Medical management of ischemic stuttering priapism： a ：ontemporary review of the literature

Priapism is defined as a prolonged and persistent erection of the penis without sexual stimulation. This is a poorly understood disease process with little information on the pathophysiology of this erectile disorder. Complications from this disorder are devastating due to the irreversible erectile damage and resultant erectile dysfunction （ED）. Stuttering priapism, though relatively rare, affects a high prevalence of men with sickle-cell disease （SCD） and presents a challenging problem with guidelines for treatment lacking or resulting in permanent ED. The mechanisms involved in the development of priapism in this cohort are poorly characterized; therefore, medical management of priapism represents a therapeutic challenge to urologists. Additional research is warranted, so we can effectively target treatments for these patients with prevention as the goal. This review gives an introduction to stuttering priapism and its clinical significance, specifically with regards to the patient with SCD. Additionally, the proposed mechanisms behind its pathophysiology and a summary of the current and future targets for medical management are discussed.

基于Stuttering等价技术的有界模型检测的优化

在讨论有界模型检测及其转换公式的基础上,对有界模型检测转换公式[[M,f]]k中的[[M]]k进行优化。通过在LTL有界模型检测中引入Stuttering等价技术,对状态转换路径优化,避免了SAT求解工具在有界Stuttering等价路径中的重复搜索。以安全系统验证为例,通过两个重要的模态算子G(p)和G(p→F(q)),验证优化方法,实验结果表明,该方法有效地提高了对安全系统保密性和认证性验证的效率。

微分方程组解Stuttering Poisson分布密度函数的讨论

文中Poisson分布的普通性修改后得到一种推广的Poisson分布—Stuttering Poisson分布,它具有在充分短的时间段内来到多次事件的性质,它在库存管理、运筹学、经济学等领域都有应用。类似微分方程法解得Poisson分布密度函数,本文构造差分微分方程,然后将其转变为常系数线性微分方程组,用欧拉方法最终求得了Stuttering Poisson分布密度函数,并对密度函数的表达式给出了一个直观解释。

Interaction between semantic and phonological processes in stuttering Evidence from the dual-task paradigm

Stuttering is a common neurological deficit and its underlying cognitive mechanisms are a matter of debate, with evidence suggesting abnormal modulation between speech encoding and other cognitive components. Previous studies have mainly used single task experiments to investigate the disturbance of language production. It is unclear whether there is abnormal interaction between the three language tasks （orthographic, phonological and semantic judgment） in stuttering patients. This study used dual tasks and manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony （SOA） between tasks 1 and 2 and the nature of the second task, including orthographic, phonological, and semantic judgments. The results showed that the performance records of orthographic judgment, phonological judgment, and semantic judgment were significantly reduced between the patient and control groups with short SOA （P 〈 0.05）. However, different patterns of interaction between task 2 and SOA were observed across subject groups： subjects with stuttering were more strongly modulated by SOA when the second task was semantic judgment or phonological judgment （P 〈 0.05）, but not in the orthographic judgment experiment （P 〉 0.05）. These results indicated that the interaction mechanism between semantic processing and phonological encoding might be an underlying cause for stuttering.

分划扩充命题时态逻辑关于stutter不变性的特征定理

分划扩充命题时态逻辑通过加入分划算子P^(1,2),增强了经典命题时态逻辑的表达能力。本文就该扩充逻辑关于stutter不变性的研究,给出了它的一个关于stutter不变性的特征定理,即具备stutter不变性质的扩充时态逻辑的表达能力和不含○算子(后继Next算子)的分划扩充命题时态逻辑相同。这样在具体的模型检测的实现过程中可以看情况地使用偏序归约技术,进而可以大大地减少模型的状态空间数,使相应的模型检测算法效率得到显著提高,使一些状态个数过大的模型检测成为可能。

Attitudes Toward People Who Stutter in the Chinese Context: An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Knowledge Sources

The public’s attitudes can affect the experience of stuttering of people who stutter.This study investigated the attitudes held by the public about people who stutter in China.A web-based written survey with closed and open-ended questions was implemented to develop a rich understanding.One hundred and two respondents in 26 provinces and 3 municipalities provided comments on people who stutter in their life aspects such as personality,speech,social life,work,life participation,education,dating and marriage,capability,and communication skills.The predominantly negative attitudes towards the overall domains were identified.Attitudes to people who stutter varied according to the different sources of knowledge.Familiarity with people who stutter might reduce stereotypes.However,knowledge from the media might aggravate stereotypes.Implications and future research orientation were also discussed.

