Are we ready to use new endoscopic scores for ulcerative colitis?

For ulcerative colitis(UC),the variability in inflammatory activity along the colon poses a challenge in management.The focus on achieving endoscopic healing in UC is evident,where the UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and Mayo Endoscopic Subscore are commonly used for evaluation.However,these indices primarily consider the most severely affected region.Liu et al recent study validates the Toronto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Global Endoscopic Reporting(TIGER)score offering a comprehensive assessment of inflammatory activity across diverse segments of the colon and rectum and a reliable index correlating strongly with UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and moderately with Mayo Endoscopic Subscore(MES).Despite recommendation,certain aspects warrant further invest-igation.Fecal calprotectin,an intermediate target,correlates with TIGER and should be explored.Determining TIGER scores defining endoscopic remission and response,evaluating agreement with histological activity,and assessing inter-endoscopist agreement for TIGER require scrutiny.Exploring the correlation between TIGER and intestinal ultrasound,akin to MES,adds value.

Fecal calprotectin and endoscopic scores: The cornerstones in clinical practice for evaluating mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease

Managing inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is becoming increasingly complex and personalized,considering the advent of new advanced therapies with distinct mechanisms of action.Achieving mucosal healing(MH)is a pivotal therapeutic goal in IBD management and can prevent IBD progression and reduce flares,hospitalization,surgery,intestinal damage,and colorectal cancer.Employing proactive disease and therapy assessment is essential to achieve better control of intestinal inflammation,even if subclinical,to alter the natural course of IBD.Periodic monitoring of fecal calprotectin(FC)levels and interval endoscopic evaluations are cornerstones for evaluating response/remission to advanced therapies targeting IBD,assessing MH,and detecting subclinical recurrence.Here,we comment on the article by Ishida et al Moreover,this editorial aimed to review the role of FC and endoscopic scores in predicting MH in patients with IBD.Furthermore,we intend to present some evidence on the role of these markers in future targets,such as histological and transmural healing.Additional prospective multicenter studies with a stricter MH criterion,standardized endoscopic and histopathological analyses,and virtual chromoscopy,potentially including artificial intelligence and other biomarkers,are desired.

The Influence of Programming Learning on Mathematics Scores of Middle School Students

Programming teaching plays an important role in improving students’computational thinking and practice.However,due to the fact that programming has not been included in the entrance examination,the rate of having programming lessons in primary and secondary schools is low.At present,there is still a lack of empirical research on how programming affects the performance of other subjects.This paper studies the influence of programming on students’mathematics achievement for the students of an experimental middle school.The results show that programming has a significant impact on students’math scores,and the students who had not learned code were more likely to show a significant decline in math scores.In addition,learning programming makes it easier for middle-grade students to improve their math scores.

Analysis of College Students’ Test Scores Based on Two-Component Mixed Generalized Normal Distribution

In order to improve the fitting accuracy of college students’ test scores, this paper proposes two-component mixed generalized normal distribution, uses maximum likelihood estimation method and Expectation Conditional Maxinnization (ECM) algorithm to estimate parameters and conduct numerical simulation, and performs fitting analysis on the test scores of Linear Algebra and Advanced Mathematics of F University. The empirical results show that the two-component mixed generalized normal distribution is better than the commonly used two-component mixed normal distribution in fitting college students’ test data, and has good application value.

The Relation ship between Foreign Language Anxiety and PRETCO-B Scores of Higher Vocational College Students

Higher vocational college students are suffering foreign language anxiety in their English learning. Actually, negative cor-relation exists between foreign language anxiety and PRETCO-B scores. Foreign language anxiety debilitates English learning.It ishoped that the finding will be of value to the English teaching and learning in higher vocational colleges.

Relationship between English Leaming Motivation and SCET-3 Scores of Non-English Major Students in CDSI

Motivation is considered an important factor for non-English major students in their language learning. In the study, questionnaires and interviews were used to explore the relationship between learning motivations of CDSI （Chengdu Sport Institute）＇s non-English major students and their test scores in SCET-3 （Sichuan English Test-level 3）. The results found that in general non-English major students＇ motivation is not high with no significant gender differences; their learning motivation shows some correlation with their vocabulary level; their external motivation has more impact on the non-English major students. Therefore, language learning motivation has a positive relation with students＇ English learning achievement. Considering the characteristics of the non-English major students, suggestions on English teaching methods are made to stimulate students＇ learning motivation and cultivate their learning strategies, so as to improve the quality of English teaching and students＇ English level.

