Cortical activity in patients with high-functioning ischemic stroke during the Purdue Pegboard Test:insights into bimanual coordinated fine motor skills with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

After stroke,even high-functioning individuals may experience compromised bimanual coordination and fine motor dexterity,leading to reduced functional independence.Bilateral arm training has been proposed as a promising intervention to address these deficits.However,the neural basis of the impairment of functional fine motor skills and their relationship to bimanual coordination performance in stroke patients remains unclear,limiting the development of more targeted interventions.To address this gap,our study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate cortical responses in patients after stroke as they perform functional tasks that engage fine motor control and coordination.Twenty-four high-functioning patients with ischemic stroke(7 women,17 men;mean age 64.75±10.84 years)participated in this cross-sectional observational study and completed four subtasks from the Purdue Pegboard Test,which measures unimanual and bimanual finger and hand dexterity.We found significant bilateral activation of the sensorimotor cortices during all Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks,with bimanual tasks inducing higher cortical activation than the assembly subtask.Importantly,patients with better bimanual coordination exhibited lower cortical activation during the other three Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks.Notably,the observed neural response patterns varied depending on the specific subtask.In the unaffected hand task,the differences were primarily observed in the ipsilesional hemisphere.In contrast,the bilateral sensorimotor cortices and the contralesional hemisphere played a more prominent role in the bimanual task and assembly task,respectively.While significant correlations were found between cortical activation and unimanual tasks,no significant correlations were observed with bimanual tasks.This study provides insights into the neural basis of bimanual coordination and fine motor skills in high-functioning patients after stroke,highlighting task-dependent neural responses.The findings also suggest that patients who exhibit better bimanual performance demonstrate more efficient cortical activation.Therefore,incorporating bilateral arm training in post-stroke rehabilitation is important for better outcomes.The combination of functional near-infrared spectroscopy with functional motor paradigms is valuable for assessing skills and developing targeted interventions in stroke rehabilitation.

Modified DS np Chart Using Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling under Time Truncated Life Test

This study presents the design of a modified attributed control chart based on a double sampling(DS)np chart applied in combination with generalized multiple dependent state(GMDS)sampling to monitor the mean life of the product based on the time truncated life test employing theWeibull distribution.The control chart developed supports the examination of the mean lifespan variation for a particular product in the process of manufacturing.Three control limit levels are used:the warning control limit,inner control limit,and outer control limit.Together,they enhance the capability for variation detection.A genetic algorithm can be used for optimization during the in-control process,whereby the optimal parameters can be established for the proposed control chart.The control chart performance is assessed using the average run length,while the influence of the model parameters upon the control chart solution is assessed via sensitivity analysis based on an orthogonal experimental design withmultiple linear regression.A comparative study was conducted based on the out-of-control average run length,in which the developed control chart offered greater sensitivity in the detection of process shifts while making use of smaller samples on average than is the case for existing control charts.Finally,to exhibit the utility of the developed control chart,this paper presents its application using simulated data with parameters drawn from the real set of data.

Application of multidisciplinary in situ simulation training in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a quality improvement project

BACKGROUND:Ischemic stroke refers to a disorder in the blood supply to a local area of brain tissue for various reasons and is characterized by high morbidity,mortality,and disability.Early reperfusion of brain tissue at risk of injury is crucial for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.The purpose of this study was to evaluate comfort levels in managing acute stroke patients with hypoxemia who required endotracheal intubation after multidisciplinary in situ simulation training and to shorten the door-to-image time.METHODS:This quality improvement project utilized a comprehensive multidisciplinary in situ simulation exercise.A total of 53 participants completed the two-day in situ simulation training.The main outcome was the self-reported comfort levels of participants in managing acute stroke patients with hypoxemia requiring endotracheal intubation before and after simulation training.A 5-point Likert scale was used to measure participant comfort.A paired-sample t-test was used to compare the mean self-reported comfort scores of participants,as well as the endotracheal intubation time and door-to-image time on the fi rst and second days of in situ simulation training.The door-to-image time before and after the training was also recorded.RESULTS:The findings indicated that in situ simulation training could enhance participant comfort when managing acute stroke patients with hypoxemia who required endotracheal intubation and shorten door-to-image time.For the emergency management of hypoxemia or tracheal intubation,the mean post-training self-reported comfort score was signifi cantly higher than the mean pre-training comfort score(hypoxemia:4.53±0.64 vs.3.62±0.69,t=-11.046,P<0.001;tracheal intubation:3.98±0.72 vs.3.43±0.72,t=-6.940,P<0.001).We also observed a decrease in the tracheal intubation and door-to-image time and a decreasing trend in the door-to-image time,which continued after the training.CONCLUSION:Our study demonstrates that the implementation of in situ simulation training in a clinical environment with a multidisciplinary approach may improve the ability and confi dence of stroke team members,optimize the fi rst-aid process,and eff ectively shorten the door-to-image time of stroke patients with emergency complications.

