Impact of cattle density on the structure and natural regeneration of a turkey oak stand on an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy

On an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy where Maremmana cattle graze in Turkey oak forests,we evaluated the impact of different livestock densities on stand structure,tree diversity and natural regeneration in four types of grazed areas based on the grazing regime adopted:calf-grazed,high-intensity-grazed,low-intensity-grazed,ungrazed control.For each area,we set up three permanent circular plots(radius of 15 m)to survey the structural and dasometric characteristics of the overstorey,understorey,and regeneration layer.The results showed that grazing negatively affected the complexity of the forest structure and its potential to regenerate and maintain a high level of biodiversity.The differences in stand structure observed between the grazing areas were closely related to livestock density.The most sensitive components of the system were the understorey and the regeneration layers.Contrarily,the current grazing management did not affect the dominant tree structure or its composition.Our findings identified medium-term monitoring and regeneration management as the two significant aspects to consider when assessing sustainable livestock.New forests can be established by excluding graz-ing for about 20–25 years.

Soil properties and not plant factors affect both abundant and rare microbial taxa after thinning in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu

Thinning is an effective management step for sustainable forest development,yet less attention is paid to the restoration of soil microbiota after thinning.In this study,both abundant and rare soil microbial communities(i.e.,bacterial,fungal),were evaluated under various thinning treatments in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu using Mi Seq sequencing.Thinning did not significantly change either abundant or rare bacterial and fungal community composition,but affected their alpha diversity.The Shannon–Wiener indexes of rare fungal taxa under medium thinning were significantly lower than in the light thinning(P<0.05 level).Xanthobacteraceae dominated the abundant bacterial taxa,and Saitozyma and Mortierlla the abundant fungal taxa.The most common rare bacterial taxa varied;there was no prevalent rare fungal taxa under different thinnings.In addition,soil available nitrogen,total phosphorus,and p H had significant effects on rare bacterial taxa.Nutrients,especially available phosphorus,but not nitrogen,affected abundant and rare soil fungi.The results indicate that soil properties rather than plant factors affect abundant and rare microbial communities in soils of mixed stands.Thinning,through mediating soil properties,influences both abundant and rare bacterial and fungal communities in the mixed C.lanceolata and S.tzumu stand.

Simulation of Haloxylon Ammodendron Stand Basic Diameter Structure Based on Fuzzy Distribution Function

Based on the investigation data of 12 Haloxylon ammodendron plots in the south edge of Gurbantunggut Desert, Fuzzy distribution was introduced into the study of Haloxylon ammodendron base diameter structure fitting according to the consistency between the characteristics of Fuzzy distribution function and the distribution series of cumulative percentage of stand base diameter, and the fitting precision and effect of Fuzzy distribution function were discussed. The root mean square error RMSE and determination coefficient R2 values showed that Fuzzy-Γ1, Fuzzy-Γ2, Fuzzy-Γ3, Fuzzy-Γ4 had good fitting performance, among which Fuzzy-Γ1 had relatively high fitting precision, and its parameters were closely related to stand age and density, Fuzzy-Γ2 distribution function was the second, and Fuzzy-Γ4 distribution function had the worst fitting effect. By introducing a parameter c from the similarity of four distribution function formulas, a generalized Fuzzy distribution function Fuzzy-Γ5 is obtained. This function shows the highest fitting accuracy. Most of the values of parameter c are near 1 or 2, which shows that the diameter distribution is mainly approximate to Fuzzy-Γ1 and Fuzzy-Γ2.

The effects of data aggregation on long-term projections of forest stands development

Forest management planning often relies on Airborne Laser Scanning(ALS)-based Forest Management Inventories(FMIs)for sustainable and efficient decision-making.Employing the area-based(ABA)approach,these inventories estimate forest characteristics for grid cell areas(pixels),which are then usually summarized at the stand level.Using the ALS-based high-resolution Norwegian Forest Resource Maps(16 m×16 m pixel resolution)alongside with stand-level growth and yield models,this study explores the impact of three levels of pixel aggregation(standlevel,stand-level with species strata,and pixel-level)on projected stand development.The results indicate significant differences in the projected outputs based on the aggregation level.Notably,the most substantial difference in estimated volume occurred between stand-level and pixel-level aggregation,ranging from-301 to+253 m^(3)·ha^(-1)for single stands.The differences were,on average,higher for broadleaves than for spruce and pine dominated stands,and for mixed stands and stands with higher variability than for pure and homogenous stands.In conclusion,this research underscores the critical role of input data resolution in forest planning and management,emphasizing the need for improved data collection practices to ensure sustainable forest management.