Garg incontinence scores: New scoring system on the horizon to evaluate fecal incontinence. Will it make a difference?

The main aim of this opinion review is to comment on the recent article published by Garg et al in the World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023;29:4593–4603.The authors in the published article developed a new scoring system,Garg incon-tinence scores(GIS),for fecal incontinence(FI).FI is a chronic debilitating disease that has a severe negative impact on the quality of life of the patients.Rome IV criteria define FI as multiple episodes of solid or liquid stool passed into the clothes at least twice a month.The associated social stigmatization often leads to significant under-reporting of the condition,which further impairs management.An important point is that the complexity and vagueness of the disease make it difficult for the patients to properly define and report the magnitude of the problem to their physicians.Due to this,the management becomes even more difficult.This issue is resolved up to a considerable extent by a scoring ques-tionnaire.There were several scoring systems in use for the last three decades.The prominent of them were the Cleveland Clinic scoring system or the Wexner scoring system,St.Marks Hospital or Vaizey’s scores,and the FI severity index.However,there were several shortcomings in these scoring systems.In the opinion review,we tried to analyze the strength of GIS and compare it to the existing scoring systems.The main pitfalls in the existing scoring systems were that most of them gave equal weightage to different types of FI(solid,liquid,flatus,etc.),were not comprehensive,and took only the surgeon’s perception of FI into view.In GIS,almost all shortcomings of previous scoring systems had been addressed:different weights were assigned to different types of FI by a robust statistical methodology;the scoring system was made comprehensive by including all types of FI that were previously omitted(urge,stress and mucus FI)and gave priority to patients’rather than the physicians’perceptions while developing the scoring system.Due to this,GIS indeed looked like a paradigm shift in the evaluation of FI.However,it is too early to conclude this,as GIS needs to be validated for accuracy and simplicity in future studies.

Comparing 11 early warning scores and three shock indices in early sepsis prediction in the emergency department

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to evaluate the discriminatory performance of 11 vital sign-based early warning scores(EWSs)and three shock indices in early sepsis prediction in the emergency department(ED).METHODS:We performed a retrospective study on consecutive adult patients with an infection over 3 months in a public ED in Hong Kong.The primary outcome was sepsis(Sepsis-3 definition)within 48 h of ED presentation.Using c-statistics and the DeLong test,we compared 11 EWSs,including the National Early Warning Score 2(NEWS2),Modified Early Warning Score,and Worthing Physiological Scoring System(WPS),etc.,and three shock indices(the shock index[SI],modified shock index[MSI],and diastolic shock index[DSI]),with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome(SIRS)and quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(qSOFA)in predicting the primary outcome,intensive care unit admission,and mortality at different time points.RESULTS:We analyzed 601 patients,of whom 166(27.6%)developed sepsis.NEWS2 had the highest point estimate(area under the receiver operating characteristic curve[AUROC]0.75,95%CI 0.70-0.79)and was significantly better than SIRS,qSOFA,other EWSs and shock indices,except WPS,at predicting the primary outcome.However,the pooled sensitivity and specificity of NEWS2≥5 for the prediction of sepsis were 0.45(95%CI 0.37-0.52)and 0.88(95%CI 0.85-0.91),respectively.The discriminatory performance of all EWSs and shock indices declined when used to predict mortality at a more remote time point.CONCLUSION:NEWS2 compared favorably with other EWSs and shock indices in early sepsis prediction but its low sensitivity at the usual cut-off point requires further modification for sepsis screening.

Three predictive scores compared in a retrospective multicenter study of nonunion tibial shaft fracture

BACKGROUND Delayed union,malunion,and nonunion are serious complications in the healing of fractures.Predicting the risk of nonunion before or after surgery is challenging.AIM To compare the most prevalent predictive scores of nonunion used in clinical practice to determine the most accurate score for predicting nonunion.METHODS We collected data from patients with tibial shaft fractures undergoing surgery from January 2016 to December 2020 in three different trauma hospitals.In this retrospective multicenter study,we considered only fractures treated with intramedullary nailing.We calculated the tibia FRACTure prediction healING days(FRACTING)score,Nonunion Risk Determination score,and Leeds-Genoa Nonunion Index(LEG-NUI)score at the time of definitive fixation.RESULTS Of the 130 patients enrolled,89(68.4%)healed within 9 months and were classified as union.The remaining patients(n=41,31.5%)healed after more than 9 months or underwent other surgical procedures and were classified as nonunion.After calculation of the three scores,LEG-NUI and FRACTING were the most accurate at predicting healing.CONCLUSION LEG-NUI and FRACTING showed the best performances by accurately predicting union and nonunion.

