Prediction of the Residual Strength for Durability Failure of Concrete Structure in Acidic Environments

According to the results of accelerated tests of acidification corrosion depth and compressive strength of concretes subjected to sulfuric acid environments,the acidification depth laws of concretes were predicted based on the grey system theory.Thus,the remaining compressive strength was calculated when the acidification depth reached the protection layer thickness of concrete structures,which indicates that the limit state of durability failure can be defined based on strength degradation,and the calculation process was illustrated by an example.The calculated results show that the remaining compressive strength values in the durability failure limit state for the concrete structures exposed to p H=2 and 3 sulfuric acid water environments and wet-dry cyclic sulfuric acid environment with p H=2 are 74%,72%,and 80% of initialstrength,respectively.The method provides references for the durability evaluation of concrete structure design under the acidic environments.

The States-of-arts and Key Scientific Issues on Durability Research of Concrete Structures

Concrete has traditionally been regarded as a durable material requiring little or no maintenance. However, over the past several decades, a number of durability related problems have emerged and stimulated research into the factors relating to concrete durability globally. The challenge now facing practicing engineers is how to design and build structures that not only satisfy the specified structural requirements, but also achieve the performance levels required from a durability standpoint. Research works on concrete structural durability have been widely reported in the literature over the last several decades. In this paper, reviews of four stages of research work on durability, i e, environments, materials, components, and structures, were presented. Afterwards, the key scientific issues in this field were also pointed out.

Sensitivity Study on Durability Variables of Marine Concrete Structures

In order to study the influence of parameters on durability of marine concrete structures, the parameter＇s sensitivity analysis was studied in this paper. With the Fick＇s 2nd law of diffusion and the deterministic sensitivity analysis method （DSA）, the sensitivity factors of apparent surface chloride content, apparent chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the impact of design variables on concrete durability was different. The values of sensitivity factor of chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were higher than others. Relative less error in chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation coefficient induces a bigger error in concrete durability design and life prediction. According to probability sensitivity analysis （PSA）, the influence of mean value and variance of concrete durability design variables on the durability failure probability was studied. The results of the study provide quantitative measures of the importance of concrete durability design and life prediction variables. It was concluded that the chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor have more influence on the reliability of marine concrete structural durability. In durability design and life prediction of marine concrete structures, it was very important to reduce the measure and statistic error of durability design variables.

Mode-I fracture and durability of FRP-concrete bonded interfaces

In this study, a work-of-fracture method using a three-point bend beam （3PBB） specimen, which is commonly used to determine the fracture energy of concrete, was adapted to evaluate the mode-I fracture and durability of fiber-reinforced polymer （FRP） composite-concrete bonded interfaces. Interface fracture properties were evaluated with established data reduction procedures. The proposed test method is primarily for use in evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw （F-T） and wet-dry （W-D） cycles that are the accelerated aging protocols on the mode-I fracture of carbon FRP-concrete bonded interfaces. The results of the mode-I fracture tests of F-T and W-D cycle-conditioned specimens show that both the critical load and fracture energy decrease as the number of cycles increases, and their degradation pattern has a nearly linear relationship with the number of cycles. However, compared with the effect of the F-T cycles, the critical load and fracture energy degrade at a slower rate with W-D cycles, which suggests that F-T cyclic conditioning causes more deterioration of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer （CFRP）-concrete bonded interface. After 50 and 100 conditioning cycles, scaling of concrete was observed in all the specimens subjected to F-T cycles, but not in those subjected to W-D cycles. The examination of interface fracture surfaces along the bonded interfaces with varying numbers of F-T and W-D conditioning cycles shows that （1） cohesive failure of CFRP composites is not observed in all fractured surfaces; （2） for the control specimens that have not been exposed to any conditioning cycles, the majority of interface failure is a result of cohesive fracture of concrete （peeling of concrete from the concrete substrate）, which means that the cracks mostly propagate within the concrete; and （3） as the number of F-T or W-D conditioning cycles increases, adhesive failure along the interface begins to emerge and gradually increases. It is thus concluded that the fracture properties （i.e., the critical load and fracture energy） of the bonded interface are controlled primarily by the concrete cohesive fracture before conditioning and by the adhesive interface fracture after many cycles of F-T or W-D conditioning. As demonstrated in this study, a test method using 3PBB specimens combined with a fictitious crack model and experimental conditioning protocols for durability can be used as an effective qualification method to test new hybrid material interface bonds and to evaluate durability-related effects on the interfaces.

