LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of tuffites in the Sachakou Pb-Zn mining area, Karakorum, Xinjiang and its establishment of Early Triassic strata

1.Objective In the past decade,a group of medium to giant lead-zinc deposits,represented by Huoshaoyun,Sachakou,and Yuanbaoling,have been discovered in the Aksai Chin region of Karakoram,Xinjiang.They are all located in the Mesozoic carbonate and clastic rock formations.The Sachakou leadzinc mining area is adjacent to the northwest of the Huoshaoyun lead-zinc mining area and is in the same stratigraphic layer as Huoshaoyun.Although many scholars have been arguing about the type and age of Huoshaoyun lead-zinc mineralization,few scholars have paid attention to the classification of the ore-bearing strata in the area.The stratigraphy of the Lower Permian Shenxianwan Group to the Upper Cretaceous Tielongtan Group is exposed in the Sachakou area of Karakorum,Xinjiang,however,the Late Permian-Early Triassic stratigraphy is missing(Fig.1a).Due to the harsh natural conditions in the area and the low level of work,the stratigraphic delineation is not exhaustive,and the regional lithology is dominated by carbonates and clastic rocks,which makes it difficult to identify the age of the regional lithology and causes problems for the exploration and research of lead-zinc in the area.

Influence of confined water on the limit support pressure of tunnel face in weakly water-rich strata

In the process of shield tunneling through soft soil layers,the presence of confined water ahead poses a significant threat to the stability of the tunnel face.Therefore,it is crucial to consider the impact of confined water on the limit support pressure of the tunnel face.This study employed the finite element method(FEM)to analyze the limit support pressure of shield tunnel face instability within a pressurized water-containing layer.Subsequently,a multiple linear regression approach was applied to derive a concise solution formula for the limit support pressure,incorporating various influencing factors.The analysis yields the following conclusions:1)The influence of confined water on the instability mode of the tunnel face in soft soil layers makes the displacement response of the strata not significant when the face is unstable;2)The limit support pressure increases approximately linearly with the pressure head,shield tunnel diameter,and tunnel burial depth.And inversely proportional to the thickness of the impermeable layer,soil cohesion and internal friction angle;3)Through an engineering case study analysis,the results align well with those obtained from traditional theoretical methods,thereby validating the rationality of the equations proposed in this paper.Furthermore,the proposed equations overcome the limitation of traditional theoretical approaches considering the influence of changes in impermeable layer thickness.It can accurately depict the dynamic variation in the required limit support pressure to maintain the stability of the tunnel face during shield tunneling,thus better reflecting engineering reality.

Failure mechanism and safety control technology of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses:a case study

The construction of coal mines often encounters deep composite soft rock roadways,which is characterized by significant deformation and poor stability.To deeply study the failure mechanism and large deformation challenges of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses,a numerical model of 3DEC tetrahedral blocks was established based on the method of rock quality designation(RQD).The results showed that original support cannot prevent asymmetric failure and large deformation due to the adverse geological environment and unsuitable support design.According to the failure characteristics,a coupling support of“NPR bolt/cable+mesh+shotcrete+steel pipe”was proposed to control the stability of the surrounding rock.The excellent mechanical properties of large deformation(approximately 400 mm)and high constant resistance force(bolt with 180 k N;cable with 350 k N)were evaluated by the tensile tests.The numerical results showed that the maximum deformation was minimized to 243 mm,and the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock of the roadway was enhanced.The field test results showed that the maximum deformation of the surrounding rock was 210 mm,and the forces of the NPR bolt and cable were stable at approximately 180 k N and 350 k N,respectively.This demonstrated the effectiveness of the coupling support with the NPR bolt and cable,which could be a guiding significance for the safety control of large deformation and failure in deep composite soft rock roadways.

