The Islamic Studies in China:Research in the Field of History

A history of the Islamic studies in China,not only includes studies on world Islam,it also includes research on Islam and Muslims in China.Before the Reform and Opening Up,China did not achieve much in this field,since then,the research field of Islam and Muslim in China has been expanding and the results have been published,forming a new trend.In this field,scholars such as Jin Yijiu,Li Xinghua,Qin Huibin,Zhou Guoli,Sha Qiuzhen,Zhou Xiefan,Wu Yungui,and Yang Huaizhong have made the most outstanding achievements.Especially in the collation of reference books and historical materials,in the past 20 years,The Encyclopedia of the history of Islam,The Chinese Encyclopedia of Islam have emerged,and the Chinese and World Encyclopedia of Islamic Law and other important historical books have been published.This paper focuses on the field of historical research and divided into academic research history at home and abroad,which is discussed from several fields such as general history,special history,national history,and regional history.

Combined Effects of Family History of Cardiovascular Disease and Serum C-reactive Protein Level on the Risk of Stroke: A 9.2-year Prospective Study among Mongolians in China

Objective We aimed to evaluate the combined effect of a family history of cardiovascular disease（CVD） and high serum C‐reactive protein（CRP） on the stroke incidence in an Inner Mongolian population in China. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted from June 2002 to July 2012, with 2,544 participants aged 20 years and over from Inner Mongolia, China. We categorized participants into four groups based on the family history of CVD and CRP levels. Results We adjusted for age; sex; smoking; drinking; hypertension; body mass index; waist circumference; and blood glucose, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Compared with the group with no family history of CVD/low CRP levels, the group with family history of CVD/high CRP levels had a hazard ratio（HR） of 1.78 [95% confidence interval（CI）, 1.03‐3.07; P = 0.039] of stroke, and an HR of 2.14（95% CI, 1.09‐4.20; P = 0.027） of ischemic stroke. The HRs of hemorrhagic stroke for the other three groups were not statistically significant（all P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion Participants with both a family history of CVD and high CRP levels had the highest stroke incidence, suggesting that high CRP levels may increase stroke risk, especially of ischemic stroke, among individuals with a family history of CVD.

The Application of Geographic Information System(GIS) to the Study of Chinese History

Historical geographic information system construction echoes the call of academic development in the information era and demonstrates the in-depth advancement of history studies. In recent years, an increasing number of data platforms have been built to facilitate historical information storage, display, management and analysis. In such a context, the geographic information system(GIS) begins to contribute to the study of Chinese history. Its contribution is highlighted in nine areas: historical climate, fluvial landforms, town economies, rural settlements, hydraulic societies, environmental changes, ancient cities, ancient maps and HGIS-enabled research methods. The application of GIS to the study of Chinese history initiates a reform in research methods and at the same time upgrades the philosophy of history studies, facilitating the utilization of a diversity of historical data(documents, ancient maps, remote-sensing images, archaeological information, etc.) for dynamic tracing and multi-factor comprehensive research. At present, restricted by traditional disciplinary boundaries, the construction of HGIS platforms remains slow and insufficient, making it difficult to extensively apply GIS to the study of Chinese history.

A Study of Students＇ Opinions About History Subjects in the Social Studies Curriculum

Social studies combines social sciences and the humanities, and has the purpose of raising effective citizens. There are many different areas integrated in social studies including history, geography, philosophy and psychology. Social studies is the presentation of the information produced by these areas in framework of a curriculum. Social studies curriculum is a multi-dimensional program. One of the objectives of this program is to raise individuals who know about their past and shape their future with the help of the lessons they learn from history. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine sixth grade students＇ perspective to the history subjects in social studies curriculum, learn the place of history in their lives and see how history subjects are taught in classrooms. This study is limited to the 2014-2015 academic year. The participants were identified using random sampling, a probability-based sampling method. This is a qualitative study. The study includes interviews with eight sixth graders, of whom four were female and four were male. The study data were collected in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The study found that the students enjoyed learning history, had positive opinions about their history grades and their teachers continued to teach history using traditional methods. They also felt that history contributed to their lives. Based on the data collected, the study makes specific suggestions.