F-stroke软件指导下急性缺血性脑卒中超时间窗静脉溶栓治疗的安全性和有效性分析

目的探讨发病时间4.5~9.0 h的急性缺血性脑卒中患者在基于脑计算机断层扫描灌注成像(CTP)的F-stroke软件指导下进行静脉溶栓治疗的安全性和有效性,并分析患者预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析发病时间4.5~9.0 h的108例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,完成脑CTP检查及F-stroke软件进行后期图像分析,将患者按是否静脉溶栓分为治疗组(51例)和对照组(57例)。治疗组给予静脉溶栓治疗,后续口服抗血小板聚集[溶栓后24 h无出血转化(HT)]、他汀药物,静脉滴注丁苯酞注射液、依达拉奉右坎醇治疗。对照组口服抗血小板聚集、他汀药物,静脉滴注丁苯酞注射液、依达拉奉右坎醇治疗。比较两组患者临床资料以及F-stroke软件分析结果[脑血流达峰时间>4 s、>6 s、>8 s、>10 s的低灌注区体积(V_(Tmax>4 s)、V_(Tmax>6 s)、V_(Tmax>8 s)、V_(Tmax>10 s))、脑血流量<30%的体积(V_(CBF<30%))、不匹配体积];比较两组不同时间美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin评分量表(mRS)评分、远期预后及卒中后24~36 h的HT发生率;分析急性缺血性脑卒中超时间窗静脉溶栓治疗预后的影响因素。结果治疗组F-stroke软件分析结果中的V_(Tmax>4 s)(157.43±137.18)ml大于对照组的(107.56±107.26)ml,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组卒中后7 d NIHSS评分(4.04±5.18)分低于基线NIHSS评分(6.00±4.41)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组卒中后90 d mRS评分均低于本组入院时mRS评分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组基线NIHSS评分、卒中后7 d NIHSS评分、入院时mRS评分、卒中后90 d mRS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组远期预后良好率稍高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组卒中后24~36 h的HT发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均未发生症状性颅内出血(SICH)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示:入院时m RS评分是超时间窗静脉溶栓患者预后的影响因素(P<0.05)。得到模型公式:ln(p/1-p)=7.840-2.111×入院时mRS评分(其中p代表预后良好的几率,1-p代表预后不良的几率)。结论通过基于脑CTP的F-stroke软件的筛选,适当延长静脉溶栓时间窗(4.5~9.0 h)的溶栓治疗是安全的,也可能是有效的,值得进一步研究验证。

基于Simulink Real-Time的汽车空调半实物仿真试验系统研发

针对多样化汽车空调电子零部件的高效、低成本总成级测试需求,研究基于一汽大众速腾1.6 L车型原型,设计了基于Simulink Real-Time的汽车空调半实物仿真试验系统。该系统集成了真实的汽车空调总成、制冷循环以及包含宿主机和目标机的双机实时仿真系统,用于开发和运行台架监控和空调控制模型,为汽车空调电子零部件提供半实物仿真测试环境。通过系统集成及功能验证,结果表明,汽车空调半实物仿真试验系统能够实现汽车空调基本控制功能,同时在不同工况下实现乘员舱温度控制的稳定性,稳态误差控制在±1℃以内。此外,该系统还具备灵活调整空调运行工况和状态的能力,为汽车空调电子零部件提供了高效、低成本的半实物仿真测试环境。

Changes in reaction time, coefficient of variance of reaction time, and autonomic nerve function in the mental fatigue state caused by long-term computerized Kraepelin test workload in healthy volunteers

Fatigue is a common sense caused by crushing labor, stressful social events and various illnesses. It is usually judged by their subjective symptoms, but it should be evaluated in an objective perspective. Here we show that the decrease of working efficiency and sympathetic hyperactivity are associated with mental fatigue state caused by prolonged mental workload. Recently we made a new mental fatigue model of healthy volunteers caused by long-term computerized Kraepelin test (CKT) workload. CKT is our new software for automatically checking the calculation capability, with which it is easy to determine the reaction time (RT), coefficient of variance of reaction time (CV), and accuracy of the answers (AC) during tasks. We put 24 healthy volunteers into the fatigue state by subjecting them to 120 minutes’ CKT workload, and then studied the changes in fatigue sensation, RT, CV, and AC before and after the CKT workload. The fatigue sensation, RT, and CV were clearly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and recovered during the resting period. We also studied the changes in autonomic nerve activity by using heart rate variability analysis. The low/high frequency component ratio (LF/HF) was signifi-cantly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and decreased by resting, suggesting that mental stress causes a relatively sympathetic nerve activity-dominant state. Therefore, our new fatigue model involving a long-term CKT workload is a good mental fatigue model to provide much information about the fatigue state simultane-ously, and the increase of RT, CV, and proportion of sympathetic activity (LF/HF) are associated with mental fatigue state. These might be useful objective biomarkers or evaluating a mental fatigue state.

