酸洗、镀锌产线机组的重要组成部分,对产线的运行稳定,及有效解决带钢跑偏问题提供了有效的解决方案。

热镀锌沉没辊系粘滞阻力及其影响因素研究

针对沉没辊系所受锌液粘滞阻力无法获取的问题,首先分析粘滞阻力影响机理和影响因素,根据辊及带钢的运动特性划分边界层,构建沉没辊系粘滞阻力新模型,通过改变辊插入量调控辊转动状态来反求边界层粘滞阻力,最后将该模型应用于某镀锌机组。结果表明,两种规格带钢在锌锅内各分区粘滞阻力计算误差都在15%范围内满足机组要求;在实际工况下,带钢与锌液速度差对锌液粘滞阻力影响呈现非线性递增规律,锌液粘滞阻力随带钢表面镀锌量增加而呈现非线性递减趋势但其波动幅度不同,而锌液粘滞阻力随带钢与锌液的温差递增呈现不同程度下降趋势。

国标连续镀锌钢带(S450)双立柱光伏支架设计优化策略研究

本研究旨在利用S450高强度钢材作为光伏支架的主要材料,并结合钢结构有限元分析软件3D3S进行结构优化,探讨如何实现光伏支架设计材料使用优化和成本效益最大化。通过对双立柱支架的设计分析,成功降低了该项目每兆瓦用钢量约15%,实现了严格的成本控制目标,为光伏支架的经济性设计提供了新的思路和方法。