Acoustic characteristics of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech of adult stutterers

This study investigated whether adults who stutter and normal adult speakers differ in the production of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech.Voice onset time（VOT） was measured and the spectral moments at the stop burst were calculated for the stutterers（both before and after the speech therapy） and also for the nonstutterers. The statistical results showed that there were no significant differences in VOT between the nonstutterers and stutterers either prior to or after therapy,although the mean VOT of the stutterers was slightly greater than that of the nonstutterers.The results also indicated that both the obstruction place and the subsequent syllabic final exhibited an influence to a greater extent on VOT for the stutterers.In the spectral domain,the spectral mean of the stuttering participants before therapy was significantly different from that of the normal participants, whereas the group difference became insignificant after the therapy session.The smaller spectral mean for the stutterers might be interpreted as a more posterior occlusion in the oral cavity when producing alveolars and velars.In addition,productions of the stutterers scattered with a wider range in the space of spectral moments.Furthermore,the smaller main effect of syllabic finals on the mean spectral frequency of the burst suggested that the stutterers exhibited weaker anticipatory coarticulation than the nonstutterers.

Medical management of ischemic stuttering priapism： a ：ontemporary review of the literature

Priapism is defined as a prolonged and persistent erection of the penis without sexual stimulation. This is a poorly understood disease process with little information on the pathophysiology of this erectile disorder. Complications from this disorder are devastating due to the irreversible erectile damage and resultant erectile dysfunction （ED）. Stuttering priapism, though relatively rare, affects a high prevalence of men with sickle-cell disease （SCD） and presents a challenging problem with guidelines for treatment lacking or resulting in permanent ED. The mechanisms involved in the development of priapism in this cohort are poorly characterized; therefore, medical management of priapism represents a therapeutic challenge to urologists. Additional research is warranted, so we can effectively target treatments for these patients with prevention as the goal. This review gives an introduction to stuttering priapism and its clinical significance, specifically with regards to the patient with SCD. Additionally, the proposed mechanisms behind its pathophysiology and a summary of the current and future targets for medical management are discussed.

Insights of priapism mechanism and rationale treatment for recurrent priapism

Priapism is defined as abnormal prolonged penile erection occurring beyond or unrelated to sexual interest. The disorder is enigmatic yet devastating because of its elusive etiology, irreversible erectile tissue damage, and resultant erectile dysfunction （ED）. Current management strategies suffer from a poor understanding of the pathophysiology, especially at the molecular level. The traditional treatments are based more on empirical rather than evidence-based knowledge. The outcomes for restoration of normal erectile function are poor, especially for stuttering priapism. Therefore, it is critical to understand priapism from a molecular level, to formulate treatment strategies and to establish rational prevention strategies for high-risk populations, such as sickle cell disease （SCD） patients and cases of the stuttering variant. This review focuses on the recent advances at the molecular level in priapism and penile erection, and applies the recent knowledge to the treatment of stuttering priapism.

基于Stuttering等价技术的有界模型检测的优化

在讨论有界模型检测及其转换公式的基础上,对有界模型检测转换公式[[M,f]]k中的[[M]]k进行优化。通过在LTL有界模型检测中引入Stuttering等价技术,对状态转换路径优化,避免了SAT求解工具在有界Stuttering等价路径中的重复搜索。以安全系统验证为例,通过两个重要的模态算子G(p)和G(p→F(q)),验证优化方法,实验结果表明,该方法有效地提高了对安全系统保密性和认证性验证的效率。

微分方程组解Stuttering Poisson分布密度函数的讨论

文中Poisson分布的普通性修改后得到一种推广的Poisson分布—Stuttering Poisson分布,它具有在充分短的时间段内来到多次事件的性质,它在库存管理、运筹学、经济学等领域都有应用。类似微分方程法解得Poisson分布密度函数,本文构造差分微分方程,然后将其转变为常系数线性微分方程组,用欧拉方法最终求得了Stuttering Poisson分布密度函数,并对密度函数的表达式给出了一个直观解释。

Interaction between semantic and phonological processes in stuttering Evidence from the dual-task paradigm