Durability zonation standard of concrete structure design

Durability zonation standard （DZS） is proposed to provide useful parameters for durable concrete structure design. It deals not only with the influence of environment on structures, but also with types, functions and importance of structures based on the theory of life cycle cost（LCC）. First, the basic concept of DZS for concrete structure design is defined. Then the basic principles for DZS are established. The factors for zonation according to natural environmental conditions and structural importance are identified. The usefulness of DZS by citing a real application for concrete highway bridges in Zhejiang Province is demonstrated. Finally, durability regulations are provided accordingly to zonation.

Effect of Alkaline Electrolyzed Water on Performance Improvement of Green Concrete with High Volume of Mineral Admixtures

The strength and durability of concrete will be significantly reduced at high volume of mineral admixture,and the poor early strength of concrete also still needs to be solved.In this investigation,a highly active alkaline electrolyzed waters was used as mixing water to improve the early strength and enhance the durability of green concrete with high volume mineral admixture,the influences of alkaline electrolyzed water(AEW)on hydration activity of mineral admixture and durability of concrete were determined.The results showed that compared with natural tap water,AEW can accelerate early hydration process of cement in concrete and produce comparatively more hydrated products,leading to a 13.6%higher compressive strength than that of ordinary concrete at early age,but the improvement effect of AEW concrete was relatively reduced at long-term age.Meanwhile,the activity of mineral admixtures could be stimulated by AEW to some extent,the strength and durability performance of AEW concrete after double doping 25%slag and 25%fly ash can still reach the level of ordinary cement concrete without mineral admixtures.The SEM micromorphology of 7 d hydrated natural tap water cement paste was observed to be flaky and tabular,but the AEW cement pastes present obvious cluster and granulation phenomenon.The SEM microstructure of AEW concrete with mineral admixtures is more developed and denser than ordinary tap water concrete with mineral admixtures.Therefore,the AEW probably could realize the effective utilization of about 50%mineral admixture amount of concrete without strength loss,the cement production cost and associated CO_(2) emission reduced,which has a good economic and environmental benefit.

Properties and Microstructure of Marine Concrete with Composite Mineral Admixture

The influences of compositing mineral admixtures on the regularity of mechanical property, workability, durability and microstructure of C50 marine concrete were investigated. The results show that the incorporation of mineral admixtures can improve the mechanical properties and workability of C50 marine concrete, 3 min-doped mineral admixture had excellent resistance to chloride ion permeability. The microscopic structure mixing mineral admixtures system was well-distributed and compact, little macroporeare can be found.

Development of Optimal Structural System for Hybrid Cable-Stayed Bridges Using Ultra High Performance Concrete

This study developed an optimal structural system for the hybrid cable-stayed bridge expected to have a durable lifetime of 200 years and of which major structural members are made of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) with 200 MPa-class compressive strength. This innovative cable-stayed bridge system makes it possible to reduce each of the construction and maintenance costs by 20% compared to the conventional concrete cable-stayed bridge by improving significantly the weight and durability of the bridge. Therefore, detail design is carried out considering a real 800 m cable-stayed bridge and the optimal structure of the hybrid cable-stayed bridge is proposed and verified.

Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Complex Stress and Environment

The presence of stress is shown to have a significant impact on chloride ions in concrete. Reinforced concrete is usually durable and cost-effective which has resulted in its widespread use for construction, however, the concrete subjected to environment and load has become increasingly apparently that attacked by aggressive agents such as chloride ion. In this study, the coupling influences are stress effects and environmental problems on the coastline concrete durability have been investigated. A series of cyclic of a wet-dry cycle and submersion tests were performed onto the stressed concrete to obtain an understanding of the physical mechanisms causing the accumulation of chlorides in the interior pores of concrete under different stress types and exposure environments, based on the same duration. Specimens were prepared and subjected to NaCl solution in a wet-dry cycle and submersion, the chloride in the tension zone is gradual with increasing the stress level, as well as the chloride ion in the wet-dry cycle, is increasing the number of cycles. The apparent diffusion coefficient of each specimen was calculated respectively, the profile of concentration at a different section of tension and compression zones were presented in influence factors of the number of cycles, the length of drying phase, and periodic wetting cycles with sodium solution was discussed. After employed Fick’s second law, the results suggested Da in a wet-dry cycle is much higher than the Da in submersion zones.

Durability related environmental zonation and design methodology for marine RC structures

A reliability-based quantitative durability design methodology is presented for reinforced concrete(RC)structures in the marine environment on the basis of natural exposure data derived from four berths(1.5,1.5,4 and 15 years)of a concrete port.More than 200 chloride profiles are obtained and analyzed.The relationship between nominal surface chloride ion concentration and altitude is discussed.Subsequently,the formula of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is proposed with consideration of the surrounding temperature,sodium chloride solution concentration,age factor and altitude.Then,the reliability-based method to predict the durability of RC structures is developed according to Fick s second law.Relationships between the predicted penetration depth of the chloride ion,the ratio of the wetting time per-period and the corresponding altitude are discussed.Subsequently,the environmental zonation methodology is established for concrete structures under a marine chloride environment by considering the ratio of the wetting time per-period of concrete as the zoning index.Finally,the corres-ponding durability design method for each zone level is established,which contains the durability design regulations of the specimen,and correction coefficients for different water/binder ratios,ages,temperatures and chloride ion concentrations.