Acoustic characteristics of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech of adult stutterers

This study investigated whether adults who stutter and normal adult speakers differ in the production of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech.Voice onset time（VOT） was measured and the spectral moments at the stop burst were calculated for the stutterers（both before and after the speech therapy） and also for the nonstutterers. The statistical results showed that there were no significant differences in VOT between the nonstutterers and stutterers either prior to or after therapy,although the mean VOT of the stutterers was slightly greater than that of the nonstutterers.The results also indicated that both the obstruction place and the subsequent syllabic final exhibited an influence to a greater extent on VOT for the stutterers.In the spectral domain,the spectral mean of the stuttering participants before therapy was significantly different from that of the normal participants, whereas the group difference became insignificant after the therapy session.The smaller spectral mean for the stutterers might be interpreted as a more posterior occlusion in the oral cavity when producing alveolars and velars.In addition,productions of the stutterers scattered with a wider range in the space of spectral moments.Furthermore,the smaller main effect of syllabic finals on the mean spectral frequency of the burst suggested that the stutterers exhibited weaker anticipatory coarticulation than the nonstutterers.

A forced alignment approach to detect Chinese repetitive stuttering

A forced alignment based algorithms to detect Chinese repetitive stuttering is studied. According to the features of repetitions in Chinese stuttered speech,improvement solutions are provided based on the previous research findings.First,a multi-span looping forced alignment decoding networks is designed to detect multi-syllable repetitions in Chinese stuttered speech.Second,branch penalty factor is added in the networks to adjust decoding trend using recursive search in order to reduce the error from the complexity of the decoding networks. Finally,we re-judge the detected stutters by calculating confidence to improve the reliability of the detection result.The experimental results show that compared to previous algorithm,the proposed algorithm can improve system performance significantly,about 18%average detection error rate relatively.

基于共情能力培养的《口吃》课程教学设计与实施

《口吃》是听力与言语康复学专业的一门专业课程,该课程的实践性强,要求掌握针对口吃专业的评估方法和干预治疗策略。共情是医患沟通的重要途径,医学人文精神的体现,是医务人员必须具备的职业素养,可提高医疗服务质量,加速康复进程。口吃是最常见的言语流畅性障碍,严重影响日常沟通交流和学习工作,负面情绪是导致慢性口吃的重要因素,在教学过程中注重培养学生共情能力,引导学生“共情”口吃者,感知其情绪与心理状态,基于共情开展医疗活动。本文是基于共情能力培养的《口吃》课程教学设计与实施,结合口吃和共情能力的概念和理论,寻找出两者在当下高校课程教学中的衔接点,以期切实提高医学生的共情能力和职业技能,为将来的医学职业生涯奠定良好的基础。

口吃者的言语计划缺陷——来自词长效应的证据

口吃者与非口吃者在词长效应上的差异是口吃语音编码缺陷的一个重要的支持证据。本研究在综述词长效应研究的基础上,对这种解释提出了三点置疑,即词频、句法复杂性和发音长度也可能是造成词长效应差异的主要原因,并通过三个实验进行了验证。实验一和实验三在口吃者和非口吃者之间都得到了稳定的词长效应差异,并且排除了词频和发音长度对于这种差异的影响;实验二在控制词长的条件下,发现口吃者对于句法复杂性是敏感的。因此,本研究的结果支持口吃在言语产出中的语音编码和句法编码中都存在缺陷。同时,本研究对于口吃治疗也提供了有价值的参考建议。

口吃患者MMPI与SAS、SDS的相关分析

Objective:To investigate the personality feature of stuttering. Methods: SAS, SDS, MMPI were administered to 108 patients with stuttering, 110 normal controls, 103 patients with OCD, 137 patients with depression. Results: The scores of F, K, D, Mf, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si in stuttering group were significantly differen from OCD and depression groups. The scores of SAS were positively correlated with the score of F, D, Ht, Pd, Pt, Sc, Si. Conclusion: The personality feature of stuttering were depressive and compulsive personality.

不同年龄口吃患者临床症状、人格特征及疗效研究

Objective:To investigate the clinical symptoms,personality features and treatment effect of stutterers of different ages.Methods:The SAS,SDS,MMPI and EPQ were administered to 159 stutterers and 110 normal controls.Result:The scores of SAS,SDS,EPQ and MMPI in stutterers were significantly different from that of normal controls.Conclusion:Clinical symptoms and personality of stutterers were different.

森田疗法用于口吃矫治的疗效研究

目的：探讨森田疗法对口吃病的治疗效果，为口吃治疗提供依据。方法：采用森田疗法，用焦虑自评量表（ＳＡＳ）、抑郁自评量表（ＳＤＳ）、自制的口吃程度量表于治疗前后分别测量，并与对照组或自身比较。结果：口吃患者治疗前ＳＡＳ、ＳＤＳ得分显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），治疗后与对照组无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。治疗前后口吃程度构成有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），治愈率７４％。结论：森田疗法治疗口吃有效。

发展性口吃汉字朗读过程中语音产出的自动化程度

目的口吃者言语产出自动化问题是多年来理论的关键问题之一,研究此问题可揭示大脑言语产生的作用机制,并对口吃矫正的理论和方法具有实际的应用意义。方法应用双任务探测反应时的行为实验范式,通过复杂性不同的单字实验和两字实验,分别检测了22例发展性口吃者在朗读和默读汉字两种阅读状态下探测任务(语音搜索和语音比较)的按键反应时。结果朗读状态下探测任务的反应时在单字和两字实验中都较默读状态延长,其中单字实验中的差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),两字实验中的差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.001);而且单字与双字语音产出时间(朗读与默读探测反应时之差异量)的比较具有显著性(P<0.01),表明两字朗读状态下语音产出反应时较单字明显延长。结论发展性口吃者朗读时的语音产出为一种自动化程度较低的控制性加工,言语复杂性增加使不流利言语增多可能与语音产出需要的注意资源增加有关。

