A Dynamical Approach to the Explanation of the Upper Critical Field Data of Compressed H3S

Excellent fits were obtained by Talantsev (MPLB 33, 1950195, 2019) to the temperature (T)-dependent upper critical field (Hc2(T)) data of H3S reported by Mozaffari et al. [Nature Communications 10, 2522 (2019)] by employing four alternative phenomenological models, each of which invoked two or more properties from its sample-specific set S1 = {Tc, gap, coherence length, penetration depth, jump in sp.ht.} and a single value of the effective mass (m*) of an electron. Based on the premise that the variation of Hc2(T) is due to the variation of the chemical potential μ(T), we report here fits to the same data by employing a T-, μ- and m*-dependent equation for Hc2(T) and three models of μ(T), viz. the linear, the parabolic and the concave-upward model. For temperatures up to which the data are available, each of these provides a good fit. However, for lower values of T, their predictions differ. Notably, the predicted values of Hc2(0) are much higher than in any of the models dealt with by Talantsev. In sum, we show here that the addressed data are explicable in a framework comprising the set S2 = {μ, m*, interaction parameter λm, Landau index NL}, which is altogether different from S1.

Recovery of oil and free fatty acids from spent bleaching earth using sub-critical water technology supported with kinetic and thermodynamic study

This work represents the extraction of oil with high free fatty acid content from spent bleaching earth using sub-critical water technology as a greener production pathway. The extraction efficiencies under different conditions were investigated. The studied parameters include temperatures in the range of 180 to 270°C, the feed to solventfeed-to-solvent (in this case water) ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) and extraction times in the range of 5-60 minutes. The results showed that the optimum temperature, feed to solventfeed-to-solvent ratio, and extraction time were 270°C, 1:3, and 20 minutes, respectively. In another experiment, the extracted free fatty acids were converted into mono-, di-, and triglycerides through esterification with glycerol to increase the value added of the extracted products. The kinetics of the extraction process was found to be corresponding to an irreversible consecutive unimolecular-type first order reaction, consisting of the extraction step followed by the decomposition reaction step. Both reaction rates of extraction and decomposition were estimated using the reaction rate equations utilizing the nonlinear regression method. The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 46.1 kJ·mol-1. This result indicates a diffusion controlled reaction. For more exploration and deep understanding of the extraction mechanism, other thermodynamic parameters were also calculated and analyzed including,ΔH#, ΔS#, and ΔG# of the extraction step.

Law governing strata and ground movement due to sub-critical extraction

The strata movement induced by sub-critical extraction is a problem not receiving due attention because of its relatively small magnitude of deformation. However, with the increase of mining depth, sub-critical extraction has become a general phenomenon. This calls for an in-depth investigation into the characteristics of ground movements observed under different extents of sub-critical extraction, so as to determine the appropriate mining technique for use. Following a discussion of the factors influencing the extent of super-critical extraction, the super-critical extraction extent evaluation criteria was presented, the characteristics and laws of the strata and ground movements caused by such an extraction condition were systematically analyzed, and the mechanism of surface subsidence induced by sub-critical extraction was revealed. The result of study may serve as a basis for the development of the strata and ground movement prediction model and the mining techniques appropriate for use at depth beneath surface structures and buildings.

Fouling process and anti-fouling mechanisms of dynamic membrane assisted by photocatalytic oxidation under sub-critical fluxes

Membrane fouling is often considered as a hindrance for the application of microfiltration/ultrafiltration(MF/UF) for drinking water production. A novel process of photocatalytic membrane reactor/dynamic membrane(PMR/DM), operating in a continuous mode under sub-critical flux, was proposed for the mitigation of membrane fouling caused by humic acids(HAs) in water. The mechanism of membrane fouling alleviation with synergistic photocatalytic oxidation and dynamic layer isolating effect was comprehensively investigated from the characterization of foulant evolution responsible for the reversible and irreversible fouling. The results showed that the PMR/DM utilized photocatalytic oxidation to enhance the porosity and hydrophilicity of the fouling layer by converting the high molecular weight(MW) and hydrophobic HA molecules with carboxylic functional groups and aromatic structures into low-MW hydrophilic or transphilic fractions, including tryptophan-like or fulvic-like substances. The fouling layer formed in the PMR/DM by combination of photocatalytic oxidation and DM running at a sub-critical flux of 100 L·h^-1·m^-2, was more hydrophilic and more porous, resulting in the lowest trans-membrane pressure(TMP) growth rates, as compared to the processes of ceramic membrane(CM), DM and PMR/CM.Meanwhile, the dynamic layer prevented the foulants, particularly the high-MW hydrophobic fractions,from contacting the primary membrane, which enabled the membrane permeability to be restored easily.