A Novel Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan Based on Time Truncated Life Tests Using Mean Lifetime

The design of a new adaptive version of the multiple dependent state(AMDS)sampling plan is presented based on the time truncated life test under the Weibull distribution.We achieved the proposed sampling plan by applying the concept of the double sampling plan and existing multiple dependent state sampling plans.A warning sign for acceptance number was proposed to increase the probability of current lot acceptance.The optimal plan parameters were determined simultaneously with nonlinear optimization problems under the producer’s risk and consumer’s risk.A simulation study was presented to support the proposed sampling plan.A comparison between the proposed and existing sampling plans,namely multiple dependent state(MDS)sampling plans and a modified multiple dependent state(MMDS)sampling plan,was considered under the average sampling number and operating characteristic curve values.In addition,the use of two real datasets demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of the proposed sampling plan.The results indicated that the proposed plan is more flexible and efficient in terms of the average sample number compared to the existing MDS and MMDS sampling plans.

On modeling approach for embedded real-time software simulation testing

Modeling technology has been introduced into software testing field. However, how to carry through the testing modeling effectively is still a difficulty. Based on combination of simulation modeling technology and embedded real-time software testing method, the process of simulation testing modeling is studied first. And then, the supporting environment of simulation testing modeling is put forward. Furthermore, an approach of embedded real-time software simulation testing modeling including modeling of cross-linked equipments of system under testing （SUT）, test case, testing scheduling, and testing system service is brought forward. Finally, the formalized description and execution system of testing models are given, with which we can realize real-time, closed loop, mad automated system testing for embedded real-time software.

Real-time embedded software testing method based on extended finite state machine

The reliability of real-time embedded software directly determines the reliability of the whole real-time embedded sys- tem, and the effective software testing is an important way to ensure software quality and reliability. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of real-time embedded software, the formal method is introduced into the real-time embedded software testing field and the real-time extended finite state machine （RT-EFSM） model is studied firstly. Then, the time zone division method of real-time embedded system is presented and the definition and description methods of time-constrained transition equivalence class （timeCTEC） are presented. Furthermore, the approaches of the testing sequence and test case generation are put forward. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a typical avionics real- time embedded software testing practice and the examples of the timeCTEC, testing sequences and test cases are given. With the analysis of the testing result, the application verification shows that the proposed method can effectively describe the real-time embedded software state transition characteristics and real-time requirements and play the advantages of the formal methods in accuracy, effectiveness and the automation supporting. Combined with the testing platform, the real-time, closed loop and automated simulation testing for real-time embedded software can be realized effectively.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT NEEDLE-RETAINING TIME ON THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE IN THE TREATMENT OF ISCHEMIC STROKE

客观：在治疗探索在保留针的时间和针灸的治疗学的效果之间的关系是化学家中风病人。方法：Basedon 病人的严厉的水平“ s 疾病和保留 acupunctureneedle 的持续时间， 245 是化学家击住院病人根据成层的随机的方法被划分成 20 min， 40 min 和 60 个 min 组。使用的 Acupoints 是 Jianyu ( LI 15 )， Quchi ( LI 11 )， Waiguan ( TE 5 )， Hegu ( LI 4 )，等等并且电子上刺激了( 2 Hz ，稀少的波浪，可忍受的力量)为 20 min ， 40 min 和 60 min 分别地由使用电镀物品针灸治疗学的仪器。治疗每天被给一次，与是的 10 个会议一堂治疗学的功课。临床的神经病学的赤字的 Theseverity 在治疗前后被获得。结果：Theresults 证明那针灸能改进神经病学的赤字严厉是化学家击病人。在改进上面的手足和手的 myodynamia 的针灸的治疗学的效果，和 60 min 组的全部的分数是最好，分别地由 40 min 组和 20 min 组列在后面，显示针灸针保留的那更长的持续时间在中风的治疗有更好治疗学的效果。结论：在保留针的时间之间有一种积极关系，在改善的药品效果是化学家中风病人“由针灸的临床的症状和症状。

