Comparisons on Mineralogy and Lithology between Paleozoic Marine and Lacustrine Dolostones, Northern China

1 Introduction Dolomite[Ca Mg(CO3)2],a common mineral in carbonate rocks,can be found in various geological settings from Precambrian to modern age,and is widely reported in almost all sedimentary and digenetic

吕梁古隆起对鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组沉积的控制作用:基于陕西府谷剖面

中奥陶世马家沟组沉积时期,鄂尔多斯局限海周缘分布着一系列古隆起,其中吕梁古隆起对马家沟组沉积的控制作用研究相对薄弱,制约了对鄂尔多斯盆地东北部马家沟组沉积环境的认识。通过对陕西府谷剖面实测和采样,结合鄂尔多斯盆地北部的钻井、取心资料,分析了马家沟组的厚度、岩相类型及沉积微相变化,总结出吕梁古隆起对马家沟组沉积的控制作用。控制作用主要表现为:(1)吕梁古隆起的间歇性活动阻隔了鄂尔多斯局限海与华北广海的海水循环;(2)高海平面期,吕梁古隆起位于水下,对海水的阻隔作用弱,且古隆起区为开阔海灰坪,古隆起以西地层厚度变化较小,形成灰坪和云坪的沉积分异;(3)低海平面期,吕梁古隆起间歇性暴露,海水循环被明显阻隔,且古隆起区为潮间—潮上带的泥云坪,向东地层厚度减小,过渡为灰坪,而向西地层厚度迅速增加,形成泥云坪、膏云坪、膏盐湖的沉积分异。该研究成果为鄂尔多斯盆地北部马家沟组的沉积学研究提供了相关的岩石学和古环境方面的证据。

鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩共生体系沉积微相与沉积模式

碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩共生体系是化学沉积分异作用形成的岩石共生组合,对其进行微相分析和沉积模式构建,有利于揭示蒸发环境下的沉积学信息,对油气勘探具有指导意义。依据鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组大量钻井、岩心资料,开展岩石宏观、微观观察,识别沉积微相,分析沉积序列,构建沉积模式。结果表明:马家沟组碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩共生体系可划分出10类微相(MFT1-MFT10):盐岩、膏岩、含膏云岩、纹层状微粉晶云岩、颗粒云岩、粉—细晶白云岩、微生物云岩、生物扰动(灰)云岩、纹层状微晶灰岩、微晶颗粒灰岩;共生体系发育4类微相组合:(1)潮间上带—潮上带白云岩-含膏云岩-泥云岩组合;(2)潮间下带膏岩-藻云岩-白云岩组合;(3)潮下带纹层状灰岩-搅动灰岩-扰动灰岩组合;(4)潟湖内层状膏岩-团块状膏岩-盐岩组合。马家沟组为浅盆蒸发成盐,低海平面蒸发成盐,高海平面发育碳酸盐岩,海平面反复波动形成巨厚碳酸盐岩—膏盐岩共生组合。

滇东—黔西中二叠统白云岩特征、成因及其主控因素

【目的】中国滇东—黔西地区中二叠统广泛发育白云岩。针对这些白云岩的成因,前人开展了一系列研究,并提出了多种白云岩形成机理。然而,关于镁离子的来源、白云化的主控因素等关键问题,至今仍无定论。这些问题严重制约了滇东—黔西地区的油气扩展勘探。【方法】综合利用露头、岩心和钻井等资料,对滇东—黔西地区中二叠统白云岩的分布规律、岩相学特征和地球化学特征进行了详细分析。【结果与结论】(1)研究区白云岩的形成机理为开放热对流白云化模式。白云化流体的镁离子主要来自海水,少部分来自深部热液流体;(2)白云化流体主要通过亮晶生屑石灰岩中的孔隙,以及断层和裂缝系统运移。在温度空间差异的驱动下,白云化流体沿循环流动路径运移,导致中二叠统石灰岩迅速且广泛的白云化;(3)白云岩发育的主控因素为滩相沉积和峨眉地幔柱(活动范围)。