Speech at the Symposium on Study and Implementation of the Spirit of the 19^(th) CPC National Congress at the China Society for Human Rights Studies

Following the successful conclusion of the 19thCommunist Party of China National Congress,there has been a nationwide upsurge in the study and implementation of the spirit of the Congress.It was therefore both necessary and timely for the China Society for Human Rights Studies to organize a symposium on the study and implementation of the spirit of the Congress.I’d like to express my understanding of the study and implementation of the spirit of the 19th CPC National Congress from three aspects:

The NCC mathematical modeling framework for decision-making of six major cancers

Objective:Mathematical modeling and simulation is a useful research method to inform decision-making.This article aims to describe the National Cancer Center(NCC)modeling framework and how well it reproduces observed empirical data for six major cancers.Methods:We developed the NCC modeling framework for six major cancers in China(lung,liver,stomach,colorectal,esophageal,and breast),which simulates the life-histories represented by states among normal,pre-cancerous lesion,stage-specific invasive cancer,and death for six cancers separately.Each NCC simulation model could be illustrated as an integrated framework of 3 modules:a demography module,natural history module,and screening module.Combined with costs and health utilities data,the models could have many detailed outputs for informing decisions,including the harm of screening(e.g.,false positives,complications,and overdiagnosis),healthcare costs,and benefits(quality-adjusted life years gained,cancer incidence and mortality,and investment returns).We calibrated the models to Chinese population-based observations on cancer incidence,mortality,and stage distribution.All models are validated by comparing model simulated results to data observed from nationwide cancer registration and a large prospective cohort study.Results:The simulated results from the calibrated models consistently match the epidemiological patterns in six major cancer incidence,mortality,and stage distributions in China.Model projected age-specific cancer incidence and mortality were close to the observed data in the national cancer registration.The NCC modeling framework reproduced the cumulative cancer cases and deaths observed in the prospective cohort study at 7.0 and 10.8 years of follow-up.Model estimated net survival rates also consistent with population-based statistics.Conclusion:The NCC modeling framework’s ability to reproduce the observed population-level cancer statistics and the cancer cases in a prospective cohort study suggests its results are reliable to inform decision-making related to six major cancers in China.

Risk factors for the occurrence of insulinoma: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: The etiology of insulinoma is poorly understood. Few studies investigated the possible roles of environmental factors and lifestyle in the pathogenesis of insulinoma. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors associated with occurrence of insulinoma in the Chinese population. METHODS: This study consisted of 196 patients with insulinoma and 233 controls. Demographic information of the patients and controls and risk factors of the disease were analyzed. Univariate and unconditional multivariable logistic regression analyses were made to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and possible risk factors. RESULTS: Approximately 68.88% (135/196) of the patients were from rural areas in contrast to 10.30% (24/233) of the controls (P【0.0001). This difference was confirmed by the multivariate analysis (OR=4.950; 95% CI: 2.928-8.370). Family history of pancreatic endocrine tumor (OR=16.754; 95% CI: 2.125-132.057) and other cancers (OR=2.360; 95% CI: 1.052-5.291) was also related to a high-risk population of insulinoma. CONCLUSION: Rural residents or people who have a family history of pancreatic endocrine tumor and other cancers are a high-risk population of insulinoma.

The Centenary of the CPC: Leading the Times by Grasping the Laws and Trends of Historical Development

Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.

On the Combination of “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” —— and a Discussion on “The Law of Quan-ma and Gui-mei” in Chinese Language Studies

In Chinese language studies, both “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” are traditional in methodology and they both deserve being treasured, passed on, and further developed. It will certainly do harm to the development of academic research if any of the two methods is given unreasonable priority. The author claims that the best or one of the best methodologies of the historical study of Chinese language is the combination of the two, hence a new interpretation of “The Double-proof Method”. Meanwhile, this essay is also an attempt to put forward “The Law of Quan-ma and Gui-mei” in Chinese language studies, in which the author believes that it is not advisable to either treat Gui-mei as Quan-ma or vice versa in linguistic research. It is crucial for us to respect always the language facts first, which is considered the very soul of linguistics.

Is the Leader Effective in the Survival of the Managed Organization-a Case Study From the 20th Century

We can find many cases in the scientific literature,where the leader(CEO)of a political or business organisation is being declared a"hero"or"damned"in the"court of history"upon his/her action(s).The case study presented here analyses a politician who was active in the first half of the 20th century,examining if his activity was ended with success or failure for the state he led.The analysis focuses only on the decisions taken in the two world wars that were relevant for the'survival'of the organization he led.I examine his decisions that were made in a non'business-as-usual'situation from the view if they helped or threatened the survival of the state he led in the short and long term.In a particular situation,the decision has to be taken by the leader there and then,and it may not be possible to change or improve the decision later on.

