Global efforts for environmental cleanliness through the control of gaseous emissions from vehicles are gaining momentum and attracting increasing attention. Calibration plays a crucial role in these efforts by ensuri...Global efforts for environmental cleanliness through the control of gaseous emissions from vehicles are gaining momentum and attracting increasing attention. Calibration plays a crucial role in these efforts by ensuring the quantitative assessment of emissions for informed decisions on environmental treatments. This paper describes a method for the calibration of CO/CO<sub>2</sub> monitors used for periodic inspections of vehicles in cites. The calibration was performed in the selected ranges: 900 - 12,000 µmol/mol for CO and 2000 - 20,000 µmol/mol for CO<sub>2</sub>. The traceability of the measurement results to the SI units was ensured by using certified reference materials from CO/N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> primary gas mixtures. The method performance was evaluated by assessing its linearity, accuracy, precision, bias, and uncertainty of the calibration results. The calibration data exhibited a strong linear trend with R² values close to 1, indicating an excellent fit between the measured values and the calibration lines. Precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD), ranged from 0.48 to 4.56% for CO and from 0.97 to 3.53% for CO<sub>2</sub>, staying well below the 5% threshold for reporting results at a 95% confidence level. Accuracy measured as percent recovery, was consistently high (≥ 99.1%) for CO and ranged from 84.90% to 101.54% across the calibration range for CO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, the method exhibited minimal bias for both CO and CO<sub>2</sub> calibrations and thus provided a reliable and accurate approach for calibrating CO/CO<sub>2</sub> monitors used in vehicle inspections. Thus, it ensures the effectiveness of exhaust emission control for better environment.展开更多
通过深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层和地质钻孔沉积地层的对比,并结合沉积物的粒度、微体古生物以及AMS14C测年的综合分析,揭示了研究区晚更新世末次冰期以来的地层层序,探讨了深沪湾的古环境演变。深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面自上而...通过深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层和地质钻孔沉积地层的对比,并结合沉积物的粒度、微体古生物以及AMS14C测年的综合分析,揭示了研究区晚更新世末次冰期以来的地层层序,探讨了深沪湾的古环境演变。深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面自上而下划分的5个声学地层单元与钻孔岩芯划分的5个沉积地层单元具有较好的对应关系。8.2 ka BP左右,全新世海侵使得海水进入深沪湾海域,海平面低于现今海平面10~12 m,气候凉爽;7 ka BP左右海水到达现今海平面位置,并于6 ka BP左右到达最高,约比现今海平面高2~3 m,气候温暖湿润,这一时期,近岸大量裸子植物被海水淹没并被沉积物快速掩埋;5 850~5 642 a BP研究区温度降低,该降温活动持续到2 ka BP左右,气候凉爽干燥;2 ka BP以来温度逐渐上升,600 a BP左右有一个相对冷期,之后温度又逐渐上升至现今水平。展开更多
We study exact solutions to (1 + 1)-dimensional generalized Boussinesq equation with time-space dispersion term by making use of improved sub-equation method, and analyse the dynamical behavior and exact solutions of ...We study exact solutions to (1 + 1)-dimensional generalized Boussinesq equation with time-space dispersion term by making use of improved sub-equation method, and analyse the dynamical behavior and exact solutions of the sub-equation after constructing the nonlinear transformation and constraint conditions. Accordingly, we obtain twenty families of exact solutions such as analytical and singular solitons and singular periodic waves. In addition, we discuss the impact of system parameters on wave propagation.展开更多
文摘Global efforts for environmental cleanliness through the control of gaseous emissions from vehicles are gaining momentum and attracting increasing attention. Calibration plays a crucial role in these efforts by ensuring the quantitative assessment of emissions for informed decisions on environmental treatments. This paper describes a method for the calibration of CO/CO<sub>2</sub> monitors used for periodic inspections of vehicles in cites. The calibration was performed in the selected ranges: 900 - 12,000 µmol/mol for CO and 2000 - 20,000 µmol/mol for CO<sub>2</sub>. The traceability of the measurement results to the SI units was ensured by using certified reference materials from CO/N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> primary gas mixtures. The method performance was evaluated by assessing its linearity, accuracy, precision, bias, and uncertainty of the calibration results. The calibration data exhibited a strong linear trend with R² values close to 1, indicating an excellent fit between the measured values and the calibration lines. Precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD), ranged from 0.48 to 4.56% for CO and from 0.97 to 3.53% for CO<sub>2</sub>, staying well below the 5% threshold for reporting results at a 95% confidence level. Accuracy measured as percent recovery, was consistently high (≥ 99.1%) for CO and ranged from 84.90% to 101.54% across the calibration range for CO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, the method exhibited minimal bias for both CO and CO<sub>2</sub> calibrations and thus provided a reliable and accurate approach for calibrating CO/CO<sub>2</sub> monitors used in vehicle inspections. Thus, it ensures the effectiveness of exhaust emission control for better environment.
文摘通过深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层和地质钻孔沉积地层的对比,并结合沉积物的粒度、微体古生物以及AMS14C测年的综合分析,揭示了研究区晚更新世末次冰期以来的地层层序,探讨了深沪湾的古环境演变。深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面自上而下划分的5个声学地层单元与钻孔岩芯划分的5个沉积地层单元具有较好的对应关系。8.2 ka BP左右,全新世海侵使得海水进入深沪湾海域,海平面低于现今海平面10~12 m,气候凉爽;7 ka BP左右海水到达现今海平面位置,并于6 ka BP左右到达最高,约比现今海平面高2~3 m,气候温暖湿润,这一时期,近岸大量裸子植物被海水淹没并被沉积物快速掩埋;5 850~5 642 a BP研究区温度降低,该降温活动持续到2 ka BP左右,气候凉爽干燥;2 ka BP以来温度逐渐上升,600 a BP左右有一个相对冷期,之后温度又逐渐上升至现今水平。
文摘We study exact solutions to (1 + 1)-dimensional generalized Boussinesq equation with time-space dispersion term by making use of improved sub-equation method, and analyse the dynamical behavior and exact solutions of the sub-equation after constructing the nonlinear transformation and constraint conditions. Accordingly, we obtain twenty families of exact solutions such as analytical and singular solitons and singular periodic waves. In addition, we discuss the impact of system parameters on wave propagation.
