Seismic Response Analysis of Steel Structure Isolation System Under Long-Period Seismic Motion

To analyze the seismic response of steel structure isolation systems under long-period seismic motion,a 9-story steel frame building was selected as the subject.Five steel structure finite element models were established using SAP2000.Response spectrum analysis was conducted on the seismic motion to determine if it adhered to the characteristics of long-period seismic motion.Modal analysis of each structural model revealed that the isolation structure significantly prolonged the structural natural vibration period and enhanced seismic performance.Base reactions and floor displacements of various structures notably increased under long-period seismic motion compared to regular seismic activity.Placing isolation bearings in the lower part of the structure proved more effective under long-period seismic motion.In seismic design engineering,it is essential to consider the impact of long-period seismic motion on structures and the potential failure of isolation bearings.

UAV SfM技术在活动构造研究中的应用——以青藏高原西北部龙木错断裂为例

为探讨搭载与未搭载实时动态差分技术/动态后处理技术(RTK/PPK)模块的无人机平台通过运动恢复结构(SfM)方法处理获得的数字高程模型(DEM)数据质量差异,以及建立不同无人机平台野外数据采集和室内数据处理过程的快速流程,利用大疆经纬M 300 RTK无人机(搭载禅思L1激光雷达(LiDAR)和测绘相机)与大疆精灵4 Pro无人机(搭载可见光相机)分别对青藏高原西北部龙木错断裂上1处位错阶地进行了数据采集,获得了该处高分辨率、高精度DEM数据和数字正射影像图(DOM)数据。对比结果显示,M 300 RTK无人机平台L1负载系统获得的LiDAR和SfM地形数据精度接近,两者在约100 m的飞行高度获得的DEM数据在水平和垂直方向的均方差分别为0.135 m、0.111 m和0.201 m、0.180 m;无RTK模块的精灵4 Pro无人机获取的DEM数据虽然绝对精度较差(水平和垂直方向均方差分别为1.707 m和249.280 m),但其反映的相对地形与实际地形接近,经过地面控制点校正后精度可以达到分米级。研究表明,RTK SfM技术克服了使用地面控制点的局限性,为活动构造研究领域微地貌测量提供了更高精度、更高效率的解决方案。当对测区的绝对三维坐标要求不高,仅需相对的地形起伏时,未搭载RTK模块的无人机也能够在无地面控制点约束的情况下满足地貌位错测量基本需求。

Impact of resonant magnetic perturbation on blob motion and structure using a gas puff imaging diagnostic on the HL-2A tokamak

The impact of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)on blob motion and structure in the SOL of the HL-2A tokamak is studied using a gas puff imaging diagnostic.Ellipse fitting is applied to study the structure and motion of blobs quantitatively.The radial locations,amplitudes and scale sizes of blobs are obtained based on the fitted ellipse.Furthermore,based on the measurement of blob location,the radial and poloidal velocities of blobs are calculated.With the application of RMP,the edge poloidal shear flow is significantly weakened and the wave number spectrum changes from quasisymmetric to significantly up-down asymmetric.The application of RMP also causes the detected blob location to be much further into the far scrape-off layer(SOL)and increases the blob amplitude.Blob poloidal velocity in the SOL is slowed.Larger-size and longer-lifetime blobs are observed with RMP.With the application of RMP,stronger-amplitude and larger-size blobs are detected in the far SOL and they may cause a more serious erosion problem to the first wall.

考虑图像采集的退役零件SfM三维重建精度研究

运动恢复结构(SfM)是一种单目多视图三维重建技术。针对SfM多视图三维重建的速度及质量问题,提出了一种考虑图像采集的退役零件SfM三维重建精度优化方法。首先,构建了图像采集试验平台,以导靴和凸轮轴瓦盖为试验对象,选取图像质量、图像数量、拍摄距离及视角数量4个对重建质量有影响的参数为影响因素,每种因素取3个水平,设计了正交试验;然后,根据试验设计方案,对两个试验对象分别进行了9组图像采集,并用Reality Capture软件对其进行了三维建模;最后,根据重建点云和模型的准确性、重建的完整性与重建效率3个指标,对重建结果进行了评价,并进行了正交试验,通过极差分析获得了最优参数组合。研究结果表明:图像数量与视角数量对三维重建质量影响显著,拍摄距离与图像质量对三维重建质量影响不显著。该研究结果可为提高图像三维重建速度及质量提供参考。