Effects of Standing Time during Pretreatment on the Nitrite Concentration Detected by Spectrophotometric Method

Food safety problems caused by excessive nitrite addition have been frequently reported and the detection of nitrite in food is particularly important. The standing time during the pretreatment of primary sample has a great influence on the concentration of nitrite tested by spectrophotometric method. In this context, three kinds of food samples are prepared, including canned mustard, canned fish and home-made pickled water. A series of standing times are placed during the sample pretreatments and the corresponding nitrite contents in these samples are detected by spectrophotometric method based on N-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. This study aims to find out a reasonable standing time during the pretreatment of food sample, providing influence factor for precise detection of nitrite.

Existence and Stability of Standing Waves for the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Combined Nonlinearities and a Partial Harmonic Potential

In this paper, we study the existence of standing waves for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with combined power-type nonlinearities and a partial harmonic potential. In the L2-supercritical case, we obtain the existence and stability of standing waves. Our results are complements to the results of Carles and Il’yasov’s artical, where orbital stability of standing waves have been studied for the 2D Schrödinger equation with combined nonlinearities and harmonic potential.

Runoff Characteristics of Different Stands in Dongjiang Lake Reservoir Area

Different forest stands in the Dongjiang Lake Reservoir area of Zixing were selected as the research objects to study the characteristics of runoff generation in different forest stands.The results showed that there was no significant difference in annual runoff among M3,M1,and M5,and no significant difference between each forest stand and the control.The order was M3(22.75 mm)>M1(21.77 mm)>M5(20.14 mm).Forest vegetation generates less runoff through vegetation restoration compared to the control,indicating that forest vegetation reconstruction and restoration are beneficial for soil and water conservation.

Fabrication of Free Standing Nanocellulose Film via Spray Coating and its Biomedical Application: A Review

Spraying nanocellulose onto films provides a quick and scalable way to create free-standing films with exceptional consistency and customizable thickness. This method increases the application of nanocellulose films in various industries and satisfies the requirements of large-scale production. In the field of biomedicine, spray-coated free-standing nanocellulose films hold great promise for applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, device coatings, and biosensing. They are excellent nanomaterials for a variety of biomedical applications due to their special qualities, including biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, porous structure, large surface area, and adaptability. This paper reviewed the detailed exposure of the spray coating process of nanocellulose suspension onto free- standing films and its biomedical applications.

Stand-along OLIF植入3D打印解剖型融合器治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症32例临床分析

目的分析无内固定单纯斜外侧入路椎间融合术(Stand-along OLIF)植入自制3D打印解剖型融合器(3D anatomical type Cage)治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症(Degenerative lumber spinal stenosis,DLSS)的临床疗效.方法32例退变性腰椎管狭窄症患者均行Stand-along OLIF手术,并采用视觉评分表(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(oswestry disability index,ODI)、SF-36生活质量量化表评价临床疗效;术前、术后1周、术后3个月、术后6个月、术后12个月及末次随访对手术节段的前缘椎间隙高度(DH)、后缘椎间隙高度(VH)、椎间孔高度(FH)及宽度(FW)、椎管前后矢状径(APD)、椎管横截面积(CSA)等参数进行影像学对比.结果32例患者术后1周至末次随访VAS评分和ODI指数均显著降低,SF-36显著增高(P<0.05);术后1周至末次随访DH、VH、FH、FW、APD及CSA均显著提高(P<0.05).结论Stand-alone OLIF植入3D打印解剖型融合器治疗DLSS具有创伤小、术后康复快、有效改善患者临床症状的优势.

Changes in the growth of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)stands in an urban environment in European Russia since 1862

A century and a half ago,in the European part of Russia(Moscow),forest scientists established the first long-term observations of forests,many of which are under observation to the present day.In the twentieth century,climate changes and,due to industrial development,forest areas were under air pollution.Based on observations from 157 sites,this study shows that the growth and density of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)have decreased by the end of the twentieth century.The environment has changed,and the growth and development of plantations has slowed.Pine yields(-34%stand volume)and their life expectancy(on average 50 years)have decreased.These changes are critical for forestry and for the management of forests in urban centers.Due to the decline in growth,ecosystem functions by urban forests has decreased.In order to increase the sustainability of urban forests and the provision of ecosystem services,it is preferable to create multi-species stands with a complex structure.

Helical streamers guided by surface electromagnetic standing waves

The streamer that is driven by the specific pulse DC discharge parameters can stably form a three-dimensional helical plasma channel in a long dielectric tube in the low-temperature plasma experiment,in cases when there were neither external background magnetic field or other factors that destroyed the poloidal symmetry of the tube.The formation mechanism and chirality of helical streamers are discussed according to the surface electromagnetic standing wave theory.The shape of the helical streamers and the characteristics of helical branches are quantitatively analyzed to further expand the application of plasma and streamer theory in the helix problem and chiral catalytic synthesis.