Types,composition and diagenetic evolution of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata:A case study of Mao-1 Member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation,eastern Sichuan Basin,SW China

The types,occurrence and composition of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata of the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation(Mao-1 Member)in eastern Sichuan Basin were investigated through outcrop section measurement,core observation,thin section identification,argon ion polishing,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,energy spectrum analysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The diagenetic evolution sequence of clay minerals was clarified,and the sedimentary-diagenetic evolution model of clay minerals was established.The results show that authigenic sepiolite minerals were precipitated in the Si4+and Mg2+-rich cool aragonite sea and sepiolite-bearing strata were formed in the Mao-1 Member.During burial diagenesis,authigenic clay minerals undergo two possible evolution sequences.First,from the early diagenetic stage A to the middle diagenetic stage A1,the sepiolite kept stable in the shallow-buried environment lack of Al3+.It began to transform into stevensite in the middle diagenetic stage A2,and then evolved into disordered talc in the middle diagenetic stage B1and finally into talc in the period from the middle diagenetic stage B2to the late diagenetic stage.Thus,the primary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-stevensite-disordered talc-talc,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.Second,in the early diagenetic stage A,as Al3+carried by the storm and upwelling currents was involved in the diagenetic process,trace of sepiolite started to evolve into smectite,and a part of smectite turned into chlorite.From the early diagenetic stage B to the middle diagenesis stage A1,a part of smectite evolved to illite/smectite mixed layer(I/S).The I/S evolved initially into illite from the middle diagenesis stage A2to the middle diagenesis stage B2,and then totally into illite in the late diagenesis stage.Thus,the secondary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-smectite-chlorite/illite,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.The types and evolution of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata are significant for petroleum geology in two aspects.First,sepiolite can adsorb and accumulate a large amount of organic matters,thereby effectively improving the quality and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rocks of the Mao-1 Member.Second,the evolution from sepiolite to talc is accompanied by the formation of numerous organic matter pores and clay shrinkage pores/fractures,as well as the releasing of the Mg2+-rich diagenetic fluid,which allows for the dolomitization of limestone within or around the sag.As a result,the new assemblages of self-generation and self-accumulation,and lower/side source and upper/lateral reservoir,are created in the Middle Permian,enhancing the hydrocarbon accumulation efficiency.

Shield Excavation Analysis: Ground Settlement & Mechanical Responses in Complex Strata

This study delves into the effects of shield tunneling in complex coastal strata, focusing on how this constructionmethod impacts surface settlement, the mechanical properties of adjacent rock, and the deformation of tunnelsegments. It investigates the impact of shield construction on surface settlement, mechanical characteristics ofnearby rock, and segment deformation in complex coastal strata susceptible to construction disturbances. Utilizingthe Fuzhou Binhai express line as a case study, we developed a comprehensive numerical model using theABAQUS finite element software. The model incorporates factors such as face force, grouting pressure, jack force,and cutterhead torque. Its accuracy is validated against field monitoring data from engineering projects. Simulationswere conducted to analyze ground settlement and mechanical changes in adjacent rock and segments acrossfive soil layers. The results indicate that disturbances are most significant near the excavation zone of the shieldmachine, with a prominent settlement trough forming and stabilizing around 2.0–3.0 D from the excavation. Theexcavation face compresses the soil, inducing lateral expansion. As grouting pressure decreases, the segmentexperiences upward buoyancy. In mixed strata, softer layers witness increased cutting, intensifying disturbancesbut reducing segment floatation. These findings offer valuable insights for predicting settlements, ensuring segmentand rock safety, and optimizing tunneling parameters.

An intelligent automatic correlation method of oilbearing strata based on pattern constraints:An example of accretionary stratigraphy of Shishen 100 block in Shinan Oilfield of Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Aiming at the problem that the data-driven automatic correlation methods which are difficult to adapt to the automatic correlation of oil-bearing strata with large changes in lateral sedimentary facies and strata thickness,an intelligent automatic correlation method of oil-bearing strata based on pattern constraints is formed.We propose to introduce knowledge-driven in automatic correlation of oil-bearing strata,constraining the correlation process by stratigraphic sedimentary patterns and improving the similarity measuring machine and conditional constraint dynamic time warping algorithm to automate the correlation of marker layers and the interfaces of each stratum.The application in Shishen 100 block in the Shinan Oilfield of the Bohai Bay Basin shows that the coincidence rate of the marker layers identified by this method is over 95.00%,and the average coincidence rate of identified oil-bearing strata reaches 90.02% compared to artificial correlation results,which is about 17 percentage points higher than that of the existing automatic correlation methods.The accuracy of the automatic correlation of oil-bearing strata has been effectively improved.

