Feature Conditioning Based on DWT Sub-Bands Selection on Proposed Channels in BCI Speller

In this paper, we present a novel and efficient scheme for detection of P300 component of the event-related potential in the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) speller paradigm that needs significantly less EEG channels and uses a minimal subset of effective features. Removing unnecessary channels and reducing the feature dimension resulted in lower cost and shorter time and thus improved the BCI implementation. The idea was to employ a proper method to optimize the number of channels and feature vectors while keeping high accuracy in classification performance. Optimal channel selection was based on both discriminative criteria and forward-backward investigation. Besides, we obtained a minimal subset of effective features by choosing the discriminant coefficients of wavelet decomposition. Our algorithm was tested on dataset II of the BCI competition 2005. We achieved 92% accuracy using a simple LDA classifier, as compared with the second best result in BCI 2005 with an accuracy of 90.5% using SVM for classification which required more computation, and against the highest accuracy of 96.5% in BCI 2005 that used SVM and much more channels requiring excessive calculations. We also applied our proposed scheme on Hoffmann’s dataset to evaluate the effectiveness of channel reduction and achieved acceptable results.

Video Compression USING a New Active Mesh Based Motion Compensation Algorithm in Wavelet Sub-Bands

In this paper, a new mesh based algorithm is applied for motion estimation and compensation in the wavelet domain. The first major contribution of this work is the introduction of a new active mesh based method for motion estimation and compensation. The proposed algorithm is based on the mesh energy minimization with novel sets of energy functions. The proposed energy functions have appropriate features, which improve the accuracy of motion estimation and compensation algorithm. We employ the proposed motion estimation algorithm in two different manners for video compression. In the first approach, the proposed algorithm is employed for motion estimation of consecutive frames. In the second approach, the algorithm is applied for motion estimation and compensation in the wavelet sub-bands. The experimental results reveal that the incorporation of active mesh based motion-compensated temporal filtering into wavelet sub-bands significantly improves the distortion performance rate of the video compression. We also use a new wavelet coder for the coding of the 3D volume of coefficients based on the retained energy criteria. This coder gives the maximum retained energy in all sub-bands. The proposed algorithm was tested with some video sequences and the results showed that the use of the proposed active mesh method for motion compensation and its implementation in sub-bands yields significant improvement in PSNR performance.

A Cell Condition-Sensitive Frequency Segmentation Method Based on the Sub-Band Instantaneous Energy Spectrum of Aluminum Electrolysis Cell Voltage

Cell voltage is a widely used signal that can be measured online from an industrial aluminum electrolysis cell.A variety of parameters for the analysis and control of industrial cells are calculated using the cell voltage.In this paper,the frequency segmentation of cell voltage is used as the basis for designing filters to obtain these parameters.Based on the qualitative analysis of the cell voltage,the sub-band instantaneous energy spectrum(SIEP)is first proposed,which is then used to quantitatively represent the characteristics of the designated frequency bands of the cell voltage under various cell conditions.Ultimately,a cell condition-sensitive frequency segmentation method is given.The proposed frequency segmentation method divides the effective frequency band into the[0,0.001]Hz band of lowfrequency signals and the[0.001,0.050]Hz band of low-frequency noise,and subdivides the lowfrequency noise into the[0.001,0.010]Hz band of metal pad abnormal rolling and the[0.01,0.05]Hz band of sub-low-frequency noise.Compared with the instantaneous energy spectrum based on empirical mode decomposition,the SIEP more finely represents the law of energy change with time in any designated frequency band within the effective frequency band of the cell voltage.The proposed frequency segmentation method is more sensitive to cell condition changes and can obtain more elaborate details of online cell condition information,thus providing a more reliable and accurate online basis for cell condition monitoring and control decisions.

A fuzzy adaptive smoothing approach to robust endpoint detection based on MDL using sub-band speech

To develop a more robust endpoint detection algorithm, this paper first proposes a fuzzy adaptive smoothing algorithm. The general idea underlying adaptive smoothing is to adapt the short-term sub-band mean of the amplitude to the local attributes of speech on the basis of discontinuity measures. The adaptive smoothing algorithm in this paper utilizes a scale-space framework through the minimal description length （MDL）. We recommend using the fuzzy muhi-attribute decision making approach to select the proper sub-bands where the word boundary can be more reliably detected. The process and simulation of the fuzzy adaptive smoothing algorithm are given. The parameters utilize the mean amplitude of the audible frequency range （300 -3 700 Hz） and the sub-band mean of the amplitude （16 band filter-bank）. We selected the audible band energy because of its usefulness in detecting high-energy regions and making the distinction between speech and noise. Otherwise, the fuzzy adaptive smoothing algorithm is processed in sub-band speech to utilize the full range of frequency information.