Uniaxial compressive behaviour of a FRP standing support made of mine wastes

Twenty-seven specimens were tested to investigate the uniaxial compression behaviour of an innovative standing support for underground space applications.The innovative standing support consisted of an external fibre reinforced polymer(FRP)jacket and the infill column made of cementitious grout,tailings and coal wash rejects.Effects of the FRP layers number and water to the cementitious grout(w/g)ratio were evaluated.Test results indicated that lower w/g ratios produced stronger infill columns.With FRP confinement,the standing support demonstrated strain-hardening loading characteristics with a significant improvement in both strength and ductility.The highest strength and strain of the specimens achieved was 58.4 MPa and 11.8%respectively.Compared with the unconfined specimens,the confinement with four FRP layers increased the specimen strength and associated strain up to 3.6 and 27.0 times respectively.A correlation between the compressive strength of the infill material and the ultrasonic pulse velocity was also investigated.Furthermore,a simple design-oriented model was proposed to predict the peak strength and the corresponding strain of the innovative standing support.

Eff ects of stand condition and root density on fi ne-root dynamics across root functional groups in a subtropical montane forest

Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-based fi ne root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear.Here,we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment.Mean(±SE)annual production,mortality,and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),8.13±0.20 m m^(−2)a^(−1)and 2.96±0.24 a^(−1),respectively,compared with 7.09±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),4.59±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),and 2.01±0.22 a^(−1),respectively,for TFRs.The production and mortality of fi ne roots were signifi cantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites,whereas the turnover of fi ne roots was faster in the low root-density sites.Furthermore,root density had a larger positive eff ect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production.Tree species diversity had an apparent positive eff ect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production,probably due to a complementary eff ect,but had no evident impact on TFR.Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs,suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover.These fi ndings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.

湖北杉木人工林生物量及其可变密度预估模型研究

利用6~59年生杉木人工林190个标准地资料和517株样木生物量测定数据,以建立的单木生物量估算方程为基础推算出各林分单位面积生物量,并基于林龄、立地指数以及7种不同林分密度指标构建并选择最优的全林分生物量预估方程,研究湖北杉木人工林林分生物量及其变化规律。结果表明:该区域杉木人工林平均单株生物量为52.8893 kg,以胸径和树高为变量的二元单木生物量方程的拟合优度为0.91,其拟合优度和精度更高;林分平均单位面积生物量为101.4923 t/hm^(2),总体上呈随林龄增加而增大的趋势;基于多元回归技术的经验方程构建了含7个林分密度指标和不含密度指标共计16种林分生物量预估模型,包含林分立木株数和林木大小信息的林分密度指标的模型均达到了较理想的拟合效果,其中密度指数SDI的Schumacher修正收获模型精度最高,确定系数为0.95,检验精度为97%,对本区域杉木生物量估算具有较好的适用性,能为其人工林经营和质量提升提供参考与支持。

中国式现代化目标下构建新型能源体系之路径思考

倡导人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,对中国能源领域的高质量可持续发展提出了新要求、新部署,“加快规划建设新型能源体系”势在必行。为了助推中国式现代化目标下新型能源体系的构建,分析了其提出的战略背景,明确了其重要意义,阐述了其内涵特征,提出了其路径建议。研究结果表明:①新型能源体系是社会主义现代化强国建设的关键抓手,是实现碳达峰碳中和目标以及推进生态文明建设的重要支撑,是国家能源安全和国家竞争力的有力保障;②新型能源体系以促进人与自然和谐共生为根本宗旨,以保证能源安全和经济社会发展稳定为基本前提,具有理念更新、能源结构更新、技术创新、治理创新、产业革新、电力革新等内涵特征;③新型能源体系的构建路径包括加快培育绿色低碳文化、加快推动能源结构转型、加快推动产业结构升级、加快攻关关键核心技术、加快构建体制机制保障等。结论认为,立足我国能源资源禀赋,坚持“先立后破”的方式构建清洁低碳、安全高效的新型能源体系,提高能源自给率,特别是油气自给率,确保能源转型平稳有序、能源保障安全可靠,可以为当前复杂国际形势下的国家能源安全提供强有力的保障。