Effects of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores on ankylosing spondylitis patients with sleep disorder

BACKGROUND Patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)frequently suffer from comorbid sleep disorders,exacerbating the burden of the disease and affecting their quality of life.AIM To investigate the clinical significance of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores in patients with AS complicated by sleep disorders.METHODS A total of 106 AS patients with comorbid sleep disorders were included in the study.The patients were grouped into the desirable and undesirable prognosis groups in accordance with their clinical outcomes.The serum levels of inflammatory factors,including C-reactive protein,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,interleukin(IL)-6,tumour necrosis factor-αand IL-1β,were measured.Disease activity scores,such as the Bath AS functional index,Bath AS disease activity index,Bath AS metrology index and AS disease activity score,were assessed.The health index was obtained through the Short Form-36 questionnaire.RESULTS The study found significant associations amongst serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores in AS patients with comorbid sleep disorders.Positive correlations were found between serum inflammatory factors and disease activity scores,indicating the influence of heightened systemic inflammation on disease severity and functional impairment.Conversely,negative correlations were found between disease activity scores and health index parameters,highlighting the effect of disease activity on various aspects of healthrelated quality of life.Logistic regression analysis further confirmed the predictive value of these factors on patient outcomes,underscoring their potential utility in risk assessment and prognostication.CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the intricate interplay amongst disease activity,systemic inflammation and patientreported health outcomes in AS patients complicated by sleep disorders.The results emphasise the need for comprehensive care strategies that address the diverse needs and challenges faced by these patients and underscore the potential relevance of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores as prognostic markers in this patient population.

Clinical prediction scores predicting weaning failure from invasive mechanical ventilation:Role and limitations

Invasive mechanical ventilation(IMV)has become integral to modern-day critical care.Even though critically ill patients frequently require IMV support,weaning from IMV remains an arduous task,with the reported weaning failure(WF)rates being as high as 50%.Optimizing the timing for weaning may aid in reducing time spent on the ventilator,associated adverse effects,patient discomfort,and medical care costs.Since weaning is a complex process and WF is often multifactorial,several weaning scores have been developed to predict WF and aid decision-making.These scores are based on the patient's physiological and ventilatory parameters,but each has limitations.This review highlights the current role and limitations of the various clinical prediction scores available to predict WF.

Work Ability Index and Work Ability Score: A Comparation between both Scores in a Persistent COVID-19 Cohort

Aims: The present study aims to compare the assessment of work ability based on the use of the Work Ability Index (WAI) with another questionnaire base only on the use of WAI’s first item, termed as the “Work Ability Score” (WAS). Study design: A cohort of 384 Spanish workers included in a Post COVID-19 condition or persistent COVID-19 multicenter research was utilized. Place and Duration of Study: This cohort was enlisted in four hospitals (Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid;Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Andalucía;Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid and Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Castilla y León), since 2021 until 2022. Methodology: 384 Spanish workers (176 men and 208 women;aged 20 to 70 years) with Post COVID-19 condition or persistent COVID-19 were included. Descriptive analysis of primary scores was conducted. Given the non-normal distribution of data, the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed. Spearman and Kendall correlations were employed to assess the relationship between WAI and WAS, also used weighted Kappa to estimate the degree agreement between WAI and WAS. Logistic regression models were utilized to study determinants influencing WAI and WAS, categorized as poor or moderate. Results: WAI had an average score of 32.98 (SD = 10.28), whereas WAS had an average of 5.95 (SD = 2.77). Significant differences were observed in both WAI and WAS across the same variables. Strong and statistically significant correlations were evident between WAI and WAS (rs = 0.83, p < 0.001). All the variables used in the logistic regression model (gender, the sector employment, and previous chronic diseases) were statistically significant in both questionnaires. Conclusion: WAS questionnaire could be used as a tool for reliable assessment of work ability among Spanish workers with Post COVID-19 condition or Persistent CO-VID-19.