冲击载荷下叠合岩层巷道围岩的应力演化数值模拟研究——基于岩层运动并行计算系统StrataKing

煤系地层属于典型的层状沉积岩层,这在传统连续介质模型中不能被较好反映。为了探究冲击载荷下叠合岩层巷道围岩的应力演化规律,采用以拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法为基础发展的岩层运动并行计算系统StrataKing,基于理想化模型分析了巷道上表面附近应力波的叠加。阐明了应力波叠加导致顶板开裂机理,并且探讨了冲击载荷幅值的影响规律。研究发现:在原始压应力波传至巷道上表面附近测点后,该测点的最大主应力刚开始呈下降-上升-下降的变化趋势,这是由原始压、拉应力波不同时刻的叠加不同导致的;由于次级应力波的波长较原始应力波的小,次级压、拉应力波的单独作用更明显,它们的叠加使巷道上表面附近测点能产生更低和更高的最大主应力,甚至导致顶板开裂;冲击载荷幅值越大,近似阶梯增长阶段中拉裂纹平均发展速度越快,巷道围岩最终开裂范围越大,巷道围岩平衡越困难。

Evaluation and prediction of earth pressure balance shield performance in complex rock strata:A case study in Dalian,China

This research explores the potential for the evaluation and prediction of earth pressure balance shield performance based on a gray system model.The research focuses on a shield tunnel excavated for Metro Line 2 in Dalian,China.Due to the large error between the initial geological exploration data and real strata,the project construction is extremely difficult.In view of the current situation regarding the project,a quantitative method for evaluating the tunneling efficiency was proposed using cutterhead rotation(R),advance speed(S),total thrust(F)and torque(T).A total of 80 datasets with three input parameters and one output variable(F or T)were collected from this project,and a prediction framework based gray system model was established.Based on the prediction model,five prediction schemes were set up.Through error analysis,the optimal prediction scheme was obtained from the five schemes.The parametric investigation performed indicates that the relationships between F and the three input variables in the gray system model harmonize with the theoretical explanation.The case shows that the shield tunneling performance and efficiency are improved by the tunneling parameter prediction model based on the gray system model.

Numerical modeling of destress blasting for strata separation

Destress blasting(DB)implemented along the perimeter of safety pillars is a special application of destressing in coal longwall mining.The goal is to separate relatively more deformed mined areas from safety pillars,such as shaft pillars or cross-cut pillars,to reduce the transfer of high stresses to the protective pillar.This case study aims to numerically simulate selected destress blasts in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and examine its impact on stress transfer to the safety pillar area.To separate the area between the protective pillar and the longwall(LW),two fans of five 93-mm blast holes(length of 93e100 m)were drilled from the gate roads into the overburden strata.Each set of blast holes was fired separately in two stages without time delay.The explosive charge(gelatin-type of explosive)of each stage is 3450 kg.The two DB stages were fired when the longwall face was approximately 158 m and 152 m away from the blast.A 3D mine-wide model is built and validated with in situ stress measured with hydrofracturing.Mining and destressing in three 5-m thick coal seams are simulated in the region.Numerical modeling of DB is successfully conducted using a rock fragmentation factor a of 0.05 and a stress reduction/dissipation factor β of 0.95.Buffering of transfer of additional stress from the mining area into the safety pillar is evaluated by comparison of yielding volume before and after DB.It is shown that yielding volume drops after DB by nearly 80%in the area of the destressing panel and near the safety shaft pillar.