Studies on the History of Pangda Family in Markham

The famous female writer Ma Lihua in her well- known book The Red Mountain Ranges in East Tibet described the social status and influence of the Pangda family.She wrote:"The famous Pangda family in Tibetan pre-modern society stands on both

New Five-Year Program and Progress of China's Human Rights Cause——A study of the guidelines set by the Fifth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

The Proposal for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for China＇s Economic and Social Development （2011-2015）（herein after referred to as the ＂Proposed Plan＂ for short） provides a complete range of guidelines for China＇s im-mediate and long-term development.

Characteristics of the Function of Ice Force on Vertical Cylindrical Piles

A lot of tests on ice forces on vertical cylindrical piles are conducted in the ice basin of ice laboratory in Tianjin University to identify the characteristics of ice forces on fixed platforms in the Bohai Gulf. A function of ice forces is simplified on basis of test data, and the characteristics of the ice forces including the amplitude of the force and the breaking frequency of the ice sheet is detailed by use of the Fast-Fourier-Transform method, The results show that the ice breaking frequency presents a linear relationship with the ratio of ice moving velocity to ice thickness at low velocities. At high velocities, the frequency remains constant with the increase of the ratio of ice moving velocity to ice thickness. These conclusions are compared those published in literature.

STUDIES ON DERIVATIVE FLUORIMETRY Ⅳ. DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNT OF TERBIUM THROUGH ITS TERNARY COMPLEX WITH ACETYLACETONE AND EDTA IN THE PRESENCE OF CETYL PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE

Terbium can form a ternary complex having a ratio of 1:1:1 with acetylacetone and EDTA. By adding cetyl pyridinium chloride into the above system, a marked enhancement of fluorescence intensity is observed and the ternary complex becomes more stable than before. For analytical application, the derivative spectrofluorimetric method has high sensitivity and the effect of foreign ions is very low. The optimum conditions were obtained. The calibration graph is linear over 5～100μg/mL.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

China Society for Human Rights Studies Organizes Forum to Study and Implement Guidelines of 3rd Plenum of 18th CPC Central Committee

The China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） organized on Nov. 28 a forum to study and implement the guidelines of the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC）. Executive members of CSHRS and other CSHRS members in Beijing discussed improvement of judicial protection for human rights and legal construction in China. CSHRS President Luo Haocai, who was vice chairman of the 10th National Committee of the Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference, delivered a speech at the forum.

Century-Long History and Basic Experience of the CPC in Leading China’s Rural Development

Over the past century,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has led hundreds of millions of farmers through five stages(rural revolution,rural construction,rural reform,rural transformation and rural revitalization)to forge a road of rural development with Chinese characteristics.In the course of constant exploration and innovation,the CPC has always adhered to its original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the farmers,taken liberating and developing the productive forces as the central principle,regarded coordinating urban and rural development as the action guideline,and set“achieving common prosperity”as the target direction,and accumulated valuable historical experiences in three aspects:Firstly,the CPC has emphasized the vital role and pioneering spirit of farmers,effectively mobilizing and organizing the broad participation of rural masses.Secondly,it has committed to the collective ownership of rural land and managed the relationship between farmers and land.Lastly,the CPC has remained focused on the interests of farmers,continuously advancing reform and innovation in accordance with the changing times.

Prevalence of Family History of Cancer among Gastric Cancer Patients at Brazilian National Cancer Institute

Background: Gastric cancer is the third most incident malignancy and the fifth leading cause of death in the world. In Brazil, it is the fourth most common tumour in men and the fifth in women. Familial aggregation of this tumour is being studied and discussed by experts. Aim: Determine the frequency of family history of cancer in patients with gastric cancer, suggesting familial aggregation or increased risk for hereditary cancer syndromes. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out from January 2011 to March 2015 at the Department of Abdominal and Pelvic Surgery of the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA). Data were collected from electronic medical records and analyzed using SPSS Statistics? version 20. Results: 873 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were analyzed. A family history of cancer was reported by 451 patients (51.6%), which reported cancer in 878 relatives, of which 110 (12.6%), reported having more than three relatives with any type of cancer. The most prevalent malignancies among these relatives were gastric cancer (21.3%) and breast cancer (9.5%). Conclusion: Most of the patients had cancer family history, being gastric cancer the most common. The high percentage of cancer family history confirms the importance of collecting this information, whose lack reflects professional negligence, as family history study can serve as a low-cost tool, favoring prevention and early diagnosis, situations where morbidity and mortality are smaller, thus reducing health costs and assistance and preserving lives.