Sub-band ICA with selection criterion for BBS of dependent mages

Because of the correlation of images,the efficiency of the standard ICA is not satisfied in the blind source separation (BSS) of image.Therefore,a new method of sub-band ICA with selection criterion is proposed for this problem.Firstly,the sub-bands of the new method are made up of the wavelet packets (WP) coefficients.Secondly,the selection criterion of the new method is a combination of the mutual information (MI),kurtosis and sparsity.One sub-band or a sub-bands group obtained from the new method are more suitable as the inputs parameters of the algorithm of ICA than mixed images.The new method has been applied into the BSS of partially dependent images and highly dependent images successfully.According to the separation experiments,it is shown that the separation efficacy of the new method is more accurate and robust.

A method to compress vibration signals using wavelet packet transformation combined with sub-band vector quantization

A novel compression method for mechanical vibrating signals,binding with sub-band vector quantization(SVQ) by wavelet packet transformation(WPT) and discrete cosine transformation(DCT) is proposed.Firstly,the vibrating signal is decomposed into sub-bands by WPT.Then DCT and adaptive bit allocation are done per sub-band and SVQ is performed in each sub-band.It is noted that,after DCT,we only need to code the first components whose numbers are determined by the bits allocated to that sub-band.Through an actual signal,our algorithm is proven to improve the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the reconstructed signal effectively,especially in the situation of lowrate transmission.

Information Hiding Method Based on Block DWT Sub-Band Feature Encoding

For realizing of long text information hiding and covert communication, a binary watermark sequence was obtained firstly from a text file and encoded by a redundant encoding method. Then, two neighboring blocks were selected at each time from the Hilbert scanning sequence of carrier image blocks, and transformed by 1-level discrete wavelet transformation (DWT). And then the double block based JNDs (just noticeable difference) were calculated with a visual model. According to the different codes of each two watermark bits, the average values of two corresponding detail sub-bands were modified by using one of JNDs to hide information into carrier image. The experimental results show that the hidden information is invisible to human eyes, and the algorithm is robust to some common image processing operations. The conclusion is that the algorithm is effective and practical.

Skin Lesion Classification System Using Shearlets

The main cause of skin cancer is the ultraviolet radiation of the sun.It spreads quickly to other body parts.Thus,early diagnosis is required to decrease the mortality rate due to skin cancer.In this study,an automatic system for Skin Lesion Classification(SLC)using Non-Subsampled Shearlet Transform(NSST)based energy features and Support Vector Machine(SVM)classifier is proposed.Atfirst,the NSST is used for the decomposition of input skin lesion images with different directions like 2,4,8 and 16.From the NSST’s sub-bands,energy fea-tures are extracted and stored in the feature database for training.SVM classifier is used for the classification of skin lesion images.The dermoscopic skin images are obtained from PH^(2) database which comprises of 200 dermoscopic color images with melanocytic lesions.The performances of the SLC system are evaluated using the confusion matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)curves.The SLC system achieves 96%classification accuracy using NSST’s energy fea-tures obtained from 3^(rd) level with 8-directions.

Speech Separation Algorithm Using Gated Recurrent Network Based on Microphone Array

Speech separation is an active research topic that plays an important role in numerous applications,such as speaker recognition,hearing pros-thesis,and autonomous robots.Many algorithms have been put forward to improve separation performance.However,speech separation in reverberant noisy environment is still a challenging task.To address this,a novel speech separation algorithm using gate recurrent unit(GRU)network based on microphone array has been proposed in this paper.The main aim of the proposed algorithm is to improve the separation performance and reduce the computational cost.The proposed algorithm extracts the sub-band steered response power-phase transform(SRP-PHAT)weighted by gammatone filter as the speech separation feature due to its discriminative and robust spatial position in formation.Since the GRU net work has the advantage of processing time series data with faster training speed and fewer training parameters,the GRU model is adopted to process the separation featuresof several sequential frames in the same sub-band to estimate the ideal Ratio Masking(IRM).The proposed algorithm decomposes the mixture signals into time-frequency(TF)units using gammatone filter bank in the frequency domain,and the target speech is reconstructed in the frequency domain by masking the mixture signal according to the estimated IRM.The operations of decomposing the mixture signal and reconstructing the target signal are completed in the frequency domain which can reduce the total computational cost.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm realizes omnidirectional speech sep-aration in noisy and reverberant environments,provides good performance in terms of speech quality and intelligibility,and has the generalization capacity to reverberate.