Sedimentology and Paleoenvironmental Characteristics of Fine-grained Sediments in Coal-bearing Strata in the Eastern Ordos Basin:A Case Study of the Exploratory Well in the Zizhou Area

The continuously collected cores from the Permo-Carboniferous coal-bearing strata of the eastern Ordos Basin are essential for studying the hydrocarbon potential in this region.This study adopted sedimentological and geochemical methods to analyze the sedimentary environment,material composition,and geochemical characteristics of the coal-bearing strata.The differences in depositional and paleoclimatic conditions were compared;and the factors influencing the organic matter content of fine-grained sediments were explored.The depositional environment of the Benxi and Jinci formations was lagoon to tidal flat with weakly reduced waters with low salinity and dry-hot paleoclimatic conditions;while that of the Taiyuan Formation was a carbonate platform and shallow water delta front,where the water was highly reductive.The xerothermic climate alternated with the warm and humid climate.The period of maximum transgression in the Permo-Carboniferous has the highest water salinity.The Shanxi Formation was deposited in a shallow water delta front with a brackish and fresh water environment and alternative weak reductiveness.And the paleoclimate condition is dry-hot.The TOC content in fine-grained samples was averaging 1.52%.The main controlling mechanism of organic matter in this area was the input conditions according to the analysis on input and preservation of organic matter.

岩层运动并行计算系统StrataKing及应用

为了克服国外串行商业软件的功能有限、计算规模小和计算效率低的问题,历时10余年,自主研发了拉格朗日元与离散元耦合的岩层运动GPU并行计算系统StrataKing。介绍了Strata-King的计算流程、基本原理和功能,各计算模块均在GPU上执行。通过模拟三点弯梁的开裂过程,检验了StrataKing的正确性。在静水压力条件下,当单元数目较多时,巷道围岩的裂纹以更加弯曲、柔美而非突兀、生硬状向围岩深部发展,这与塑性力学中圆环形的各处均破坏的塑性区有所不同。在采动条件下,工作面煤壁超前支承压力和水平应力均具有峰值,后者与岩层之间的黏结作用有关,这与基于连续介质假定的厚壁筒径向应力特征有所不同。由此,StrataKing的大规模计算能力、丰富的功能和行业鲜明特色得到了进一步呈现。

Strata应力吸收层在旧路改造中的应用

在江西省南昌县芳湖路改造工程中,为最大程度减少罩面后产生的反射裂缝病害,采用了Strata应力吸收层+沥青混凝土的加铺改造技术。通过对加铺方案的甄选比对,材料性能分析及施工措施,验证了该材料在防反射裂缝性能方面较其他加铺技术有更大的优势,为其广泛应用提供了参考依据。

西秦岭成矿带古生界控矿特征及有关成矿作用

西秦岭成矿带下古生界的赋矿地层分布于南带,主要为志留系,次为寒武系;而上古生界的赋矿地层在南带和北带均有分布,主要为泥盆系,次为石炭系—二叠系。其中,寒武系主要赋存后生浅成中-低温热液作用有关金矿(伴生铜、铀、钼、锑、硒等)。志留系赋存同生沉积作用有关钼钒(伴生镍、铀)、磷、石煤、锰和灰岩矿,后生浅成中-低温热液作用有关金、银、锑、汞和铀矿(伴生铜、钼、镍、钒),局部有表生风化淋滤作用有关褐铁矿、铀矿。南带泥盆系赋存同生沉积作用有关煤、白云岩、石膏、铁和磷矿,后生浅成中-低温热液作用有关铁、金、汞和硫铁矿,局部有表生风化淋滤作用有关褐铁矿;北带泥盆系赋存喷流沉积-改造作用有关铅锌矿及铜矿,后生浅成中-低温热液作用有关铁、铜、金、锑和汞矿,局部有表生风化作用有关白铅矿-菱锌矿。南带石炭系—二叠系赋存沉积作用有关灰岩、白云岩,后生浅成中-低温热液作用有关金和汞矿。北带石炭系—二叠系赋存火山沉积-改造作用有关铅锌矿,后生浅成中-低温热液作用有关金和锑矿等。此外,在西秦岭向东昆仑过渡地带,石炭系—二叠系赋存有火山沉积-改造作用有关铜和锡矿。总之,地层控矿基本分两类:①含矿(同生及准同生关系),矿体是地层的组成部分,成矿时代同于含矿地层时代(志留纪、泥盆纪、石炭纪、二叠纪)。②容矿(后生及表生风化关系),矿体不是地层的组成部分,成矿时代明显晚于容矿地层的时代,区内后生浅成中-低温热液作用主要发生在中生代,风化作用主要发生在新生代。沉积-改造型矿床可视为两种控矿类型的叠加。容矿地层是否矿源层,需具体情况具体分析。

