Exports-driven primary energy requirements and the structural paths of Chinese regions

As the major primary energy importer in the world,China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure energy security.However,little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary energy exports.Separating the international export from regional final demand,this paper focuses on quantifying provincial primary energy requirement arising from China’s exports,and tracing its concrete interprovincial supply chains using multi-regional input-output analysis and structural path analysis.Results show that China’s embodied primary energy uses in exports(EEE)reached 633.01 Mtce in 2012,compared to 565.15 Mtce in 2007.Four fifths of the EEE were supplied through interprovincial trade.Eastern coastal provinces accounted for nearly 70%of the national total EEE,while their primary energy supply mainly sourced from the central and western provinces.Most interprovincial supply chain paths of embodied primary energy exports were traced to the coal mining sectors of Shanxi,Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi.Critical receiving sectors in the final export provinces were Chemical industry,Metallurgy,Electronic equipment,Textile and other manufacturing sectors.Important transmission sectors were Electricity and hot water production and supply and Petroleum refining,coking,etc.In view of the specific role of exports in primary energy requirements,provincial energy uses are largely dependent on its domestic trade position and degrees of industrial participation in the global economy.Managing critical industrial sectors and supply chain paths associated with the international exports provide new insights to ensure China’s energy security and to formulate targeted energy policies.

The Effect of Spatial Structure Character of Heat Source on the Ray Path and the Evolution of Wave Energy of Meridional Wave Train

This paper studies correlations between the spatial structure character of thermal forcing and deformation and the amplitude of rays of meridional wave train. It is shown that if thermal forcing appears a meridional linear variation the rays of quasi-stationary planetary wave may propagate along oblique lines and if the meridional variability of heat source has second order term the rays show distinct deformation as a great circular route. Additionally, the inhomogeneous distribution may cause lower frequency oscillations in mid- and low-latitudes. The combination of zonal and meridional wave numbers and distributive character of heat source may form an inverse mechanism of variational trend of generized wave energy, reflecting in some degree the physical process of transition between meridional and zonal flow patterns.

Nonlinear analysis of slow drift extreme responses of a compliant offshore structure

This paper first demonstrates that the accuracy and efficiency of the method of numerical simulation often used is not very high in predicting the slow drift surge extreme responses of a compliant offshore structure. Next, the slow drift surge extreme responses of the structure are analyzed via the path integral solution racy and efficiency of the PIS （PIS） method, and the accumethod is found to be higher than those of the numerical simulation method. A compound PIS （CPIS） method is first proposed in this article to further improve the efficiency of the path integral solution method, and the accuracy and efficiency of the CPIS method is validated.

National water use of coal-fired power generation:Hybrid life cycle assessment in China

Previous studies of water use for coal-fired power generation may have overlooked inter-sectoral impacts in the supply chain.Indeed,to devise effective water conservation strategies during the ongoing energy transition,it is of utmost importance to analyze the sectoral water use structures and flows in the supply chain and identify the sources of water scarcity.Therefore,based on the power sector-split environmentally extended input-output(EEIO)model and the life cycle assessment(LCA)idea,we comprehensively analyze the nexus between coal-fired power generation and water use from a sectoral perspective.Our findings reveal a complex and diverse water use structure in coal-fired power generation.The technology of production inherently determines the high intensity of water withdrawal,and the close intersectoral linkages,particularly with agriculture,construction,and some industrial sectors,in the production process result in an intricate web of indirect water withdrawal and blue water footprint(WF).Moreover,the grey WF,primarily sourced from coal mining and indirectly tied to tertiary industries,underscores critical areas for attention in water pollution management.Finally,water use in the coal-fired power sector is projected to remain at elevated levels in the short to medium term under various transition strategies.Following an in-depth exploration of the coal-fired power-water use nexus,the findings can offer new perspectives and specific entry points for sustainable energy development and water resource management.