Human Rights, Governance and Public Policy to Counter the Structural Problems and Brain Drain in Latin America and Haiti

This article will analyze human rights linked to their impact on democracy, inequality, government policies and other structural problems such as an imminent obstacle for socioeconomic development in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is considerable challenges for construction of a rule of law, regional policy and that all people can live in a suitable environment. Today daily brain drain contributes a handicap for the socio-educational and professional development in the region particularly in Haiti. At the end of the article, the results of the research on the difficult socioeconomic situations that prevent extremely poor Haitians to enjoy a dignified life, resulting in partial emigrations to abroad and brain drain will occur. Also, the aspirations of the people are shown in the two poorest departments： Northeast and Northwest.

The Existing Structural Problems in World Economy

Since the seventies,world economy has been engaged in adjustment princi-pally in the following three fields.First,the shift of economic developmentmode from that of aggregate quantitative growth to that of quality-effective-ness.Second,the reform of economic system with more and more countries realiz-ing market economy.Third,the economy getting more opened as economic global-ization further avdances.

An 8-Node Plane Hybrid Element for StructuralMechanics Problems Based on the Hellinger-Reissner Variational Principle

The finite element method (FEM) plays a valuable role in computer modeling and is beneficial to the mechanicaldesign of various structural parts. However, the elements produced by conventional FEM are easily inaccurate andunstable when applied. Therefore, developing new elements within the framework of the generalized variationalprinciple is of great significance. In this paper, an 8-node plane hybrid finite element with 15 parameters (PHQ8-15β) is developed for structural mechanics problems based on the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle.According to the design principle of Pian, 15 unknown parameters are adopted in the selection of stress modes toavoid the zero energy modes.Meanwhile, the stress functions within each element satisfy both the equilibrium andthe compatibility relations of plane stress problems. Subsequently, numerical examples are presented to illustrate theeffectiveness and robustness of the proposed finite element. Numerical results show that various common lockingbehaviors of plane elements can be overcome. The PH-Q8-15β element has excellent performance in all benchmarkproblems, especially for structures with varying cross sections. Furthermore, in bending problems, the reasonablemesh shape of the new element for curved edge structures is analyzed in detail, which can be a useful means toimprove numerical accuracy.

Time Collocation Method for Structural Dynamic Problems

In order to achieve highly accurate and efficient numerical calculations of structural dynamics, time collocation method is presented. For a given time interval, the numerical solution of the method is approximated by a polynomial. The polynomial coefficients are evaluated by solving algebraic equation. Once the polynomial coefficients are evaluated, the numerical solutions at any time in the interval can be easily calculated. New formulae are derived for the polynomial coefficients,which are more practical and succinct than those previously given. Two structural dynamic equations are calculated by the proposed method. The numerical solutions are compared with the traditional fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the method proposed is highly accurate and computationally efficient. In addition, an important advantage of the method is the simplicity in software programming.

Structured Eigenvalue Problems in Electronic Structure Methods from a Unified Perspective

In(relativistic)electronic structure methods,the quaternion matrix eigenvalue problem and the linear response(Bethe-Salpeter)eigenvalue problem for excitation energies are two frequently encoun-tered structured eigenvalue problems.While the former problem was thoroughly studied,the later problem in its most general form,namely,the complex case without assuming the positive definiteness of the electronic Hessian,was not fully understood.In view of their very similar mathematical structures,we examined these two problems from a unified point of view.We showed that the identification of Lie group structures for their eigenvectors provides a framework to design diagonalization algorithms as well as numerical optimizations techniques on the corresponding manifolds.By using the same reduction algorithm for the quaternion matrix eigenvalue problem,we provided a necessary and sufficient condition to characterize the different scenarios,where the eigenvalues of the original linear response eigenvalue problem are real,purely imaginary,or complex.The result can be viewed as a natural generalization of the well-known condition for the real matrix case.

The Impact of Personality Traits and Problem Structures on Management Decision-Making Outcomes

Since decision-making behavior has been in the focus both from a scientific and a professional position, there seems to be a dispute whether rational or intuitive decision making leads to better outcomes. By now, scholars have agreed that effective organizations do not have the luxury to choose between the ＂applications＂ of intuitive or rational decision making. Instead, they try to understand how different factors like personality traits and problem characteristics influence the decision-making process. Reviewing the literature reveals that personality pre-determination and the structure of problems （e.g., well-structured problems （WSPs） versus ill-structured problems （ISPs）） seem to have a significant impact on the decision-making efficiency. Further, the review also shows that there is a lack of application-oriented empirical studies in this area of research. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to propose a framework for an empirical study on how personality traits and problem structure influence the decision-making process. First, hypotheses are derived from the literature on how personality pre-determination and behavioral patterns in the decision-making process lead to higher socioeconomic efficiency within certain problem categories. Second, a causal model and a setup for a laboratory experiment are proposed to allow testing the hypotheses. Finally, the conclusions provide an outlook on how this research could support organizations in their decision-making processes.