In-plane shear(ModeⅡ) crack sub-critical propagation of rock at high temperature

In-plane shear crack sub-critical propagation of rock at high temperature was studied by finite element method and shear-box(i.e.compression-shear) test with newly designed electrically conductive adhesive method.Numerical and experimental results show that the normalized shear(Mode Ⅱ) stress intensity factors,K ⅡT/KT0 is decreased as the temperature increases because high temperature can improve stress distribution at crack tip and reduce the Mode Ⅱ stress intensity factor.Microscopic features of fractured surface are of little pits and secondary micro-cracks in the vicinity(1.5-4.0 mm) of the crack tip.The chevron-shape secondary cracks gradually merge in the length of about 4-5 mm and disappear along the direction of crack propagation.Stable shear crack propagation time is increased with the increasing temperature while the stable shear crack propagation rate is decreased with the increasing temperature,since high temperature can increase the shear(Mode Ⅱ) fracture toughness and prevent the crack growth.It is necessary to ensure the ligament of specimen long enough to measure the maximum unstable crack propagation rate of rock.

Effect of holes on in-plane shear(Mode Ⅱ) crack sub-critical propagation of rock

Shear-box(i.e.compression-shear) test and newly designed electrically conductive adhesive method were used to measure shear crack sub-critical propagation time and rate of sandstone specimen.Different cubic specimens with and without holes were tested to study the effect of holes on the shear crack sub-critical propagation.Numerical and experimental results show that three independent variables of hole,the interval distance S,the distance between the center of hole and the crack tip L,and hole radius R,have different contribution to the ratio of stress intensity factor of the specimen with holes to that of the specimen without hole,KⅡ/KⅡ0.Increasing S and decreasing L and R will result in the decrease of KⅡ/KⅡ0 and help crack arrest.The weight relation of the independent variables for KⅡ/KⅡ0 is S>L>R.The specimen DH3 with the largest value of S and the smallest values of L and R has the longest sub-critical crack propagation time and the smallest sub-critical crack propagation rate.Adding two suitable holes symmetrically to the original crack plane in rock specimen is considered to be a potential method for crack arrest of rock.

Sub-Criticality Measurement with Source Term for Research Reactor in Inverse Kinetics Method

In reactor physics tests, it is important to monitor sub-criticality continuously during criticality approach. Reactivity measurements by the inverse kinetics method are widely used during the operation of a nuclear reactor. This technique is successfully applied at sufficiently high power level or to a core without an external neutron source where the neutron source term in point reactor kinetics equations may be neglected. For operation at low power levels or in the sub-critical domain, the increase in the fluctuation of the neutron signal may cause difficulties in the evaluation of reactivity and the effect of direct emission from the external neutron source may not be neglected. Therefore, contribution of the neutron source must be taken into account and this implies knowledge of a quantity proportional to the source strength, which calls the source term and then it should be determined. The research work has been conducted to measure reactivity with source term using a dedicated reactivity measurement system by the Least Square Inverse Kinetics Method (LSIKM). Application to a simulator of HANARO research reactor, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), with known source strength and reactivity worth has showed consistent and satisfactory agreement.

Application of Sub-Critical Water Extraction in Pharmaceutical Industry

Sub-critical water extraction is a brand-new separation technology. This paper mainly discussed the principle, advantages of sub-critical water extraction, and its applications ranging from the medicinal plants traditionally used in Europe and Asia to produce pharmaceutical extracts (such as volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, lactone, etc.). Meanwhile, the prospect of sub-critical water extraction in plant extractives is also explored. It will be widely used in the field of medical plants, bringing huge economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits.

Technical Study on Extraction of Procyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Using Sub-critical Fluid 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane( R134a)and Content Determination from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.