采动岩层整体移动“类双曲线”理论模型及验证——从二维“类双曲线”到三维“类双曲面”模型

煤炭开采会引起上覆岩层自下而上变形、破断及移动,并导致地表沉陷等问题,其本质是一个力学过程,故亟需发展基于岩层破断力学机理的移动理论模型。首先简要回顾了国内外岩层移动理论模型,然后重点介绍了本团队近年来在岩层整体移动理论模型方面的研究进展。基于不同层位岩层的破断形态的力学分析和相似模拟试验结果,提出了采动覆岩整体移动“类双曲线”模型,其顶点大约位于上覆岩层主关键层的层位。进而建立了岩层移动内外“类双曲线”整体模型,给出了采动覆岩内外整体移动表达式及物理意义参数体系。针对不同覆岩和煤层赋存条件,分析了岩层整体移动“类双曲线”模型的演化规律。在此基础上,进一步将二维“类双曲线”拓展到三维“类双曲面”模型,建立了采动覆岩全空间“类双曲面”立体移动模型,该模型包含“类单叶”和“类双叶”双曲面。该理论模型是在我国很多前辈及学者的研究基础上,从系统科学的角度考虑岩层的整体移动规律,初步形成了采动覆岩整体移动“类双曲线(面)”理论模型框架,希望能为我国煤炭科学开采提供理论指导。

Field and numerical modelling on the stability of underground strata in longwall workings

The longwall method is one of the feasible and efficient underground mining methods for greater depth of workings.Recently,Singareni Collieries Company Limited(SCCL),the largest coal-producing government company in the Southern part of India,has deployed a high capacity(2×1152T capacity)power support system in its Adriyala Longwall Project(ALP)at a depth of 375 m.There was a concern about the stability of the longwall workings and the protective pillars.Thus,research work was carried out with the geotechnical instruments and numerical modelling tools to analyze the stability while retreating the longwall panels.The outcomes revealed that the convergence in the gate roads increased with the longwall face advancement and the area of exposure.The pressure of the powered support legs on the dip side was less than the rise side legs,which implies a stable roof condition over the longwall face.An abutment zone was identified ahead of the line of extraction up to 10e25 m and presumed from the Factor of Safety(FoS)criterion that within this zone,the longwall pillar possibly will be of better stability at every stage of extraction.The results obtained from this study would be helpful for the mining engineers to understand the behaviour of underground strata in longwall workings.