海砂超高性能混凝土试验

采用未淡化的海砂制备超高性能混凝土(UHPC)和普通混凝土,研究了不同氯离子含量的海砂对UHPC抗压强度、孔结构、快速氯离子渗透性以及内置钢筋耐久性的影响,并与普通混凝土进行分析比较。结果表明,海砂中的氯离子含量对UHPC抗压强度并不会产生较大的消极影响;海砂UHPC的临界孔半径约为2 nm,与海砂普通混凝土不同,孔隙率随海砂中氯含量的增加而增加;即使海砂氯离子含量高达0.636%,海砂UHPC的氯离子渗透性仍可忽略不计;海砂UHPC中钢筋在28 d后处于钝化状态并趋于稳定。

Durability of Concrete Made with Manganese Slag as Supplementary Cementitious Materials

This paper discusses mineral composition and pore microstructure characteristics of water-cooled manganese slag and its effects on durability of concrete. The Mn slag has an alveolate pore structure, and the ground Mn slag is characterized by multiangular shape which consists of a＇-C2S, C3M82, CaO.MnO-2SiOu and C2AS. Experimental results show that the Mn slag has potential hydraulic reactivity. Concrete made with Mn slag as supplementary cementitious materials （SCMs） exhibits very low strength loss and weight loss in the synthetic seawater corrosion and freezing-thawing cycle tests. The research provides useful reference for knowing about Mn slag and for applying Mn slag to improve the durability of concrete.

基于正交试验的泡沫混凝土导热性能和孔结构研究

以硫铝酸盐水泥、粉煤灰为胶凝材料,采用正交试验法研究了发泡剂、减水剂、增稠剂对于泡沫混凝土导热性能的影响并确定最优组合。制备5组不同密度(300、400、500、700、900 kg/m^(3))泡沫混凝土,采用Photoshop图像处理软件对各组样品截面图进行二值化处理,并利用Image-Pro Plus软件对孔隙率、圆度值和孔径分布等孔结构特性进行分析。结果表明,影响泡沫混凝土导热系数的各因素主次顺序为增稠剂、发泡剂、减水剂。泡沫混凝土的密度与孔隙率呈负相关,相关系数R^(2)为0.91;密度越大,圆度值为1的孔隙占比越大。不同密度等级泡沫混凝土的孔径分布近似服从对数正态分布,孔径主要集中于200μm,且大孔径比例随着密度的增大而逐渐降低。

铁尾矿基掺合料混凝土的抗压性能

为实现铁尾矿、钢渣和磷渣等固废资源化,减少水泥用量,并减轻铁尾矿单独做掺合料时对混凝土产生的不良影响,基于高硅型铁尾矿,引入磷渣、脱硫灰和钢渣3种掺合料,研究了铁尾矿-磷渣-脱硫灰(IPD)体系、铁尾矿-磷渣-钢渣(IPS)体系和铁尾矿-钢渣-脱硫灰(ISD)体系混凝土的抗压性能,利用压汞法和背散射电子成像技术分别对混凝土内部的孔隙、界面过渡区进行测试分析.结果表明:IPD体系、IPS体系和ISD体系28 d抗压强度分别达到纯水泥混凝土的80.1%、92.4%和82.5%;加入掺合料后,骨料与水泥的界面过渡区更加密实,孔隙率得到了不同程度的降低,掺合料的填充效应得到了较好发挥,减轻了内部孔隙对混凝土的不良影响.

铁尾矿基多固废混凝土抗压性能及微观结构分析

针对铁尾矿堆存困难、综合利用率低和活性低的问题,以铁尾矿钢渣脱硫灰为复合掺合料制备多固废混凝土。通过抗压性能测试,研究复合掺合料掺量、铁尾矿细度对混凝土抗压强度的影响,并利用压汞法(MIP)和背散射电子成像技术(BSE)探究混凝土的微观结构。结果表明:复合掺合料的掺入对混凝土早期抗压强度影响较大,掺量小于20%的混凝土28 d抗压强度与无掺合料组抗压强度基本持平,30%掺量的混凝土抗压强度随铁尾矿比表面积的增大而先增大后减小;掺入复合掺合料和减小铁尾矿细度能够改善混凝土孔结构和提高界面过渡区的密实度。

