Combined Effects of Family History of Cardiovascular Disease and Serum C-reactive Protein Level on the Risk of Stroke: A 9.2-year Prospective Study among Mongolians in China

Objective We aimed to evaluate the combined effect of a family history of cardiovascular disease（CVD） and high serum C‐reactive protein（CRP） on the stroke incidence in an Inner Mongolian population in China. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted from June 2002 to July 2012, with 2,544 participants aged 20 years and over from Inner Mongolia, China. We categorized participants into four groups based on the family history of CVD and CRP levels. Results We adjusted for age; sex; smoking; drinking; hypertension; body mass index; waist circumference; and blood glucose, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Compared with the group with no family history of CVD/low CRP levels, the group with family history of CVD/high CRP levels had a hazard ratio（HR） of 1.78 [95% confidence interval（CI）, 1.03‐3.07; P = 0.039] of stroke, and an HR of 2.14（95% CI, 1.09‐4.20; P = 0.027） of ischemic stroke. The HRs of hemorrhagic stroke for the other three groups were not statistically significant（all P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion Participants with both a family history of CVD and high CRP levels had the highest stroke incidence, suggesting that high CRP levels may increase stroke risk, especially of ischemic stroke, among individuals with a family history of CVD.

Prevalence of Family History of Cancer among Gastric Cancer Patients at Brazilian National Cancer Institute

Background: Gastric cancer is the third most incident malignancy and the fifth leading cause of death in the world. In Brazil, it is the fourth most common tumour in men and the fifth in women. Familial aggregation of this tumour is being studied and discussed by experts. Aim: Determine the frequency of family history of cancer in patients with gastric cancer, suggesting familial aggregation or increased risk for hereditary cancer syndromes. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out from January 2011 to March 2015 at the Department of Abdominal and Pelvic Surgery of the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA). Data were collected from electronic medical records and analyzed using SPSS Statistics? version 20. Results: 873 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were analyzed. A family history of cancer was reported by 451 patients (51.6%), which reported cancer in 878 relatives, of which 110 (12.6%), reported having more than three relatives with any type of cancer. The most prevalent malignancies among these relatives were gastric cancer (21.3%) and breast cancer (9.5%). Conclusion: Most of the patients had cancer family history, being gastric cancer the most common. The high percentage of cancer family history confirms the importance of collecting this information, whose lack reflects professional negligence, as family history study can serve as a low-cost tool, favoring prevention and early diagnosis, situations where morbidity and mortality are smaller, thus reducing health costs and assistance and preserving lives.

A family history of diabetes is not associated with arterial stiffness in non-diabetic Japanese population

Prevalent diabetes is at high risk for cardiovascular diseases and has a high familial inheritance. However, little is known whether a non-diabetic subject with a family history of diabetes is at high risk for vascular damage or not. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a family history of diabetes and arterial stiffness in adult non-diabetic Japanese population. We analyzed eligible 787 non-diabetic subjects (502 men and 285 women) aged 35-69 years who enrolled in the baseline survey of a cohort study in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan and who underwent a brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) measurement. Information on individual life-style characteristics including medical history and treatment for diseases and a first-degree family history of diabetes was obtained through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between a family history of diabetes and ba-PWV. We found no differences in age-and-systolic blood pressure-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted means of ba-PWVs between subjects of both sexes with and without a family history of diabetes. Logistic regression analyses including both sexes also revealed that subjects with a family history of diabetes showed no differences in age-and-systolic blood pressure-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for high ba-PWV compared to those without that trait. Our results suggest that a family history of diabetes itself is not associated with arterial stiffness in adult non-diabetic Japanese population.