我国大倾角煤层开采技术变革与展望

大倾角煤层是我国煤炭资源的主要赋存样式之一。在地域分布上呈现出广泛性与区域性,据不完全统计,全国25个省、自治区、直辖市均涉及该类煤层开采,在中西部地区储量丰富、产量大、生产集中程度高。在赋存条件上呈现出多样性与复杂性,不同区域成煤时期不一,构造控煤过程迥异,形成了多样且复杂的开采条件,催生了不同的开采技术要求。大倾角煤层开采的技术难度大。煤层倾角导致采场围岩运动破坏呈现非对称性显现特征,支护系统稳定性控制与“三机”配套与协同、采准巷道布置与支护、工作面“人-机”环境安全保障等工作的难度显著加剧,严重制约了矿井安全高效开采。大倾角煤层开采的区域经济需求强,该类煤层赋存与生产较集中的区域多见以煤炭工业为主的资源型城市,经济结构相对单一,煤炭资源安全高效开发利用对区域能源保供、民生保障、经济保稳具有兜底作用。长期以来,大倾角煤层开采技术变革聚焦于解决“难”与“需”的矛盾,在采煤方法与工艺、岩层控制理论与技术、成套装备研制与应用3个方面不断完善、创新、发展,实现了由非机械化向机械化开采的转变,安全产效水平大幅提升,人员劳动强度大幅下降,作业环境显著改善。20世纪90年代中期,川煤集团绿水洞煤矿首次成功实现了大倾角中厚煤层长壁综采,冲破了大倾角煤层机械化开采技术“禁区”。在此示范作用下,大倾角厚煤层长壁综放开采、大采高综采、薄煤层伪俯斜长壁综采三项首创性工程实践先后取得成功。这一过程中创新了工作面非线性限位布置与调斜方式,确立了“支架-围岩”系统稳定性多维交互控制模式,研发了工作面成套装备,取得良好收效,综合机械化开采技术适用范围进一步拓宽。与此同时,大倾角煤层开采仍存在许多亟待突破的关键科学问题与技术瓶颈,导致自动化、智能化水平提升与近水平/缓倾斜煤层相较仍存在较大差距。需进一步强化倾斜层状煤系地层煤岩体采动力学行为研究,揭示其对采场围岩灾变的控制机制,并实现量化表征;需进一步阐明岩体承载结构-采场装备群组系统间的多维动态作用过程与规律,完善装备与围岩多维动态多目标协同控制理论与技术基础,实现技术转化应用。在科学问题取得突破的基础上进行采煤方法、回采工艺、岩层控制、成套装备的系统性技术创新与研发,破解大倾角煤层开采安全-产效双提升的制约技术瓶颈,使大倾角煤层综合机械化开采倾角上限在有可靠技术保障的前提下向上延伸(扩展),为实现自动化、智能化开采奠定基础。

采动力学与岩层控制关键理论及工程应用

研究岩体采动力学响应和岩层控制技术对促进煤炭安全高效开采、保障能源稳定供给具有重要意义,是实现煤炭资源科学开采的理论基础。矿山岩体灾害(围岩变形、冲击地压等)频发,其形成-演化-发生全过程与采动力演化分布、岩层运动、开采扰动和能量演化密切相关。基于实用矿山压力控制理论,提出并阐述了采场岩层控制进展与控制准则,建立了定量分析的力学模型和设计方法,发展了针对性的岩体灾害控制技术,并创新研制了配套试验研究装备。采动力学与岩层控制理论将岩层控制分为采场岩层控制和巷道围岩控制;提出控制或利用采动岩层运动改变致灾条件,给出“给定变形”和“限定变形”准则;调控“3S”因素准则(围岩应力环境、围岩结构属性、围岩支护结构)改变围岩自稳能力。以岩体灾害控制为目标,提出了以“应力主控”为核心的释能主控技术;建立了岩体灾害控制大小原理和弱面判据(安全系数K、冲击危险性系数U);研发了采场矿压机械模拟试验系统、采动力试验系统和蠕变及动力扰动冲击加载试验系统,实现了实验室尺度还原采动力作用下岩体变形-破裂-运动过程,为研究采动力作用下岩体力学响应提供了试验装备;分别从采场岩层控制、地质软岩巷道控制、工程软岩巷道控制及冲击地压控制4个方向进行了工程案例研究,相关研究成果在工程应用中得到了验证。

A study on impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata

Purpose–This paper aims to study the impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata,the temperature field characteristics of the strata,and the strata process,closure time and thickness evolution mechanism of the frozen wall.Design/methodology/approach–In this paper several laboratory model tests were conducted,considering different groundwater seepage rate.Findings–The results show that there is a significant coupling effect between the cold diffusion of artificial freezing pipes and groundwater seepage;when there is no seepage,temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata are symmetrically distributed,and the thickness of the frozen soil column/frozen wall is consistent during artificial freezing;groundwater seepage causes significant asymmetry in the temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata,and the greater the seepage rate,the more obvious the asymmetry;the frozen wall closure time increases linearly with the increase in the groundwater seepage rate,and specifically,the time length under seepage rate of 5.00 m d
1 is 3.2 times longer than that under no seepage;due to the erosion from groundwater seepage,the thickness of the upstream frozen wall decreases linearly with the seepage velocity,while that of the downstream frozen wall increases linearly,resulting in a saddle-shaped frozen wall.Originality/value–The research results are beneficial to the optimum design and risk control of artificial freezing process in gravel strata.