Selection and modification of ground motion records using Newmark-Hall spectrum as target spectrum for long-period structures

Input ground motions have significant impacts on the uncertainty of structural responses in time-history analysis.In this study,records were selected and scaled for the evaluation of mean structural responses according to the target spectrum.The Newmark-Hall spectrum is closely related to seismic response of short,medium and long-period structures,so it was taken as the target spectrum here.The nonlinear time-history analyses of 9-story and 20-story steel moment-resisting frame structures were carried out as examples.They represent medium and long-period buildings,respectively.Three target spectra with risk of 50%,10%and 2%probabilities for exceedance in 50 years were calculated by the average Newmark-Hall spectrum method for three ground motion sets developed in the SAC Steel Project.The predicted structural mean responses of these Newmark-Hall spectra were compared with those calculated by the average spectral acceleration method for the same record set.It is found that both methods have similar accuracy for estimating the structural mean response.However,the method proposed herein is more effective in reducing the variability of the structural responses.Also,the proposed method is more advantageous for the time-history analysis of long-period structures or structures with more severe nonlinear responses under strong seismic excitations.

无序无人机影像的并行化SfM三维重建方法

增量式运动恢复结构(ISfM)已成为无人机影像三维重建的关键技术。然而,大数据量、大重叠度和高分辨率的无序无人机影像导致的匹配对检索代价大、迭代优化误差累积和效率低的问题,使其难以满足大场景ISfM处理需求。本文提出联合全局描述子和图索引的无人机影像并行化SfM方法。针对影像特征数量大、影像检索编码本尺寸增加导致的匹配对检索效率低的问题,设计了联合全局描述子和图索引的高效影像检索方法,从而加速影像匹配。针对分块并行化SfM子场景合并存在同名点搜索效率低、内存消耗大、合并解算精度低的问题,设计了基于按需匹配图和双向重投影误差的子场景合并方法,实现无人机影像的并行化SfM重建。利用不同场景、不同采集方式获取的真实无人机影像进行试验,结果表明本文方法能够实现36~108倍加速比的匹配对检索,ISfM重建效率达到30倍加速,且相对定向和绝对定向精度与传统方法相当。

融合深度特征的无人机影像SfM重建

可靠特征匹配是无人机影像运动恢复结构(SfM)的重要环节。近年来,深度学习被用于特征提取和匹配,在基准数据集表现优于SIFT等手工特征。但是,公开模型往往采用互联网照片进行训练和测试,鲜有用于无人机影像SfM三维重建的性能评价。利用多组不同特点的无人机数据集,本文对比分析手工特征和深度学习特征在无人机影像特征匹配和SfM三维重建的综合性能。试验结果表明,利用公开的预训练模型,结合手工特征的高精度定位和深度学习的特征描述能力,可实现更准确和完整的特征匹配,并在SfM三维重建中取得与SIFT等手工特征相当,甚至更优的性能。

基于SfM单目六自由度位姿估计数据集自动标注

为解决在训练物体六自由度位姿估计神经网络时,人工标注真实场景数据集困难的问题,提出一种自动生成大量单目六自由度位姿估计数据集的方法,可提高数据集标注效率和精度。考虑采集图象环境的光照、物体遮挡等条件,以单目RGB相机、物体三维模型作为输入,在运动恢复结构(structure form motion,SfM)算法框架中添加尺度先验信息约束,实现在真实场景快速生成大量用于六自由度位姿估计训练的数据集。以生活用品为例,分别制作无遮挡、有遮挡数据集,与现有六自由度位姿估计数据集作对比,使用神经网络算法验证根据该方法制作出数据集的可行性与有效性。

A Local Deviation Constraint Based Non-Rigid Structure From Motion Approach

In many traditional non-rigid structure from motion(NRSFM)approaches,the estimation results of part feature points may significantly deviate from their true values because only the overall estimation error is considered in their models.Aimed at solving this issue,a local deviation-constrained-based column-space-fitting approach is proposed in this paper to alleviate estimation deviation.In our work,an effective model is first constructed with two terms:the overall estimation error,which is computed by a linear subspace representation,and a constraint term,which is based on the variance of the reconstruction error for each frame.Furthermore,an augmented Lagrange multipliers(ALM)iterative algorithm is presented to optimize the proposed model.Moreover,a convergence analysis is performed with three steps for the optimization process.As both the overall estimation error and the local deviation are utilized,the proposed method can achieve a good estimation performance and a relatively uniform estimation error distribution for different feature points.Experimental results on several widely used synthetic sequences and real sequences demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm.