Risk scores for allograft failure: Are they still useful in liver recipients from donation after circulatory death?

BACKGROUND Liver grafts from donation after circulatory death(DCD)are associated with a higher risk of early graft dysfunction,determined by the warm ischemia and cold ischemia times.It is essential to have precise criteria to identify this complication in order to guide therapeutic strategies.AIM To validate different graft and recipient survival scores in patients undergoing liver transplantation(LT)with DCD grafts.METHODS A retrospective and observational unicentric study was conducted on 65 LT patients with grafts obtained from controlled DCD donors from November 2013 to November 2022.The United Kingdom(UK)risk score,early allograft dysfunction(EAD)Olthoff score,and model for early allograft function(MEAF)score were used to evaluate the risk of graft and recipient survival post-transplant.For survival analysis purposes,we used the Kaplan-Meier method,and the differences between subgroups were compared using the log-rank(Mantel-Cox)test.RESULTS Sixty-five patients were included in the study.The UK risk score did not demonstrate predictive capacity for recipient or graft survival.However,in donors aged over 70 years old(18.4%),it significantly predicted graft survival(P<0.05).According to Kaplan-Meier survival curves,graft survival rates at 6 months,2 years,and 5 years in the futility group dramatically decreased to 50%compared to the other groups(log-rank 8.806,P<0.05).The EAD Olthoff and MEAF scores did not demonstrate predictive capacity for recipient or graft survival.Based on Kaplan-Meier survival curves,patients with a MEAF score≥7 had a lower graft survival rate at 6 months,2 years,and 5 years compared to patients with a lower MEAF score(log-rank 4.667,P<0.05).CONCLUSION In our series,both UK DCD risk score and MEAF score showed predictive capability for graft survival.

Evaluation of the Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Toddlers with Spinal Dysraphism after Surgical Repair Using ASQ-3™ Scores

Background: Spinal dysraphism represents a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities of the spine. Myelomeningocele is considered the most common malformation and the most common we saw in our community, with its morbidity problems seen commonly in the postoperative period. ASQ-3TM Scores are the ages and stages questionnaire, third edition, and represent a tool to assess the development progress, especially in toddlers. Objectives: Evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcome among Sudanese toddlers with spinal dysraphism after surgical closure with or without a VP shunt using ASQ-3TM Scores. Methodology: This is a retrospective hospital-based study of 84 patients who underwent myelomeningocele repair at the National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS) during the period from 2017 up to 2019. Data were collected through a constructed questionnaire, including ASQ-3TM Scores. Data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Version 25. Results: 84 patients were included in this study;all patients were diagnosed with spinal dysraphism. Out of them, 51 (60.7%) were 2 years old, 33 (39.3%) were 3 years old, 45 (53.6%) were male, 45 (53.6%) of patients mothers attended ANC irregularly, and 54 (64.3%) their mothers didn’t receive folate supplements. 44 (52.3%) of patients underwent MMC repair only, while 40 (47.7%) underwent MMC repair and VP shunt. The commonest postoperative complication was infection, reported in 12 (14.3%) of patients, followed by VP shunt revision in 9 (10.7%) of patients. Neurological assessment showed that the majority of patients need further assessment with a professional, 57 (67.9%) of children don’t walk, run, or climb like other toddlers as their parent’s state;also, half of patients (42, 50%) had medical problems, and 27 (32.1%) of their parent’s state that they do not talk like other toddlers their age. There was a statistically significant association between post-operative complications and communication development, problem-solving development, and personal social development (P value = 0.05), and a statistically significant association was found between age at repair and neurological development (P value = 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of patients had motor deficiency (particularly gross motor) and poor personal and social skills. Age at repair and postoperative complications significantly influenced the neurological development.

Impact of Nursing Interventions Based on Self- Efficacy Theory on HAMA and HAMD Scores in Patients with Hepatitis B Cirrhosis

Objective:To explore the effect of nursing interventions based on self-efficacy theory guidance on psychological stress indicators in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.Methods:70 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis from October 2023 to May 2024 were selected and grouped by random number table.The observation group received nursing intervention based on self-efficacy theory,while the control group received routine nursing.The differences in psychological stress indicators,self-efficacy indicators,and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results:Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HAMA)and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD)scores of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05);Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale(CDSES)scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05);and nursing satisfaction scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Hepatitis B cirrhosis patients receiving nursing care based on self-efficacy theory can stimulate patients'self-efficacy,calm their emotions,and their overall satisfaction is high.