Studies on the History of Pangda Family in Markham

The famous female writer Ma Lihua in her well- known book The Red Mountain Ranges in East Tibet described the social status and influence of the Pangda family.She wrote:"The famous Pangda family in Tibetan pre-modern society stands on both

Risk factors for the occurrence of insulinoma: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: The etiology of insulinoma is poorly understood. Few studies investigated the possible roles of environmental factors and lifestyle in the pathogenesis of insulinoma. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors associated with occurrence of insulinoma in the Chinese population. METHODS: This study consisted of 196 patients with insulinoma and 233 controls. Demographic information of the patients and controls and risk factors of the disease were analyzed. Univariate and unconditional multivariable logistic regression analyses were made to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and possible risk factors. RESULTS: Approximately 68.88% (135/196) of the patients were from rural areas in contrast to 10.30% (24/233) of the controls (P【0.0001). This difference was confirmed by the multivariate analysis (OR=4.950; 95% CI: 2.928-8.370). Family history of pancreatic endocrine tumor (OR=16.754; 95% CI: 2.125-132.057) and other cancers (OR=2.360; 95% CI: 1.052-5.291) was also related to a high-risk population of insulinoma. CONCLUSION: Rural residents or people who have a family history of pancreatic endocrine tumor and other cancers are a high-risk population of insulinoma.

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination

AIM: To investigate hepatitis B virus(HBV) prevalence in the general population in China.METHODS: A total of 148931 individuals were investigated by multistage random sampling in Eastern China. Data were collected on demographics and hepatitis B vaccination history, and serum was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) by ELISA. RESULTS: A total of 11469 participants(7.70%, 95%CI: 7.57%-7.84%) were positive for HBs Ag. HBs Ag prevalence was 0.77% among children < 5 years old but increased progressively from adolescents(1.40%-2.55%) to adults(5.69%-11.22%). A decrease in HBs Ag prevalence was strongly associated with vaccination and familial history of HBV among both children and adult groups. Meanwhile, HBs Ag risk in adults was associated with invasive testing and sharing needles. The HBV immunization rate among participants aged < 20 years was 93.30%(95%CI: 93.01%-93.58%). Significant difference in HBs Ag prevalence appeared between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants(3.59% vs 10.22%). CONCLUSION: Although the national goal of HBs Ag prevalence < 1% among children < 5 years old has been reached, immunization programs should be maintained to prevent resurgence.

流动的抄本:明清嘉善《唐氏族谱》的编纂、流传与文本生产

上海图书馆藏《唐氏族谱》抄本两种,最早抄成于乾隆初期,此后历经一个多世纪的修订、增补和重抄、抽换,文献形态复杂凌乱。该族谱的文本层次则更为丰富,其祖源叙事和早期世系可能形成于宋代至明代前期。晚明以来,该族谱以抄本的形态在松江、嘉善一带的多支唐姓人群之间流传、增订、嫁接,在乾隆抄本形成之后仍有新的支系添加进来。因此,这一族谱的生产模式并非人们熟知的在“宗族组织”主持下编纂、续修的模式,族谱背后的唐姓人群也并未形成哪怕是松散的“宗族”。这一类族谱或可命名为“嫁接型族谱”,值得在将来的学术研究中进一步关注和探讨。

比较研究·阅读镜像·鲁迅学史——藤井省三鲁迅研究的三扇门

藤井省三是日本有名的中国文学研究专家,在鲁迅研究方面产生了重要影响。在日本鲁迅研究整体性式微的世纪之交,藤井省三着力打开比较文学、阅读镜像和鲁迅学史研究的三扇门,表现出综合新变的倾向,这对拓展鲁迅研究的文化空间具有启示意义。但研究偏重于平行研究和综论,因而显得有些空疏和肤浅,特别是近些年有消费鲁迅的嫌疑,这是我们要批评和努力克服的。

Associations between cancer family history and esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions in high-risk areas of China