Comparison of real-time polymerase chain reaction with the COBAS Amplicor test for quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum samples

AIM:To compare the clinical performance of a real-time PCR assay with the COBAS Amplicor Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Monitor test for quantitation of HBV DNA in serum samples. METHODS: The reference sera of the Chinese National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products and the National Center for Clinical Laboratories of China, and 158 clinical serum samples were used in this study. The linearity, accuracy, reproducibility, assay time, and costs of the real-time PCR were evaluated and compared with those of the Cobas Amplicor test. RESULTS: The intra-assay and inter-assay variations of the real-time PCR ranged from 0.3% to 3.8% and 1.4% to 8.1%, respectively. The HBV DNA levels measured by the real-time PCR correlated very well with those obtained with the COBAS Amplicor test (r = 0.948). The real-time PCR HBV DNA kit was much cheaper and had a wider dynamic range. CONCLUSION: The real-time PCR assay is an excellent tool for monitoring of HBV DNA levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

A Study of Visual Event-Related Potential and Reaction Time in Elderly People: Comparative Analysis of the Scores of Intelligence Test in 30 Subjects

The results of visual event-related potential(ERP)examinations and reactiontime(RT)tests were reported in 30 elders and compared with their performanceintellegence quotient(PIQ)scores.The subjects consisted of 18 males and 12 femalesaged 50-71(mean 61.4)years old.No history of central nervous system disease wasfound.The visual stimuli were randomly presented to the subject,including three sym-bols:E as target stimulus with 0.15 probability,and H and E as nontarget stimuliwith 0.15 and 0.70 probability respectively.The recording electrodes were placed on Fzand Pz.The duration from the subject seeing the target to touching a button immediatelywas considered as reaction time(RT).It was shown that the P3 latency at Pz was longer than that at Fz and the P3amplitude at Pz was larger than that at Fz,and that the RT was longer than P3 latencywith obvious effect of distribution(P【0.05 at Fz and P】0.05 at Pz)as well .The higherthe PIQ scores,the longer the RT and the P3 latency.It is suggested that the ERPmight reflect the differences of PIQ scores,and the P3 is an objective index.We considerthat the research of ERP is of great interest in the neuropsychological and neurological sci-ences.

An Automatic Testing System of Scheduling Strategies in Real-Time UNIX

This paper proposes a formal model of the automatic testing system for scheduling strategies in real-time UNIX and describes the algorithm of the key part of the system. The model of the system is an important technology of the automatization of software development. According to the model presented in the paper, many different kinds of automatic testing systems can be designed and developed easily. At the end of the paper, the prototype proves the feasibility of the model and design.

Area-time associated test cost model for SoC and lower bound of test time

A novel test access mechanism （TAM） architecture with multi test-channel （TC） based on IEEE Standard 1500 is proposed instead of the traditional sub-TAM structure. The cost model of an area-time associated test and the corresponding lower bound of system-on-chip （SoC） test time are established based on this TAM architecture. The model provides a more reliable method to control the SoC scheduling and reduces the complexity in related algorithm research. The result based on the area time associated test cost model has been validated using the ITC02 test benchmark.

Determination of the Minimum Testing Time for Wireline Formation Testing with the Finite Element Method

The wireline formation tester （WFT） is an important tool for formation evaluation, such as calculating the formation pressure and permeability, identifying the fluid type, and determining the interface between oil and water. However, in a low porosity and low permeability formation, the supercharge pressure effect exists, since the mudcake has a poor sealing ability. The mudcake cannot isolate the hydrostatic pressure of the formation around the borehole and the mud seeps into the formations, leading to inaccurate formation pressure measurement. At the same time, the tool can be easily stuck in the low porosity/low permeability formation due to the long waiting and testing time. We present a method for determining the minimum testing time for the wireline formation tester. The pressure distribution of the mudcake and the formation were respectively calculated with the finite element method （FEM）. The radius of the influence of mud pressure was also computed, and the minimum testing time in low porosity/low permeability formations was determined within a range of values for different formation permeabilities. The determination of the minimum testing time ensures an accurate formation pressure measurement and minimizes possible accidents due to long waiting and testing time.