止血带在导航系统下行全膝关节置换的应用时机选择:一项单中心、回顾性分析

背景:传统全膝关节置换过程中应用止血带的时机已有明确报道,随着关节相关技术不断精进,导航系统下全膝关节置换应用止血带的时机却鲜有报道。目的:评估采用全程与半程止血带对Brainlab导航系统下行全膝关节置换疗效的影响。方法:回顾性分析2022年1-12月在河北省沧州中西医结合医院行导航系统下全膝关节置换患者的资料,选择符合条件的145例患者进行分析,按松开止血带时机分为全程组(n=71)和半程组(n=74)。收集患者一般资料、围术期情况、术后膝关节周围肿胀情况、下肢深静脉血栓发生情况、目测类比评分、美国特种外科医院膝关节评分和关节遗忘评分,评估膝关节功能并进行比较。结果与结论:①与半程组相比,全程组患者的手术时间更短、下肢深静脉血栓发生率更高、术后膝关节肿胀情况更重(P<0.001,P=0.027,P<0.001),术中出血量更少(P<0.001),但隐匿性失血量更多(P<0.001),且差异有显著性意义;②术后1周时,全程组目测类比评分高于半程组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.001);③术后3个月、6个月、1年两组关节遗忘评分相比,差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);④提示采用导航系统行全膝关节置换的患者中,半程使用止血带隐匿性失血量少、术后患肢肿胀程度及下肢深静脉血栓发生率低,膝关节功能恢复更快。

新型局部浸润麻醉应用于人工全膝关节置换的早期效果评估

背景:全膝关节置换后患者会经历明显的疼痛,这对功能恢复存在负面影响,探索并寻求有效的镇痛手段具有重要的临床价值。目的:为探求全膝关节置换患者有效的围术期镇痛策略,首次提出了一种由吗啡、氟比洛芬酯和复方倍他米松配置而成的新型局部浸润麻醉制剂,同时探讨该方案的有效性及安全性。方法:对2023年11月至2024年4月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院关节外科接受初次单侧全膝关节置换60例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据置换过程中是否使用局部浸润麻醉将患者分为对照组与研究组,每组30例。研究组在全膝关节置换过程中关节腔周围注射吗啡、氟比洛芬酯及复方倍他米松配置而成的局部浸润麻醉制剂,而对照组术中未使用任何镇痛药物作为空白对照。记录并比较两组患者在术后不同时间节点的疼痛目测类比评分、膝关节活动度、膝关节学会评分、术后膝关节肿胀程度及术后并发症的发生情况。结果与结论:①与对照组相比,研究组患者置换后6,12及24 h的疼痛目测类比评分更低,差异有显著性意义(Z=-2.367,-2.906,-4.199,P<0.05);但在术后48,72 h,两组患者的疼痛目测类比评分并无显著性差异(Z=-1.287,-1.478,P>0.05);②置换后第3天,研究组患者的膝关节活动度和膝关节学会评分均优于对照组,差异有显著性意义(t=-2.519,-8.027,P<0.05);③研究组患者术后的膝关节肿胀程度轻于对照组,差异有显著性意义(Z=-2.818,P<0.05);④在术后早期,两组患者的发热发生率相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),两组均未发生切口愈合不良及假体周围感染;⑤结果表明:在全膝关节置换过程中应用由吗啡、氟比洛芬酯及复方倍他米松组成的局部浸润麻醉制剂,可以明显减轻患者术后早期疼痛,并显示出较高的安全性,但仍需大样本的前瞻性研究提供数据支持。

不同剂量替格瑞洛治疗ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的有效性和安全性:基于倾向性评分匹配