Background:Family clustering of esophageal cancer(EC)has been found in high-risk areas of China.However,the relationships between cancer family history and esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions(ECPL)have not been comprehensively reported in recent years.This study aimed to provide evidence for identification of high-risk populations.Methods:This study was conducted in five high-risk areas in China from 2017 to 2019,based on the National Cohort of Esophageal Cancer.The permanent residents aged 40 to 69 years were examined by endoscopy,and pathological examination was performed for suspicious lesions.Information on demographic characteristics,environmental factors,and cancer family history was collected.Unconditional logistic regression was applied to evaluate odds ratios between family history related factors and ECPL.Results:Among 33,008 participants,6143(18.61%)reported positive family history of EC.The proportion of positive family history varied significantly among high-risk areas.After adjusting for risk factors,participants with a family history of positive cancer,gastric and esophageal cancer or EC had 1.49-fold(95%confidence interval[CI]:1.36-1.62),1.52-fold(95%CI:1.38-1.67),or 1.66-fold(95%CI:1.50-1.84)higher risks of ECPL,respectively.Participants with single or multiple first-degree relatives(FDR)of positive EC history had 1.65-fold(95%CI:1.47-1.84)or 1.93-fold(95%CI:1.46-2.54)higher risks of ECPL.Participants with FDRs who developed EC before 35,45,and 50 years of age had 4.05-fold(95%CI:1.30-12.65),2.11-fold(95%CI:1.37-3.25),and 1.91-fold(95%CI:1.44-2.54)higher risks of ECPL,respectively.Conclusions:Participants with positive family history of EC had significantly higher risk of ECPL.This risk increased with the number of EC positive FDRs and EC family history of early onset.Distinctive genetic risk factors of the population in high-risk areas of China require further investigation.Trial registration:ChiCTR-EOC-17010553.

糖尿病等病史、家族史与胰腺癌关系的研究

探讨中国人胰腺癌的发生与糖尿病等疾病及家族史的关系。以 4 93例病理确诊的胰腺癌患者作为病例组 ,10 31例非肿瘤患者年龄和性别、经济收入频数匹配的同来源病例为对照组 ,用病例对照研究的方法计算比值比 (OR)及 95 %可信区间 (CI) ,以估计糖尿病等病史及家族史的相对危险性。结果表明 ,诊断胰腺癌 2年以上患糖尿病、胆石症、慢性胰腺炎、癌症、肺结核病、幽门螺杆菌感染、癌症家族史和糖尿病家族史的OR值 (95 %CI)分别为 4 .6 4 (2 0 5～ 10 4 9)、4 12 (2 81～6 0 4 )、18 38(6 33～ 5 3 35 )、9 4 7(4 97～ 18 0 6 )、4 2 1(2 30～ 7 72 )、1 14 (0 4 5～ 2 89)、2 0 1(1 2 9～3 14 )、0 83(0 15～4 5 6 )。糖尿病和胆石症Logistic回归分析P <0 0 5。因此糖尿病、胆石症、胰腺炎、癌症史、肺结核病史及癌症家族史是胰腺癌的危险因素 。

首发精神分裂症患者血浆非酶抗氧化物浓度与临床特征

目的:探讨在首发精神分裂症患者中血浆非酶抗氧化物浓度与临床特征的关系。方法:选择符合国际疾病分类第十版(ICD-10)的精神分裂症诊断标准首发患者64例,作为病例组(包括家族史阳性30例,阴性34例)和42名健康成人作为对照组,分别测定血浆白蛋白、总胆红素和尿酸浓度。病例组采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神病理症状。结果:病例组血浆白蛋白和尿酸浓度低于对照组(P均<0.05);家族史阳性患者白蛋白和胆红素浓度低于家族史阴性患者(P均<0.05);家族史阳性患者病程与尿酸浓度呈负相关(r=-0.50,P<0.05),阴性症状分与白蛋白和尿酸浓度呈负相关(r=-0.37,-0.41,P<0.05)。结论:精神分裂症首发患者血浆非酶抗氧化能力下降,而且可能与阴性症状、家族史有关。