Face Recognition Using LDA with Wavelet Transform Approach

Linear Discriminant Analysis （LDA） is one of the principal techniques used in face recognition systems. LDA is well-known scheme for feature extraction and dimension reduction. It provides improved performance over the standard Principal Component Analysis （PCA） method of face recognition by introducing the concept of classes and distance between classes. This paper provides an overview of PCA, the various variants of LDA and their basic drawbacks. The paper also has proposed a development over classical LDA, i.e., LDA using wavelets transform approach that enhances performance as regards accuracy and time complexity. Experiments on ORL face database clearly demonstrate this and the graphical comparison of the algorithms clearly showcases the improved recognition rate in case of the proposed algorithm.

Denoising of seismic data via multi-scale ridgelet transform

Noise has traditionally been suppressed or eliminated in seismic data sets by the use of Fourier filters and, to a lesser degree, nonlinear statistical filters. Although these methods are quite useful under specific conditions, they may produce undesirable effects for the low signal to noise ratio data. In this paper, a new method, multi-scale ridgelet transform, is used in the light of the theory of ridgelet transform. We employ wavelet transform to do sub-band decomposition for the signals and then use non-linear thresholding in ridgelet domain for every block. In other words, it is based on the idea of partition, at sufficiently fine scale, a curving singularity looks straight, and so ridgelet transform can work well in such cases. Applications on both synthetic data and actual seismic data from Sichuan basin, South China, show that the new method eliminates the noise portion of the signal more efficiently and retains a greater amount of geologic data than other methods, the quality and consecutiveness of seismic event are improved obviously as well as the quality of section is improved.

Anti-noise sound recognition based on energy-frequency feature

In the natural environment,non-stationary background noise affects the animal sound recognition directly.Given this problem,a new technology of animal sound recognition based on energy-frequency(E-F)feature is proposed in this paper.The animal sound is turned into spectrogram to show the energy,time and frequency characteristics.The sub-band frequency division and sub-band energy division are carried out on the spectrogram for extracting the statistical characteristic of energy and frequency,so as to achieve sub-band power distribution(SPD)and sub-band division.Radon transform(RT)and discrete wavelet transform(DWT)are employed to obtain the important projection coefficients,and the energy values of sub-band frequencies are calculated to extract the sub-band frequency feature.The E-F feature is formed by combining the SPD feature and sub-band energy value feature.The classification is achieved by support vector machine(SVM)classifier.The experimental results show that the method can achieve better recognition effect even when the SNR is below10 dB.

EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF 3D FILTER FOR MOVING OBJECT EXTRACTION

In this paper the design and implementation of Multi-Dimensional (MD) filter, particularly 3-Dimensional (3D) filter, are presented. Digital (discrete domain) filters applied to image and video signal processing using the novel 3D multirate algorithms for efficient implementation of moving object extraction are engineered with an example. The multirate (decimation and/or interpolation) signal processing algorithms can achieve significant savings in computation and memory usage. The proposed algorithm uses the mapping relations of z-transfer functions between non-multirate and multirate mathematical expressions in terms of time-varying coefficient instead of traditional polyphase de- composition counterparts. The mapping properties can be readily used to efficiently analyze and synthesize MD multirate filters.

Statistical analysis of Epileptic activities based on Histogram and Wavelet-Spectral entropy

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder which is identified by successive unexpected seizures. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the electrical signal of brain which contains valuable information about its normal or epileptic activity. In this work EEG and its frequency sub-bands have been analysed to detect epileptic seizures. A discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been applied to decompose the EEG into its sub-bands. Applying histogram and Spectral entropy approaches to the EEG sub-bands, normal and abnormal states of brain can be distinguished with more than 99% probability.

A detecting method for line-spectrum target by fusing output DC jump to fluctuations ratio of sub-band spatial spectrum and beam space

The low frequency line components of the radiated noise from an underwater target usually have both high spectrum level and sustained stability. This feature could be used to increase the detection performance of conventional broadband energy integration method. The required spectrum level is theoretically discussed when the detection performance of the known line detection is better than that of broadband energy integration method. Under the condition of the target can be detected in line spectrum band, the relationship between the line spectrum level and signal to noise ratio （SNR） is also discussed. This paper proposes a line spectrum target detection method that a matrix using DC jump to fluctuations ratios of sub-band spatial spectrum and beam space output is constructed. This matrix acts as a filter that the line spectrum target with certain frequency and azimuth is passed at most. By fusing with the other sub band results, the conventional detection performance can be improved. At the same time, the applicable condition and detection performance are analyzed in the paper. The simulation and the sea trial data processing results show that the algorithm can effectively extract weak goal line spectrum target under the condition of multi-interference. The algorithm doesn＇t need multi-frame statistics and the detection performance is closer to the optimal line spectrum method.