Delay-dependent stability and added damping of SDOF real-time dynamic hybrid testing

It is well-recognized that a transfer system response delay that reduces the test stability inevitably exists in real-time dynamic hybrid testing （RTDHT）. This paper focuses on the delay-dependent stability and added damping of SDOF systems in RTDHT. The exponential delay term is transferred into a rational fraction by the Pad6 approximation, and the delay-dependent stability conditions and instability mechanism of SDOF RTDHT systems are investigated by the root locus technique. First, the stability conditions are discussed separately for the cases of stiffness, mass, and damping experimental substructure. The use of root locus plots shows that the added damping effect and instability mechanism for mass are different from those for stiffness. For the stiffness experimental substructure case, the instability results from the inherent mode because of an obvious negative damping effect of the delay. For the mass case, the delay introduces an equivalent positive damping into the inherent mode, and instability occurs at an added high frequency mode. Then, the compound stability condition is investigated for a general case and the results show that the mass ratio may have both upper and lower limits to remain stable. Finally, a high-emulational virtual shaking table model is built to validate the stability conclusions.

2-D algebraic test for robust stability of time-delay systems with interval parameters

The robust stability test of time-delay systems with interval parameters can be concluded into the robust stability of the interval quasipolynomials. It has been revealed that the robust stability of the quasipolynomials depends on that of their edge polynomials. This paper transforms the interval quasipolynomials into two-dimensional （2-D） interval polynomials （2-D s-z hybrid polynomials）, proves that the robust stability of interval 2-D polynomials are sufficient for the stability of given quasipolynomials. Thus, the stability test of interval quasipolynomials can be completed in 2-D s-z domain instead of classical 1-D s domain. The 2-D s-z hybrid polynomials should have different forms under the time delay properties of given quasipolynomials. The stability test proposed by the paper constructs an edge test set from Kharitonov vertex polynomials to reduce the number of testing edge polynomials. The 2-D algebraic tests are provided for the stability test of vertex 2-D polynomials and edge 2-D polynomials family. To verify the results of the paper to be correct and valid, the simulations based on proposed results and comparison with other presented results are given.

The Study of Relaxation Time in Test of 940 nm Semiconductor Laser

Conventional test of the peak wavelength of a laser used to be applied immediately after a device is injected current. However, the results can not be considered as an accurate description to temperature characteristic. This passage puts forward a concept of relaxation time in wavelength texts, mainly based on the experiment of 940 nm strain quantum well laser, confirming that under constant current, wavelength will get through a process of rising, and then, reach the limit. This process brings the effect on spectral characteristics of a device which cannot be ignored and the accumulated heat in relaxation time will gradually impact the emission wavelength of the laser, even crest split to form bimodal phenomenon.

Topographic tear film trend and new parameters for noninvasive break up time test

AIM:To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative results of the noninvasive tear film break-up time(NI-BUT)test and investigate the predictive ability of the new NIBUT parameter in discriminating between normal Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI;scores≤12)and abnormal OSDI(scores≥13).METHODS:A total of 341 eyes of 341 volunteers who applied for routine eye outpatient control were included in the prospective study.All participants'noninvasive first tear film break-up time(NIF-BUT),noninvasive average tear film break-up time(NIAvg-BUT)and average value of the first three break-up time(A3F-BUT)were analyzed.A3F-BUT,the new NI-BUT parameter,is calculated by adding the NIF-BUT value to the 2^(nd )break-up time value that has a difference of at most 1 second from the NIF-BUT value and to the 3^(rd) break-up time and then dividing the respective sum by 3.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and forward logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the parameter that had the best predictive ability between the OSDI groups.RESULTS:The NI-BUT values of 255 eyes of 255 volunteers included in the study were analyzed statistically.The mean NIF-BUT,NIAvg-BUT,and A3F-BUT values were calculated as 5.3±3.0,8±3.1,and 5.8±3.0 seconds,respectively.All three parameters were found to be significantly lower in the abnormal OSDI group(P=0.014,0.034,and 0.011,respectively).The area under the curve(AUC)of the A3F-BUT to predict abnormal OSDI was AUC=0.625(0.529-0.720),P=0.011 and NIF-BUT was AUC=0.599(0.502-0.696),P=0.043.The A3F-BUT parameter and NIF-BUT parameters were found to be significantly efficient in discriminating abnormal OSDI.CONCLUSION:The new parameter for the NI-BUT test has more predictive ability in the discrimination of OSDI groups.

Research on Strong Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Test Method by Time-frequency Combination

Many conventional methods of testing strong and pulsed electromagnetic fields,the ones used in radars for example,had deficiencies due to the difficulty in obtaining simultaneous information about the electromagnetic field's peak both in the time domain and in the frequency domain.With regard to this problem,after analyzing the time-domain and the frequency-domain characteristics of radar pulsed signals,we propose a new time-frequency combination test method based on the correction of the test parameters,as well as its correction method at different bandwidths.The test method is applied in a quick test of a high-power pulsed radar signal,and the corrected results have error less than 1 dB in both the time domain and the frequency domain,which indicates that the proposed time-frequency combined method is effective in testing strong and pulsed electromagnetic fields.