The emergence of various technologies such as terahertz communications,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(RIS),and AI-powered communication services will burden network operators with rising infrastructure costs.Rece...The emergence of various technologies such as terahertz communications,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(RIS),and AI-powered communication services will burden network operators with rising infrastructure costs.Recently,the Open Radio Access Network(O-RAN)has been introduced as a solution for growing financial and operational burdens in Beyond 5G(B5G)and 6G networks.O-RAN promotes openness and intelligence to overcome the limitations of traditional RANs.By disaggregating conventional Base Band Units(BBUs)into O-RAN Distributed Units(O-DU)and O-RAN Centralized Units(O-CU),O-RAN offers greater flexibility for upgrades and network automation.However,this openness introduces new security challenges compared to traditional RANs.Many existing studies overlook these security requirements of the O-RAN networks.To gain deeper insights into the O-RAN system and security,this paper first provides an overview of the general O-RAN architecture and its diverse use cases relevant to B5G and 6G applications.We then delve into specifications of O-RAN security threats and requirements,aiming to mitigate security vulnerabilities effectively.By providing a comprehensive understanding of O-RAN architecture,use cases,and security considerations,thisworkserves as a valuable resource for future research in O-RAN and its security.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human cystic echinococcosis(CE)is a life-threatening zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus granulosus(sensu lato).Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world.The c...BACKGROUND Human cystic echinococcosis(CE)is a life-threatening zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus granulosus(sensu lato).Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world.The coexistence of CE and HCC is exceedingly rare,and only several well-documented cases have been reported.In addition to this coexistence,there is no report of the coexistence of CE,HCC,and liver abscess to date.Herein,we aimed to report a case of coexistence of liver abscess,hepatic CE,and HCC.CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old herdsman presented to the department of interventional therapy with jaundice,right upper abdominal distension and pain for 10 d.Laboratory test showed that he had positive results for HBsAg,HBeAb,HBcAb,and echino-coccosis IgG antibody.The test also showed an increased level of alpha fetopro-tein of 3400 ng/mL.An abdominal computed tomography(CT)scan revealed an uneven enhanced lesion of the liver at the arterial phase with enhancement and was located S4/8 segment of the liver.In addition,CT scan also revealed a mass in the S6 segment of the liver with a thick calcified wall and according to current guideline and medical images,the diagnoses of hepatic CE(CE4 subtype)and HCC were established.Initially,transarterial chemoembolization was performed for HCC.In the follow-up,liver abscess occurred in addition to CE and HCC;thus,percutaneous liver puncture drainage was performed.In the next follow-up,CE and HCC were stable.The liver abscess was completely resolved,and the patient was discharged with no evidence of recurrence.CONCLUSION This is the first reported case on the coexistence of liver abscess,hepatic CE,and HCC.Individualized treatment and multidisciplinary discussions should be performed in this setting.Therefore,treatment and diagnosis should be based on the characteristics of liver abscess,hepatic CE,and HCC,and in future clinical work,it is necessary to be aware of the possibility of this complex composition of liver diseases.展开更多
Four challenging and unusual retinal cases:(I)11-year follow-up for retinal hemangioblastoma with von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)disease;(II)treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)-observation,half does photodynami...Four challenging and unusual retinal cases:(I)11-year follow-up for retinal hemangioblastoma with von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)disease;(II)treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)-observation,half does photodynamic therapy(PDT)or micropulse laser photocoagulation;(III)diagnosis and treatment for a child with optic nerve defect;(IV)the optional treatment for retinal detachment(RD)with iridolenticular choroidal coloboma,were presented and discussed by three international retinal specialists at a retinal clinical round in Fundus Diseases Center of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center(ZOC).The discussion helps us a better understanding of the pathogenesis and managements of these four retinal diseases and their association with systemic conditions.展开更多
基金supported by the Research Program funded by the SeoulTech(Seoul National University of Science and Technology).
文摘The emergence of various technologies such as terahertz communications,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(RIS),and AI-powered communication services will burden network operators with rising infrastructure costs.Recently,the Open Radio Access Network(O-RAN)has been introduced as a solution for growing financial and operational burdens in Beyond 5G(B5G)and 6G networks.O-RAN promotes openness and intelligence to overcome the limitations of traditional RANs.By disaggregating conventional Base Band Units(BBUs)into O-RAN Distributed Units(O-DU)and O-RAN Centralized Units(O-CU),O-RAN offers greater flexibility for upgrades and network automation.However,this openness introduces new security challenges compared to traditional RANs.Many existing studies overlook these security requirements of the O-RAN networks.To gain deeper insights into the O-RAN system and security,this paper first provides an overview of the general O-RAN architecture and its diverse use cases relevant to B5G and 6G applications.We then delve into specifications of O-RAN security threats and requirements,aiming to mitigate security vulnerabilities effectively.By providing a comprehensive understanding of O-RAN architecture,use cases,and security considerations,thisworkserves as a valuable resource for future research in O-RAN and its security.
文摘BACKGROUND Human cystic echinococcosis(CE)is a life-threatening zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus granulosus(sensu lato).Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world.The coexistence of CE and HCC is exceedingly rare,and only several well-documented cases have been reported.In addition to this coexistence,there is no report of the coexistence of CE,HCC,and liver abscess to date.Herein,we aimed to report a case of coexistence of liver abscess,hepatic CE,and HCC.CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old herdsman presented to the department of interventional therapy with jaundice,right upper abdominal distension and pain for 10 d.Laboratory test showed that he had positive results for HBsAg,HBeAb,HBcAb,and echino-coccosis IgG antibody.The test also showed an increased level of alpha fetopro-tein of 3400 ng/mL.An abdominal computed tomography(CT)scan revealed an uneven enhanced lesion of the liver at the arterial phase with enhancement and was located S4/8 segment of the liver.In addition,CT scan also revealed a mass in the S6 segment of the liver with a thick calcified wall and according to current guideline and medical images,the diagnoses of hepatic CE(CE4 subtype)and HCC were established.Initially,transarterial chemoembolization was performed for HCC.In the follow-up,liver abscess occurred in addition to CE and HCC;thus,percutaneous liver puncture drainage was performed.In the next follow-up,CE and HCC were stable.The liver abscess was completely resolved,and the patient was discharged with no evidence of recurrence.CONCLUSION This is the first reported case on the coexistence of liver abscess,hepatic CE,and HCC.Individualized treatment and multidisciplinary discussions should be performed in this setting.Therefore,treatment and diagnosis should be based on the characteristics of liver abscess,hepatic CE,and HCC,and in future clinical work,it is necessary to be aware of the possibility of this complex composition of liver diseases.
文摘Four challenging and unusual retinal cases:(I)11-year follow-up for retinal hemangioblastoma with von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)disease;(II)treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)-observation,half does photodynamic therapy(PDT)or micropulse laser photocoagulation;(III)diagnosis and treatment for a child with optic nerve defect;(IV)the optional treatment for retinal detachment(RD)with iridolenticular choroidal coloboma,were presented and discussed by three international retinal specialists at a retinal clinical round in Fundus Diseases Center of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center(ZOC).The discussion helps us a better understanding of the pathogenesis and managements of these four retinal diseases and their association with systemic conditions.