广东地区前列腺癌发病与家族史和婚育史关系的病例对照研究

背景与目的:前列腺癌(prostate cancer)是欧美发达国家老年男性的常见恶性肿瘤之一,中国前列腺癌的发病率较低,但逐年上升。国内前列腺癌的病因学研究主要集中于上海、武汉和北京等地区,而来自广东地区的报道较少。本研究旨在探讨广东地区前列腺癌与家族史和婚育史的病因学关联。方法:在中山大学4所附属医院开展一项病例对照研究(1∶2配对),匹配条件为年龄组(±5岁)、性别、民族和居住地类型相同。调查以面谈为主,辅以调查病历记录,采用条件Logistic回归法分析数据。结果:本次调查共获得有效资料186份,其中前列腺癌患者62例,良性前列腺增生的患者62例和其他疾病对照62例。以前列腺增生为对照,遗精年龄小于15岁者患前列腺癌的危险是18岁以上者的6.37倍(95%CI=0.63～63.95);与30岁以上首次进行性生活者相比,首次性生活年龄小者患前列腺癌的危险增高,20～24岁组OR=2.25(95%CI=0.75～6.71),25～29岁组OR=2.34(95%CI=0.89～6.13);60岁以后失去性生活者是前列腺癌的保护因素,60～69岁OR=0.51(95%CI=0.20～1.27),70岁及以上组OR=0.31(95%CI=0.08～1.24)。以其它疾病为对照,有一个一级亲属患恶性肿瘤者患前列腺癌的危险是无恶性肿瘤家族史的2.25倍(95%CI=0.69～7.31);首次性生活年龄小于20岁者患前列腺癌的危险是30岁及以上者的5.07倍(95%CI=0.50～51.46);而60岁以后失去性生活者是前列腺癌发生的保护因素,60～69岁组OR=0.55(95%CI=0.24～1.26),70岁及以上组OR=0.41(0.11～1.47)。结论:首次遗精年龄和首次性生活年龄较早均为前列腺癌的危险因素,有恶性肿瘤家族史者患前列腺癌的危险增加。

心理因素及癌症家族史与胃癌关系的病例对照研究

目的研究心理因素及癌症家族史对胃癌发生的影响。方法采用 1∶ 1配对病例 -对照研究方法 ,对 346对胃癌病例和对照进行问卷调查。应用条件 L ogistic回归模型进行单因素分析和多因素分析 ,计算比值比及其95 %可信区间。结果精神创伤及精神压抑为胃癌的危险因素 ,比值比分别为 2 .17和 1.73。父亲及母亲患癌史的比值比分别为 2 .80和 1.95。多因素分析有统计学意义的因素有精神压抑和父亲患癌史 ,比值比分别为 1.92 (95 % CI1.0 9～ 3.35 )和 2 .6 0 (95 % CI1.36～ 4.2 8)。结论心理因素及癌症家族史对胃癌发生有一定的影响。胃癌的发病是环境因素。

77例农村帕金森病患者的家族史及其他影响因素

目的:探讨家族史、心理社会因素等与帕金森病的关系。方法:采用1:2配对的病例对照方法,分析家族史、心理社会因素、疾病史等对帕金森病的影响。使用条件Logistic回归模型统计筛选危险因素,建立多变量回归模型。结果:家族史(OR=13.54)、重大精神创伤(OR=3.02)、人际交往状况(OR=2.10)可增加帕金森病的风险。结论:本研究支持家族史及心理社会因素等在帕金森病病因中的作用。

论唐代的家乐

唐代家乐兴盛于盛唐中后期,受安史之乱影响很快沉寂下去,直到德宗贞元年间才再次活跃,此后便一直兴盛不衰。它的兴盛是朝廷积极倡导宴乐之风的直接结果。中晚唐家乐具有成员构成丰富及家伎流动性强等特点。家乐的音乐水平在中晚唐得到迅速提升,故其地位不容忽视。