The Positive Research of Human Capital Structure and the Disparity Problem of Area in Our Country

The factors that influence the economic growth are various and complicated.This paper has especially probed into calculating and impact on regional economic growth of the human capital structure. First, on the basis of considering human capital quality, we use Gini coefficient law to calculate human capital structure coefficient of our country＇s each province （municipal or district）; Second, according to the result of calculating of human capital structure coefficient, considering input of material capital, average education level and so on at the same time, we set up regional economic growth model and use the panel data to examine the model. The result indicates the human capital structure coefficient of each province （municipal or district）in inverse proportion to economic growth （- 0. 108）. The last is the conclusion of this text.

Three Perspectives of Granular Computing

As an emerging field of study, granular computing has received much attention. Many models, frameworks, methods and techniques have been proposed and studied. It is perhaps the time to seek for a general and unified view so that fundamental issues can be examined and clarified.This paper examines granular computing from three perspectives.By viewing granular computing as a way of structured thinking,we focus on its philosophical foundations in modeling human perception of the reality.By viewing granular computing as a method of structured problem solving,we examine its theoretical and methodological foundations in solving a wide range of real-world problems.By viewing granular computing as a paradigm of information processing,we turn our attention to its more concrete techniques. The three perspectives together offer a holistic view of granular computing.

Static response analysis of structures with interval parameters using the second-order Taylor series expansion and the DCA for QB

In this paper, based on the second-order Taylor series expansion and the difference of convex functions algo- rithm for quadratic problems with box constraints （the DCA for QB）, a new method is proposed to solve the static response problem of structures with fairly large uncertainties in interval parameters. Although current methods are effective for solving the static response problem of structures with interval parameters with small uncertainties, these methods may fail to estimate the region of the static response of uncertain structures if the uncertainties in the parameters are fairly large. To resolve this problem, first, the general expression of the static response of structures in terms of structural parameters is derived based on the second-order Taylor series expansion. Then the problem of determining the bounds of the static response of uncertain structures is transformed into a series of quadratic problems with box constraints. These quadratic problems with box constraints can be solved using the DCA approach effectively. The numerical examples are given to illustrate the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed method when comparing with other existing methods.

Asynchronous Nested Optimization Algorithms and Their Parallel Implementation

Large scale optimization problems can only be solved in an efficient way, if their special structure is taken as the basis of algorithm design. In this paper we consider a very broad class of large-scale problems with special structure, namely tree structured problems. We show how the exploitation of the structure leads to efficient decomposition algorithms and how it may be implemented in a parallel environment.

Extending Structures for Gel'fand-Dorfman Bialgebras

Gel'fand-Dorfman bialgebra,which is both a Lie algebra and a Novikov algebra with some compatibility condition,appeared in the study of Hamiltonian pairs in completely integrable systems.They also emerged in the description of a class special Lie conformal algebras called quadratic Lie conformal algebras.In this paper,we investigate the extending structures problem for Gel'fand-Dorfman bialgebras,which is equivalent to some extending structures problem of quadratic Lie conformal algebras.Explicitly,given a Gel'fand-Dorfman bialgebra(A,o,[.,.]),this problem is how to describe and classify all Gel'fand-Dorfman bialgebra structures on a vector space E(A⊂E)such that(A,o,[.,.])is a subalgebra of E up to an isomorphism whose restriction on A is the identity map.Motivated by the theories of extending structures for Lie algebras and Novikov algebras,we construct an object gH2(V,A)to answer the extending structures problem by introducing the notion of a unified product for Gel'fand-Dorfman bialgebras,where V is a complement of A in E.In particular,we investigate the special case when dim(V)=1 in detail.

Nonexistence of maximizers for the functional of the centroaffine Minkowski problem

The centroafhine Minkowski problem is studied, which is the critical case of the L_p-Minkowski problem. It admits a variational structure that plays an important role in studying the existence of solutions.In this paper, we find that there is generally no maximizer of the corresponding functional for the centroaffine Minkowski problem.

Algebraic Structure of Discrete Zero Curvature Equations and Master Symmetries of Discrete Evolution Equations

In this paper, based on a discrete spectral problem and the corresponding zero curvature representation,the isospectral and nonisospectral lattice hierarchies are proposed. An algebraic structure of discrete zero curvature equations is then established for such integrable systems. the commutation relations of Lax operators corresponding to the isospectral and non-isospectral lattice flows are worked out, the master symmetries of each lattice equation in the isospectral hierarchyand are generated, thus a τ-symmetry algebra for the lattice integrable systems is engendered from this theory.