含海泡石层系泥质灰岩中自生黏土矿物的类型、组成与成岩演化过程--以川东地区中二叠统茅口组茅一段为例

通过野外露头剖面实测和岩心观察,结合薄片鉴定、氩离子抛光、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析和激光剥蚀元素面扫描等方法,对四川盆地东部地区中二叠统茅口组一段(简称茅一段)含海泡石层系泥质灰岩中自生黏土矿物类型、产状及其组成进行了分析,明确黏土矿物的成岩演化序列,建立黏土矿物沉积-成岩演化模式。研究表明,川东地区茅一段在富Si^(4+)、Mg^(2+)的凉水文石海中沉淀自生海泡石矿物,形成含海泡石层系;在埋藏成岩过程中,自生黏土矿物会经历两条可能的演化序列:①早成岩A期到中成岩A_(1)期,在普遍缺乏Al^(3+)的浅埋藏环境中,海泡石维持稳定状态;中成岩A_(2)期,自生海泡石开始演化为斯蒂文石;中成岩B_(1)期演化为无序滑石;中成岩B_(2)期至晚成岩期,最终演化为滑石,形成了茅一段主要的自生黏土矿物成岩演化序列“海泡石—斯蒂文石—无序滑石—滑石”。②早成岩A期,风暴和上升洋流携带的Al^(3+)参与成岩过程,微量海泡石向蒙脱石演化,部分蒙脱石继续演化为绿泥石;早成岩B期至中成岩A_(1)期,部分蒙脱石演化为伊/蒙混层;中成岩A_(2)期至中成岩B_(2)期,伊/蒙混层向伊利石发生演化,至晚成岩期全部转化为伊利石,由此形成茅一段次级自生黏土矿物成岩演化序列“海泡石—蒙脱石—绿泥石/伊利石”。含海泡石层系泥质灰岩中自生黏土矿物的类型与演化具有两方面的油气地质意义:①海泡石吸附和聚集大量有机质,有效提升茅一段烃源岩的品质和生烃潜力。②海泡石向滑石演化过程中形成大量有机质孔和黏土收缩孔(缝),同时释放富Mg^(2+)成岩转化流体,使凹陷内或凹陷边缘区的灰岩发生白云石化,在中二叠统形成自生自储和(旁)下生(侧)上储型的源储配置新模式,提高了油气成藏效率。

具有独立缓冲结构的PDC—牙轮复合钻头研制

油气勘探开发过程中,难钻地层钻井效率低、钻头寿命短是影响深井、超深井钻井周期和成本的瓶颈问题。钻头工作过程中切削结构轮流与井壁接触而产生的多边形效应是导致钻头不稳定工作、切削齿冲击失效的主要因素。为提高钻头工作稳定性,提出了具有独立缓冲结构的PDC—牙轮复合钻头新结构,并针对四川盆地茅口组Ø311.2 mm井段常规PDC钻头冲击失效严重的问题,设计了3+3+3型(3个主刀翼、3个牙轮以及3个独立缓冲刀翼)的独立缓冲结构复合钻头,开展了全尺寸钻头室内钻进对比实验,并在川渝页岩气区块茅口组—栖霞组地层进行了实钻应用。研究结果表明:①独立缓冲结构复合钻头在常规复合钻头的牙轮切削结构和固定切削结构之间的空隙部位增设独立缓冲刀翼,有效缓解了多边形效应,对PDC齿形成很好的缓冲保护,同时分担了过大的钻压,限制了切削齿吃入深度,进而防止了钻头产生粘滑振动;②独立缓冲结构复合钻头钻压和扭矩波动小,扭矩为PDC钻头的1/5;③独立缓冲结构复合钻头取得了单只钻头进尺170 m的记录,比邻井同层位单只PDC钻头最高进尺提高了73.5%。结论认为,独立缓冲刀翼对提高钻头的稳定性起到了关键作用,不仅提高了钻头寿命,而且有效提高了复杂难钻地层及复杂结构井的综合钻井时效,有效降低了油气勘探开发成本。