先天畸形与家族史及环境因素关系

目的探讨家族史及环境因素与先天畸形的关系及其作用强度和交互作用模式,定量分析可干预因素的预防分值。方法采用病例对照研究设计,选择符合纳入标准的185例先天畸形作为病例组,选择等量的正常儿作为对照组。对病例组和对照组的母亲进行问卷调查及标本检测,进行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果先天畸形主要的影响因素为：先天畸形家族史（OR=3.466,95%CI=1.702-7.062）、孕早期发热（OR=2.743,95%CI=1.171-6.421）、孕早期营养差（OR=3.074,95%CI=1.676-5.740）、负性事件刺激（OR=1.837,95%CI=1.002-3.366）、巨细胞病毒感染（OR=3.047,95%CI=1.605-5.783）;先天畸形阳性家族史与其他因素之间存在正交互作用。结论先天畸形的影响因素具有多元性;先天畸形家族史和环境因素间存在正交互作用;采取高危因素干预策略可降低人群中先天畸形的患病风险。

食管鳞状细胞癌高/低发区肿瘤家族史流行病学病例对照分析

目的探讨高/低发区肿瘤家族史与食管鳞状细胞癌患病风险、性别和发病年龄的关系。方法采用大规模人群流行病学病例-对照研究方法,对住院患者或胃镜受检者面对面调查,病例及对照资料来自全国食管癌高/低发区45家单位,病例组39 833例、对照组9 242例进入最终分析。结果高发区和低发区病例组家族史阳性率均高于对照组(分别为34%,23%,P<0.05;21%,5%,P<0.05);高发区男性患者家族史阳性率高于女性(34%,33%,P<0.05);高发区和低发区肿瘤家族史阳性食管鳞癌患者平均发病年龄均低于家族史阴性患者(分别为57.6岁±9岁,58.4岁±10岁,P<0.05;58.7岁±9岁,59.7岁±9岁,P<0.05);高发区和低发区病例组小年龄组(≤45岁)家族史阳性率均高于大年龄组(≥66岁)(分别为35%,31%,P<0.05;22%,18%,P<0.05)。结论肿瘤家族史阳性者ESCC发病风险明显高于肿瘤家族史阴性者,尤以高发区男性为甚,且发病年龄偏低;遗传因素在ESCC发生中起重要作用,食管鳞癌的发生是遗传因素、环境因素交互作用的结果。

典范与方法:侯外庐与作为现代学科的“中国哲学史”研究

在20世纪中国现代学科的形成和发展过程中,侯外庐扮演过很重要的角色,对于作为一门现代学科的"中国哲学史"而言,侯外庐所建立的典范与方法曾经长期发生重要影响,不容忽视。本文将探讨以下几个问题:第一,在作为一门现代学科的"中国哲学史"研究这样一个脉络之中来考察侯外庐是否合适?换言之,对于"中国哲学史"来说,关于侯外庐的讨论是切题的还是不相干的?第二,对于"中国哲学史"的研究来说,侯外庐所建立和提倡的典范与方法是什么?第三,侯外庐所建立的典范与方法是如何流行的?那种典范与方法是否只不过是马克思主义作为一种国家意识形态建立之后的结果?抑或对于侯外庐自己来说,这种典范与方法可以视为一种学术发展的结果?第四,对于当今的中国哲学史研究,以及最近关于中国哲学史研究方法的讨论,侯外庐所建立的典范与方法是否还有其相关性和意义?

青岛市区前列腺癌与家族史、婚育史关系的病例对照研究

目的了解青岛市区前列腺癌发病与家族史及婚育史的关系,为前列腺癌的科学防治提供理论依据。方法在青岛市市立医院开展一项病例对照研究(1∶2配对),匹配条件为年龄组、性别、民族和居住地类型相同。调查以面谈为主,辅以调查病历记录,采用条件Logistic回归法分析数据。结果以其他疾病作为对照,家族中有恶性肿瘤患者前列腺癌的风险是无亲属患恶性肿瘤者的2.58倍;首次遗精年龄≤14岁者患前列腺癌的风险是≥18岁者的2.27倍;而首次性交年龄在25～30岁者是前列腺癌的保护因素,OR=0.76;35岁以前性生活频率≥4次/周与手淫≥3次/周者患前列腺癌风险明显增高,OR分别为2.57、2.30。结论肿瘤家族史、首次遗精年龄较早、35岁前性生活频繁、手淫频繁均为前列腺癌的危险因素。

中国思想史研究方法论思考

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