背景双联抗血小板治疗是接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者治疗的基础。阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛是STEMI患者抗血小板治疗的首选方案,与氯吡格雷相比,其能够更快、更有效地抑制血小板,并改善预后。但是尚缺乏在接受PPCI治疗的STEMI患者中应用减量替格瑞洛的研究。目的基于倾向性评分匹配(PSM)的方法,对比分析不同剂量替格瑞洛治疗STEMI患者的有效性和安全性。方法连续选取2019年6月—2021年5月在河北医科大学第二医院心血管内五科行PPCI并接受替格瑞洛治疗的STEMI患者为研究对象。根据应用替格瑞洛的维持剂量将患者分为减量组(60例:替格瑞洛60 mg/次,2次/d)和标准组(180例:替格瑞洛90 mg/次,2次/d)。采用PSM法对两组患者进行1∶1匹配,匹配变量包括性别、年龄、既往病史、入院时Killip分级和介入治疗相关参数等,最终减量组和标准组各纳入54例患者。分别于出院1、3、6个月时,对两组患者进行随访,记录和比较两组患者血小板功能相关参数和临床事件的发生情况。结果PSM后两组患者基线资料、介入治疗参数和住院期间主要不良心血管事件发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。基线时,两组患者血小板计数(PLT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);减量组患者血小板聚集率(PAR)低于标准组(P<0.05)。出院时,减量组患者MPV高于标准组,PDW低于标准组(P<0.05)。出院1个月时,两组患者PLT、MPV、PDW、PAR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。出院3个月时,减量组患者PDW高于标准组(P<0.05)。出院6个月时,减量组患者MPV高于标准组(P<0.05)。减量组患者出院前后PLT、PAR比较,标准组患者出院前后PLT、PDW比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。减量组、标准组患者出院时MPV高于基线,减量组患者出院时PDW低于基线,标准组患者出院时PAR低于基线(P<0.05)。减量组患者出院1、3、6个月MPV低于出院时,PDW高于出院时(P<0.05);标准组患者1、3、6个月PAR低于基线,高于出院时(P<0.05)。两组患者随访期间主要不良心血管事件、严重出血事件发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在接受PPCI的STEMI患者中替格瑞洛60 mg治疗是安全有效的。

有限元分析冠状动脉新型刻痕球囊的安全性及有效性

背景:目前临床上使用的冠状动脉介入预扩张球囊主要是传统的高压球囊、乳突球囊等,它们在病变血管中可能会出现滑脱进而擦伤血管的情况。目的:评估新型旋刻球囊在血管扩张中的安全性及有效性。方法:(1)有限元分析:通过采集相关人体组织数据建立血管三维有限元模型,随后建立乳突球囊植入血管三维有限元模型与旋刻球囊植入血管三维有限元模型,分析不同充气压下球囊扩张时的血管应力、血管位移、球囊应力、球囊位移。(2)动物实验:将8只新西兰大耳兔随机分成2组,在髂动脉中分别植入乳突球囊与旋刻球囊进行扩张,每组4只。球囊撤出后取材,苏木精-伊红染色与透射电镜观察血管损伤情况。结果与结论:(1)有限元分析:两种球囊的弹力性质无明显差异,在相同充气压下,乳突球囊组血管应力、血管位移、球囊应力、球囊位移均远远大于旋刻球囊组,并且各指标的均匀性优于旋刻球囊组;随着充气压的增加,乳突球囊组血管应力、血管位移、球囊应力、球囊位移增加幅度远远大于旋刻球囊组。(2)动物实验:苏木精-伊红染色与透射电镜观察显示,旋刻球囊扩张造成的血管损伤只局限在内膜,而乳突球囊扩张造成的血管损伤比较严重,内膜、中膜损伤严重,部分节段可以看到血肿形成,血管周围的炎性细胞较多,局部可见有巨噬细胞堆积。(3)结果表明:相较于乳突球囊扩张,旋刻球囊扩张造成血管闭塞以及夹层的风险较小,但有一定出现球囊弯曲的概率。

A Study on English Vocabulary Learning Strategies of College Students

The present study attempts to investigate Chinese non-English majors' vocabulary learning strategies.The descriptive statistics is carried out on the learners' vocabulary learning strategies;a correlational study is conducted between the students' vocabulary learning strategies and their vocabulary test scores.The result shows that students still prefer to learn vocabulary through the traditional way and that the dictionary strategies and rehearsal strategies are negatively related to vocabulary test scores,while all the other five categories are positively related to them.The pedagogical implications of this study are suggested for college teachers' instructions of vocabulary learning strategies.