基于Mask-RCNN与SFM的单目视觉长方体三维测量方法

为解决基于运动结构恢复(Structure from motion,SFM)多视角拍摄的局限性,以实现自动化三维测量效果,本文提出了一种可用于长方体三维测量的基于Mask-区域卷积神经网络(Mask-region convolutional neural networks,Mask-RCNN)和SFM的单目视觉测量方法。以箱体三维测量为例,该方法包括测量点提取、转换矩阵计算和三维映射测量三个部分,仅需一次标定获取内部参数,利用深度学习技术实现了单视角自动化三维测量,避免复杂重建的同时降低了视觉测量方法的应用要求。实验结果表明,该方法在棋盘格标志物下获得测量结果的相对标准不确定度在6%以内,在箱体自带标志物下获得测量结果的相对标准不确定度在8%以内。

Effect of the Interaction of Different Scale Vortices on the Structure and Motion of Typhoons

Five numerical experiments have been performed in this paper by using a quasigtostrophic barotropical model to investigate the interaction of different scale vortiCes on the structure and motion of typhoons.Results show that this interaction may arouse the irregular changes of the asymmetric structure of typhoons,thus leading to anomalous Phenomena such as meandering tracks and sudden changes in the motion speed of typhoons;the ￣t Of this interaction on the strucure and motion may be quite different when the smaller vortex is situated in different Posihons of the typhoon circulation.

Influence of earthquake ground motion incoherency on multi-support structures

A linear response history analysis method is used to determine the influence of three factors:geometric incoherency,wave-passage,and local site characteristics on the response of lnulti-support structures subjected to differential ground motions.A one-span frame and a reduced model of a 24-span bridge,located in Las Vegas,Nevada are studied,in which the influence of each of the three factors and their combinations are analyzed.It is revealed that the incoherency of earthquake ground motion can have a dramatic influence on structural response by modifying the dynamics response to uniform excitation and inducing pseudo-static response,which does not exist in structures subjected to uniform excitation.The total response when all three sources of ground motion incoherency are included is generally larger than that of uniform excitation.

Lessons from the seismic behavior of a steel grid roof structure heavily damaged in Lushan earthquake

The seismic behavior of a school gymnasium, whose steel grid roof was heavily damaged during the Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake in 2013, is simulated through nonlinear dynamic analysis. The simulated damage is compared with field observations to validate the numerical model, based on which a parametric study was performed to provide insight into the failure process and damage patterns of steel grids. The results suggest that the grid damage is strongly related to roofsubstructure interactions. These include not only the substructure's amplification of the vibration, but the uncoordinated displacement of the substructure's columns which support the grid also play an equally important role. In particular, the latter effect may significantly alter the internal force distribution in the steel grid and lead to unexpected buckling of members that are proportioned as tension-only members. While such interactions are generally not accounted for in the design practice for grid structures in China, similar seismic damage may be expected for other existing grid roofs in future earthquakes. As is also demonstrated in this study, seismic isolation of the roof is a promising solution to protect grid roof structures by mitigating the detrimental effects of roof-substructure interactions.

Computation of Design Load and Motion for Floating Structures Navigating in Waves

Analytical and numerical investigation is made of the source potential for-floating structure with forward speed in waves. A particular form is selected for numerical applications, where the double integral of the Green function is transformed into the single one and the oscillation characteristics for integrands in the specific computation domain are treated numerically. A comparison of calculated examples with published data is given and it shows that the numerical simulation is satisfactory and the accuracy is adequate to engineering application.

Sedimentary structure of the western Bohai Bay basin and other basins in North China revealed by frequency dependent P-wave particle motion

High-resolution seismic models of sediment basins are critical inputs for earthquake ground motion prediction and petroleum resource exploration.In this study we employed a newly developed technique that utilizes the frequency-dependent nonlinear P-wave particle motion to estimate sedimentary structure beneath the Bohai Bay basin.A recent study suggests that the delay of the P wave on the horizontal component relative the vertical component and its variations over frequency are caused by interference of the direct P wave with waves generated at the sediment base.The frequency-dependent delay time can be used to constrain sediment thickness and seismic velocity beneath recording stations.We measured the particle motions of teleseismic P waves recorded by 249 broadband stations of the North China Array,which covers the western Bohai Bay basin and its surrounding areas.We found that the P waves of 90 stations inside the Bohai Bay basin and other local basins within the Taihang and Yanshan mountain ranges exhibit significant frequency-dependent nonlinear particle motions,and used the particle motion data to invert the sediment thickness(Z0)and surface S-wave velocity(β0).The estimated sediment thickness inside the Bohai Bay Basin varies from 1.02 km to 3.72 km,with an average of 3.20 km,which roughly agrees with previous active source studies.