从“顶天”到“立地”:郑杭生晚年的社会学实践转向

郑杭生先生在探索和发展中国特色社会学的学术历程中,倡导并践行“顶天立地”的学术理念,以“顶天”的理论自觉和世界眼光,开创性地提出社会运行论、社会转型论、学科本土论和社会互构论等具有中国特色的社会学“四论”。在其晚年,以身作则,深入杭州、郑州、广州和深圳等多个城市的基层社区开展实地调查,开启社会学实践转向,形成中国特色社会学理论和实践的完整体系,为中国特色社会学的自主知识体系构建和发展作出了重要贡献,提供了新的指向。重温和回顾“顶天立地”的社会学思想及实践转向,旨在全面学习和领会中国特色社会学的精髓要义,准确把握新时代构建中国特色社会学理论体系、学术体系和话语体系的本质要求及可行路径。

基于“心肠合治法”论乌梅丸

“心肠合治法”理论起源可追溯至《黄帝内经》,阐释了心与小肠在生理和病理上的相互影响,近年来,研究者多从“颅脑肠脑说”“心与肠道菌群说”“肠道菌群-脑-肠轴”等方面进行研究,证实了“心与小肠相表里”学说的科学性,从而也证明了“心肠合治法”在临床中的可行性、重要性。该文中“心”即心、脑、血脉,包括现代医学中的心血管系统、神经系统等,“肠”即小肠,包括消化系统中的十二指肠、空肠、回肠等。“心肠合治法”是一种很重要但未被重视起来的治疗思路,而乌梅丸即“心肠合治法”的代表方剂,在临床中常被用来治疗心系与肠系病。故该文就“心肠合治法”理论渊源、现代研究机制及其临床运用的研究概况进行探讨,以期从更多角度探究乌梅丸的配伍规律及临床应用。

隔震装置阻尼机构的参数设计与振动台试验

为了改善浮放物体隔震装置中阻尼力的施加方式,研制出一款阻尼机构。对其构造和工作机理进行阐述,推导出了它的力学特征表达式,并验证了分析模型的准确性。结合某文物隔震装置的目标性能,利用数值方法对阻尼机构的参数进行设计,并对比振动台试验。结果表明:该阻尼机构结构简单,性能稳定;经阻尼参数优化后的隔震装置在满足位移限值的情况下达到了设定的隔震目标;试验与数值分析结果相吻合,证明了阻尼机构参数设计的正确性,同时也检验了隔震装置的安装和运行质量。其中,试验与数值分析结果的吻合程度,尤其是位移时程曲线的吻合程度,可为浮放物体隔震装置的方案对比和质量评估提供思路。

水声材料声振特性的驻波管测量方法

提出了一种基于驻波管的测量方法,以获得水声材料在静水压条件下的声学和振动特性参数。设计了带有气压补偿功能的低频发射换能器,作为驻波管的声源,通过水柱将换能器的平面活塞振动耦合到水面下的被测样品。在被测样品背衬上安装加速度计,测量样品背面振速;同时在管壁中嵌入一对水听器,测量水柱声压。导出样品声波入射面的振速和声压,进而计算出样品前表面和背衬面之间的振速传递系数(去耦系数)、样品的输入阻抗和声压反射系数。建立低频驻波管测试系统,声管尺寸为内径300 mm、外径600 mm、高3 m,工作频率范围100~1000 Hz,利用水层样品和多层穿孔橡胶样品开展了实验研究。实验结果显示,测量数据与仿真计算数据吻合较好,验证了测量方法的有效性。

康复临床实践指南·脑卒中患者立位平衡障碍

脑卒中立位平衡障碍是指患者在站立时出现的平衡问题,难以在静止或运动状态下维持稳定,包括站立不稳、摇摆、容易摔倒等,严重影响患者步行及日常生活活动。物理治疗和传统中医治疗是提高脑卒中患者立位平衡功能的有效康复方法。为规范脑卒中立位平衡障碍康复的评定与治疗,提高其物理治疗和传统中医治疗的康复诊疗规范,专家组整理德尔菲法汇总后的趋同性意见形成脑卒中立位平衡障碍康复临床实践指南草案,采用共识会议法,编制本指南。本指南从技术范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义(平衡、支撑面、质心、重心、稳定极限、本体感觉、前庭功能、视觉、前庭眼反射、立位平衡功能、立位平衡障碍、核心稳定、平衡策略)、康复评估(临床表现、临床评估、特殊评估、视觉功能评估、协调功能评估)、康复治疗(前庭功能训练、感觉功能训练、视觉功能训练、运动功能训练、协调功能训练、共济失调训练、心理治疗、运动治疗、双重任务训练、虚拟现实技术、非侵入性神经调控技术、康复机器人、水疗、视觉反馈平衡训练、传统康复治疗、医疗体操)和效果评价进行规范制定。本指南可为脑卒中立位平衡障碍康复治疗提供规范化诊治流程,并为临床实践提供可靠的证据参考,具有良好的临床适用性及可操作性。