基于博弈论-云模型的地下室防水工程质量潜在缺陷风险评价

地下室防水工程质量是保障建筑工程使用功能的关键一环,对其工程质量潜在缺陷进行风险评价具有重要意义。本文首先将地下室防水工程划分为勘察设计、施工、竣工验收、复查四个工程阶段,识别出21个风险点以构建其风险指标体系;其次,运用G1法和改进CRITIC法分别求出各指标的主、客观权重,并利用博弈论确定综合权重;最后,基于云模型建立地下室防水工程质量潜在缺陷风险评价模型并应用于实际工程案例,风险评价结果与模糊综合评价结果和实际情况一致。研究结果表明:基于博弈论-云模型的风险评价模型综合考虑主、客观因素对地下室防水工程质量风险等级的影响,评价结果合理可靠,可为TIS机构有效评价地下室防水工程质量风险等级提供技术支持。

CRITICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF α(1→3)-D-GLUCAN FROM LENTINUS EDODES IN NaOH AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Critical concentrations of α-(1→3)-D-glucan L-FV-Ⅱ from Lentinus edodes were studied by viscometry andfluorescence probe techniques. The dependence of the reduced viscosity on concentration of the glucan in 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solutions with or without urea showed two turning points corresponding to the dynamic contact concentration c_s andthe overlap concentration c~* of the polymer. The values of c_s and c~* were found to be 1×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) and 1.1×10^(-2) g cm^(-3),respectively, for L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions. The two critical concentrations of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/LNaOH aqueous solutions were also found to be 1.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) fbr c_s and 9.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) for c~* from the concentrationdependence of phenanthrene fluorescence intensities. The overlap concentration c~* of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueoussolutions was lower than that of polystyrene with same molecular weight in benzene, owing to the fact that polysaccharidetends to undergo aggregation caused by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. A normal viscosity behavior of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L urea/0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions can still be observed in an extremely low concentration range at 25℃.

基于CRITIC和改进Grey-TOPSIS的电能质量分级评估方法

为提高电能质量分级评估的客观性和准确性,提出了一种基于CRITIC和改进Grey-TOPSIS的电能质量分级评估方法。首先,基于压力-状态-响应模型中子系统间的逻辑关系,从压力、状态、响应多维度选取评价指标,建立科学的电能质量综合评估指标体系。由于指标间存在一定关联关系,综合指标间的差异因素,从两种信息角度采用CRITIC赋权法,保证指标赋权的客观性。然后,建立改进Grey-TOPSIS评估模型,引入灰色关联度改进单一的欧氏距离。将图形贴近度与空间位置融合,构建新距离测度,弥补原有判据的缺陷。同时,将电能质量等级矩阵加入评估矩阵中,通过计算实测和等级序列与正理想解间的贴近度,实现对电能质量等级客观的量化分级。最后,通过实际算例分析,验证了所提方法能够充分利用数据信息,降低主观因素影响,获得更准确、全面的电能质量分级评估结果。

改进CRITIC修正G2-TOPSIS的钻孔自燃预测模型及应用

针对瓦斯抽采钻孔自燃危险评价系统模型中指标权重难以确定的问题,提出一种改进的基于指标相关性权重确定法(CRITIC)的G2赋权法。首先引入欧式距离函数,建立优化决策模型,采用CRITIC的“差异驱动”型赋权法修正“功能驱动”型G2赋权法;其次获得各指标综合权重,评价影响钻孔自燃危险因素的主次关系;再次基于逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)“驱动功能”的G2赋权法,建立G2-TOPSIS钻孔自燃危险评判模型;然后分析贴近度,预测钻孔自燃危险等级;最后将该模型应用于晋牛煤矿1303工作面瓦斯抽采钻孔。结果表明:煤氧化还原燃点温差为诱发钻孔自燃危险的主导因素;钻孔自燃危险等级为III级,预测结果与实际情况相吻合。