口吃患者人格特征与临床症状的研究

目的 :探讨口吃患者的情绪状态与口吃程度及其人格特征之间的相互关系 ,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法 :应用焦虑自评量表 (SAS) ,抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、艾森克个性人格问卷 (EPQ)对 10 8例口吃患者 ,110名正常人 ,10 3例强迫症患者 ,13 7例抑郁性神经症患者进行测评。结果 :口吃组抑郁、焦虑高于正常组 ,低于抑郁组、强迫症组 (p <0 0 1)。口吃患者的E分低于正常组 ,高于抑郁组、强迫组 ;N分高于正常组 ,低于抑郁组、强迫组 (p <0 0 1)。E分与N分呈显著正相关。SAS、SDS得分与E分呈显著负相关。与N分呈显著正相关。SAS与SDS呈显著正相关。结论 :口吃患者的人格倾向于抑郁质 ,其负性情绪可能与人格特征有关。

图-词干扰范式下汉语口吃者的语义编码

采用图-词干扰范式,通过2个实验考察了汉语口吃者的语义编码。实验1发现,在基本水平命名中,口吃者与非口吃者均表现出语义干扰效应,语义相关干扰词的命名时间显著长于语义无关干扰词的命名时间,口吃者在语义相关干扰条件下所受到的干扰比非口吃者大;在类别水平命名中,口吃者与非口吃者的表现类似,都表现出语义促进效应,语义相关干扰词的命名时间显著短于语义无关干扰词的命名时间,语义相关干扰词的命名错误率也显著低于语义无关干扰词的命名错误率。实验2发现,在基本水平命名中,当SOA为-200ms、-100ms和0ms时,语义相关干扰条件下的反应时显著长于在语义无关干扰条件下的反应时,当SOA为-100ms和0ms时,口吃者的语义干扰效应比非口吃者更加明显。整个研究表明,口吃者的语义编码出现了延缓,口吃者比非口吃者需要更多的时间来排除语义干扰词的干扰。研究结果在一定程度上支持了关于口吃的多因素模型。

汉语口吃者在不出声言语中的语音编码

口吃者与非口吃者在不出声言语中语音编码的差异是口吃者语音加工异常的有力证据。通过三个实验,分别考察了口吃者与非口吃者监控汉语拼音中声母、韵母及声调的差异。结果表明,口吃者对声母的监控与非口吃者相比没有显著的差异,但在监控韵母及声调时,口吃者的反应显著慢于非口吃者。研究结果支持了关于口吃的"内在修正假说",对研究汉语的语音编码有启发,对于口吃的诊断和治疗也有重要的启示。

2-10岁儿童慢性口吃危险因素研究

目的探讨儿童慢性口吃（持续6个月以上）的危险因素和环境影响因素。方法对109例2-10岁持续6个月以上的慢性口吃儿童与68例持续6个月以下的发育性言语不流畅儿童进行对照研究。结果慢性口吃组儿童的次要症状和躲避行为明显高于对照组;经Logistic回归分析,孩子在意自己口吃、无专业人员指导/训练、家长对口吃的态度、家族史、不良的纠正方法、家中人口少、家庭养育环境不良是慢性口吃的影响因素。结论口吃的同时较快出现次要症状和躲避行为、孩子在意自己的口吃（有心理压力）、具有家族史的儿童是慢性口吃的易感人群;是否有专业人员指导/训练、家长对口吃的态度、家长纠正口吃的方法、家中人口少、家庭养育环境不良等都对慢性口吃起重要的影响作用。

基于偏序归约的状态空间约简算法

目前,针对安全协议分析的偏序归约算法较为复杂且不易实现,限制了其适用范围,未考虑约简诚实主体会话中的逆序结点。针对该问题,采用偏序归约的思想,提出一种诚实主体会话中逆序结点的约简算法以及一种迹等价迁移冗余后继结点的约简算法。两种算法思想简单,易于实现。实例表明,这两种算法有效地约简了安全协议的状态空间。

发展性口吃者汉语词汇朗读的语音反应时研究

目的观察发展性口吃者朗读汉语四字词时的言语产出异常并初步探讨其发生机制。方法应用语音反应时实验范式,采用计算机语音数据采集和语音分析技术,比较发展性口吃者与对照者之间朗读四字词的言语产出成绩。结果口吃组语音持续时间(VDT)为(791±82)ms,明显长于对照组(687±93)ms(t=3.42,P<0.01);但语音错误率(VER)和语音反应时(VRT)与对照组之间无显著性差异。结论发展性口吃者的言语流畅性障碍主要发生在言语运动阶段,可能与同时性语言加工任务干扰了言语产出任务有关。