考虑混凝土耐久性-地震随机性的高桩码头时变可靠度研究

为了研究高桩码头长期使用情况下,其结构性能出现的退化现象,利用时间相关的钢筋混凝土性能退化模型,综合考虑混凝土耐久性与地震随机性之间的相关性,结合直接概率积分(DPIM)方法对高桩码头进行随机动力分析和时变可靠度分析,获得不同运行年限下高桩码头在地震激励下的响应概率信息以及时变可靠度曲线。结果显示:随着运行年限的增加,码头上部结构的水平位移概率密度曲线(PDF)、累积分布曲线(CDF)峰值有所下降,动力可靠度随使用年限大幅下降,反映结构体系的性能退化逐渐加快,体现出钢筋混凝土退化对高桩码头地震安全性的显著影响。

强电场作用下早龄期混凝土的氯离子迁移特征

电化学除氯技术能有效降低混凝土结构中的有害氯离子,降低混凝土结构失效风险。采用强电场方式对混凝土结构进行电化学除氯,并在不同的早龄期时间介入40、80、120 min的强电场作用,测试了内部氯离子含量变化和分布特征,并对通电后养护28 d试件进行回弹强度试验。研究结果表明:早龄期介入强电场作用能显著提高除氯效率,达到相同除氯效果时的作业时间约为传统电化学方法的1/300;氯离子分布特征表明,自由氯离子分布较传统电化学参数作用时更均匀,结合氯离子仍然存在保护层中间堆积现象;强电场作用后进行标准养护,回弹测试结果表明,强电场对混凝土的保护层宏观强度无明显影响。

添加剂对水泥混凝土耐久性能的改善机理研究

旨针对添加剂对水泥混凝土耐久性能的改善机理展开研究,通过分析水泥混凝土的组成和结构特点,以及矿物掺合料、缓凝剂和膨胀剂对水泥混凝土性能的影响,揭示了改善水泥混凝土耐久性的关键因素。分别探讨了矿物掺合料、缓凝剂和膨胀剂对水泥混凝土耐久性能的影响与作用机理,矿物掺合料影响了水泥混凝土的流动性、力学性能、抗渗性、抗冻性和收缩性能;缓凝剂对水泥混凝土的流动性、强度、干缩性能和抗渗性能产生影响;膨胀剂则影响了水泥混凝土的力学性能、抗渗性能、抗碳化性能、抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能以及抗冻融循环性能。

河口船闸钢筋混凝土受盐水入侵影响的结构耐久性设计参数研究

河口船闸在服役过程中会受其下游海水入侵的影响,加之船闸运行时由于频繁灌泄水作用,使得船闸结构受盐水干湿交替的频次较海洋潮汐环境更高,混掺盐水高频率干湿交替的复杂环境下船闸钢筋混凝土(RC)易受腐蚀,结构耐久性问题突出。然而,针对河口船闸RC结构的耐久性设计参数目前未见明确的规范条文规定。为此,通过现场实测数据,推求得到了船闸工程建成后环境水中腐蚀因子对结构物的腐蚀程度,结合我国现行与混凝土耐久性相关的设计规范,经对比分析初定了河口船闸RC结构的耐久性设计参数(强度等级、水胶比、保护层厚度等)。在此基础上,综合考虑大体积混凝土在施工过程中的水化放热所引起的工程质量问题,依托既有工程的相关设计资料,提出了针对河口船闸RC受盐水入侵影响的结构耐久性设计参数建议值,以期为实际工程设计提供数据参考和技术支撑。

工业与建筑固废高效利用混凝土及其工程结构防灾研究

我国工业固废与建筑拆除固废存量巨大,且固废产生量逐年增加,固废堆存造成的滑坡灾害、环境污染灾害和占用大范围场地给可持续发展带来了挑战。此外,历次大地震造成房屋倒塌也产生大量的建筑固废,如何将这些建筑固废在灾后重建中高效利用,引发国内外学者的广泛关注。目前利用这些固废制备混凝土是具有重要价值和前景的方案,采用工业固废、建筑固废、工业和建筑固废制备的混凝土被统称为固废混凝土,其中利用后两者制备的混凝土也被称为再生混凝土。固废高效利用混凝土有3层含义,即固废胶凝材料和固废骨料性能提升、高固废掺量混凝土、固废混凝土在工程结构中根据受力需求合理利用。综述了不同建筑固废和工业固废的物化特性,概述了不同固废材料对混凝土力学性能和耐久性能的影响,在归纳固废混凝土构件及结构抗震性能、抗火性能研究结果的基础上,对固废混凝土结构防灾技术研究的发展进行了展望。