基于CRITIC法计算权重系数的星点设计-效应面法优化雷公降压颗粒成型工艺的研究

目的:优选雷公降压颗粒的最佳成型工艺。方法:以辅料配比(糊精-甘露醇)、辅料用量、乙醇体积分数为考察因素,以成型率、休止角、溶化时间、吸湿率、脆碎度作为考察指标,CRITIC法分配各指标权重系数,采用星点设计-效应面法优化雷公降压颗粒成型工艺。结果:CRITIC法得出成型率、休止角、溶化时间、吸湿率、脆碎度的权重系数分别为0.1943、0.2065、0.2089、0.1797、0.2106,最佳成型工艺为辅料配比3∶1,辅料用量4倍,乙醇体积分数80%。结论:优选的成型工艺稳定可行,重复性好,可为雷公降压颗粒的生产提供参考。

青海省水资源-环境-社会经济系统耦合协调特征

水资源、环境、社会经济系统之间相互影响、协同演进,对3个系统相互作用关系的研究是目前的热点。为探究水资源-环境-社会经济系统的耦合协调特征,以青海省为研究对象,构建多系统评价指标体系,利用耦合协调模型及灰色关联模型对2000—2020年青海省水资源-环境-社会经济系统耦合协调特征进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)研究期内,青海省水资源、环境、社会经济子系统的评价指数呈现不同程度的增大趋势;(2)水资源-环境-社会经济系统耦合度处于融合高水平阶段,耦合协调度处于由中级协调向良好协调过渡的阶段;(3)在3个子系统中,水资源子系统的发展水平对青海省水资源-环境-社会经济系统耦合协调发展影响较大,环境子系统次之,社会经济子系统的影响相对较小。

改进GRA-TOPSIS方法的深部破碎岩体质量评价模型研究

为提高深部厚大破碎岩体质量评估的可靠性,建立了基于改进GRA-TOPSIS的岩体质量综合评价模型。首先,从岩体强度、完整性和地质环境3个方面,选取了6个典型性影响因素,构建了深部厚大破碎岩体质量综合评价指标体系,并确定了指标分级标准;其次,采用改进CRITIC法计算指标权重,通过计算灰色关联相对贴近度,根据最大隶属度准则,对岩体质量进行综合分析比较;最后,以某金属矿山为例,通过相关计算,验证所建立的改进GRA-TOPSIS的综合评价模型在岩体质量评估方面的适用性,并将评估结果与未确知测度理论和云理论模型评估结果对比。结果显示,3种模型评估结果完全一致,与实际调查结论相符,且所建立的GRA-TOPSIS综合评估模型能显著提高分辨水平,更有利于岩体质量评估与分析,为深部厚大破碎岩体质量评估提供了新思路。

CRITICAL EXTINCTION EXPONENTS FOR POLYTROPIC FILTRATION EQUATIONS WITH NONLOCAL SOURCE AND ABSORPTION

In this article, by applying the super-solution and sub-solution methods, instead of energy estimate methods, the authors investigate the critical extinction exponents for a polytropic filtration equation with a nonlocal source and an absorption term, and give a classification of the exponents and coefficients for the solutions to vanish in finite time or not, which improve one of our results （Applicable Analysis, 92（2013）, 636-650） and the results of Zheng et al （Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 36（2013）, 730-743）.

Compressed H3S: Fits to the Empirical Hc2(T) Data and a Discussion of the Meissner Effect

Based on μ-, T- and H-dependent pairing and number equations and the premise that μ(T) is predominantly the cause of the variation of the upper critical field Hc2(T), where μ, T and H denote the chemical potential, temperature and the applied field, respectively, we provide in this paper fits to the empirical Hc2(T) data of H3S reported by Mozaffari, et al. (2019) and deal with the issue of whether or not H3S exhibits the Meissner effect. Employing a variant of the template given by Dogan and Cohen (2021), we examine in detail the results of Hirsch and Marsiglio (2022) who have claimed that H3S does not exhibit the Meissner effect and Minkov, et al. (2023) who have claimed that it does. We are thus led to suggest that monitoring the chemical potential (equivalently, the number density of Cooper pairs Ns at T = Tc) should shed new light on the issue being addressed.

Rossi-α方法测量CFBR-Ⅱ堆瞬发中子衰减常数

瞬发中子衰减常数α是核系统的重要特征参数。简要介绍了点堆模型的α本征值定义以及Rossi-α方法原理,并利用研制的Rossi-α测量系统在CFBR-Ⅱ堆上开展了多个状态的α实验测量,获得了系列的次临界α实验数据以及缓发临界时的瞬发中子衰减常数αc,为相关实验提供了基准数据。