Stuttering is a common neurological deficit and its underlying cognitive mechanisms are a matter of debate, with evidence suggesting abnormal modulation between speech encoding and other cognitive components. Previous studies have mainly used single task experiments to investigate the disturbance of language production. It is unclear whether there is abnormal interaction between the three language tasks （orthographic, phonological and semantic judgment） in stuttering patients. This study used dual tasks and manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony （SOA） between tasks 1 and 2 and the nature of the second task, including orthographic, phonological, and semantic judgments. The results showed that the performance records of orthographic judgment, phonological judgment, and semantic judgment were significantly reduced between the patient and control groups with short SOA （P 〈 0.05）. However, different patterns of interaction between task 2 and SOA were observed across subject groups： subjects with stuttering were more strongly modulated by SOA when the second task was semantic judgment or phonological judgment （P 〈 0.05）, but not in the orthographic judgment experiment （P 〉 0.05）. These results indicated that the interaction mechanism between semantic processing and phonological encoding might be an underlying cause for stuttering.

Unexpected Airway Obstruction Caused by Bilateral Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy Following Second Radical Neck Dissection

A 67-year-old woman underwent right radical neck dissection for cervical lymph node metastasis from maxillary gingival carcinoma. Two months later, metastasis in the left superior internal jugular lymph nodes were discovered, and left radical neck dissection was performed. Postoperatively, airway obstruction occurred despite performing extubation after confirming that the patient had fully recovered from anesthesia. Bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy was diagnosed and the patient was reintubated. After extubation on the following day, airway obstruction was relieved, but slurred speech and impaired swallowing were persistent. In view of this, hypoglossal nerve function should be examined before the second radical neck dissection on the contralateral side.

Attitudes Toward People Who Stutter in the Chinese Context: An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Knowledge Sources

The public’s attitudes can affect the experience of stuttering of people who stutter.This study investigated the attitudes held by the public about people who stutter in China.A web-based written survey with closed and open-ended questions was implemented to develop a rich understanding.One hundred and two respondents in 26 provinces and 3 municipalities provided comments on people who stutter in their life aspects such as personality,speech,social life,work,life participation,education,dating and marriage,capability,and communication skills.The predominantly negative attitudes towards the overall domains were identified.Attitudes to people who stutter varied according to the different sources of knowledge.Familiarity with people who stutter might reduce stereotypes.However,knowledge from the media might aggravate stereotypes.Implications and future research orientation were also discussed.

利用分子特异的条形码评估二代测序中STR的复制滑脱

目的利用分子特异的条形码(Unique Molecular Identifiers,UMIs)研究二代测序平台中STR的复制滑脱现象。方法采用探针捕获与高通量测序技术对12个中国汉族无关个体进行STR靶标基因座的富集与测序,并利用自己开发的软件进行STR分型及复制滑脱的评估。结果对12个中国汉族无关个体的高通量测序数据的STR分型及复制滑脱情况的分析发现:单个UMI家族随着成员数目的增多,其STR的复制滑脱产物占所有成员的百分比(Stutter Percentage,SP)逐渐降低,当家族成员数目增至40个时,其SP趋于稳定;STR基因座的各等位基因易向比它自身少一个重复单位的等位基因滑脱,形成stutters。结论UMI可准确识别STR基因座在PCR扩增过程中DNA链滑脱所产生的stutters并将其去除,达到了降低二代测序平台中STR复制滑脱产物的效果,为法医鉴定中混合检材的精细鉴别提供了技术支撑。

A forced alignment approach to detect Chinese repetitive stuttering

A forced alignment based algorithms to detect Chinese repetitive stuttering is studied. According to the features of repetitions in Chinese stuttered speech,improvement solutions are provided based on the previous research findings.First,a multi-span looping forced alignment decoding networks is designed to detect multi-syllable repetitions in Chinese stuttered speech.Second,branch penalty factor is added in the networks to adjust decoding trend using recursive search in order to reduce the error from the complexity of the decoding networks. Finally,we re-judge the detected stutters by calculating confidence to improve the reliability of the detection result.The experimental results show that compared to previous algorithm,the proposed algorithm can improve system performance significantly,about 18%average detection error rate relatively.