Orthogonal expansion of ground motion and PDEM-based seismic response analysis of nonlinear structures

This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes. In the method, a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochastic process and then a correlated matrix decomposition technique, which transforms a correlated random vector into a vector of standard uncorrelated random variables, is used to complete a double orthogonal decomposition of the stochastic processes. Considering the relationship between the Hartley transform and Fourier transform of a real-valued function, it is suggested that the first orthogonal expansion in the above process is carried out using the Hartley basis function instead of the trigonometric basis function in practical applications. The seismic ground motion is investigated using the above method. In order to capture the main probabilistic characteristics of the seismic ground motion, it is proposed to directly carry out the orthogonal expansion of the seismic displacements. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible to represent the seismic ground motion with only a few random variables. In the second part of the paper, the probability density evolution method （PDEM） is employed to study the stochastic response of nonlinear structures subjected to earthquake excitations. In the PDEM, a completely uncoupled one-dimensional partial differential equation, the generalized density evolution equation, plays a central role in governing the stochastic seismic responses of the nonlinear structure. The solution to this equation will yield the instantaneous probability density function of the responses. Computational algorithms to solve the probability density evolution equation are described. An example, which deals with a nonlinear frame structure subjected to stochastic ground motions, is illustrated to validate the above approach.

Study on the effect of ground motion direction on the response of engineering structure

Due to the randomness of earthquake wave magnitude and direction, and the uncertain direction of strong axis and weak axis in the construction of engineering structures, the effect of the direction of ground motion on a structure are studied herein. Ground motion records usually contain three vertical ground motion data, which are obtained by sensors arranged in accordance with the EW （East -West） direction, NS （South- North） direction and perpendicular to the surface （z） direction, referring to the construction standard of seismic stations. The seismic records in the EW and NS directions are converted to Cartesian coordinates in accordance with the rotation of θ = 0°-180°, and consequently, a countless group of new ground motion time histories are obtained. Then, the characteristics of the ground motion time history and response spectrum of each group were studied, resulting in the following observations： （1） the peak and phase of ground motion are changed with the rotation of direction θ, so that the direction θ of the maximum peak ground motion can be determined; （2） response spectrum values of each group of ground motions change along with the direction θ, and their peak, predominant period and declining curve are also different as the changes occur; then, the angle θ in the direction of the maximum peak value or the widest predominant period can be determined; and （3） the seismic response of structures with different directions of ground motion inputs has been analyzed under the same earthquake record, and the results show the difference. For some ground motion records, such as the Taft seismic wave, these differences are significant. Next, the Lushan middle school gymnasium structure was analyzed and the calculation was checked using the proposed method, where the internal force of the upper space truss varied from 25% to 28%. The research results presented herein can be used for reference in choosing the ground motion when checking the actual damage to structures following earthquakes and explaining the seismic damage. Meanwhile, it also provides a reference value for research into the most severe ground motion.

The effects of torsional ground motion on thin cylindric shell structures

The effects of torsional component of earthquake ground motion on thin cylindric shell structures were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively.The results show that the contributions of torsional component to structural response are related to the height,the radius-to-height ratio,and the stiffness of the structure.The structural response caused by torsional component can not be neglected for the containment structure of nuclear power plant and the industrial oil tank.

Seismic Responses of Asymmetric Base-Isolated Structures under Near-Fault Ground Motion

An inter-story shear model of asymmetric base-isolated structures incorporating deformation of each isolation bearing was built, and a method to simultaneously simulate bi-directional near-fault and far-field ground motions was proposed. A comparative study on the dynamic responses of asymmetric base-isolated structures under near-fault and far-field ground motions were conducted to investigate the effects of eccentricity in the isolation system and in the superstructures, the ratio of the uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency of the superstructure and the pulse period of near-fault ground motions on the nonlinear seismic response of asymmetric base-isolated structures. Numerical results show that eccentricity in the isolation system makes asymmetric base-isolated structure more sensitive to near-fault ground motions, and the pulse period of near-fault ground motions plays an import role in governing the seismic responses of asymmetric base-isolated structures.