川中地区震旦系“葡萄花边”白云岩的形成时代与成因

四川盆地震旦系灯影组是重要的油气勘探开发层系,复杂的成岩演化和多期流体活动导致多种类型的白云岩形成。揭示震旦系白云岩的形成时代和成因不仅可以为四川盆地震旦系下一步的油气勘探提供更加充实的科学依据,也可为理解全球大规模存在前寒武纪白云岩的原因提供有益启示。本文针对川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩的形成时代和成因进行了综合研究。岩相学研究表明,“葡萄花边”白云岩充填于藻白云岩的孔隙内,向内对称生长,结晶程度明显好于藻白云岩。在岩相学的基础上,利用激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微区原位U-Pb定年确定其形成时代,研究结果表明:川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩形成时代为530±12Ma~502±12Ma,略新于灯影组地层年代。结合微量元素分析以及碳-氧-锶同位素数据,对川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩进行成因分析。结果表明,其稀土元素总量(∑REE)相对较低(0.680×10^(-6)~8.963×10^(-6)),δ13 C VPDB(-0.1‰~1.7‰)略低于与同时期海水沉积白云岩的碳同位素值,δ18 O VPDB(-2.3‰~1.4‰)略高于与同时期海水达到氧同位素平衡的白云岩氧同位素值,87 Sr/86 Sr值(0.70876~0.70909)基本落入同时期海水范围。稀土元素配分总体为水平的模式,所有样品表现出Ce负异常。表明其形成环境既非海水沉积环境,也不完全是表生大气水岩溶条件。综合上述特征,推断川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩是在震旦纪末-寒武纪早期海平面高频低幅度波动这一背景下,灯影组地层多次暴露与淹没,形成岩溶裂缝和孔洞的同时在溶蚀空间内结晶形成。残留孔洞为其后流体活动、油气充注提供了储集空间。本研究为认识川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩成因、震旦纪末-寒武纪早期水化学条件、及超深层油气勘探开发提供了有益参考。

华南石炭纪中期白云岩地层分布及其形成模式

石炭纪是地质演化历史上重要的时期,发生了全球规模的海西造山运动,晚古生代大冰期(LPIA)达到峰值,全球海平面频繁波动,导致古气候和古环境的剧烈变化。在华南,石炭纪中期,浅水碳酸盐岩台地相区广泛发育一套白云岩沉积。本文系统总结华南3个主要碳酸盐台地内白云岩的厚度及时代,识别出白云岩时空分布的差异性。结合石炭纪中期全球气候环境特征,认为冰期兴盛引发了全球海平面下降,导致华南各沉积盆地形成利于白云岩化的环境,白云岩得以发育。而白云岩时空分布的差异性可能与各沉积盆地独特的构造演化以及不同成岩模式有关。中下扬子碳酸盐岩台地白云岩的形成模式主要为萨勃哈模式和成岩早期浅埋藏的渗透回流模式,形成相对较薄的白云岩沉积;中南部和西南部碳酸盐岩台地白云岩的形成模式为渗透回流模式,成岩规模较大,沉积较厚。

Origin and Distribution of Grain Dolostone Reservoirs in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation,Sichuan Basin,China

Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area; however, the origins and distribution of the dolostone reservoirs are not well understood. This work discussed the geology and geochemistry of the dolostone reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation to determine their origin and distribution. Two understandings are acquired： firstly, a carbonate ramp provided excellent conditions for grain beach deposition, while the presence of a hypersaline lake was favorable for the contemporaneous dolomitization of grain beach deposits. Petrographic and geochemical evidence further confirm that the Longwangmiao dolostone was formed during the contemporaneous stage. Secondly, the reservoir characteristics indicate that the grain beach sediments provide material basis for the development of the Longwangmiao dolostone reservoirs. Reservoir dissolution simulation experiments show that the porosity of the reservoirs was formed by dissolution during contemporaneous and burial stages. The dissolution pores formed during the contemporaneous stage were controlled by sequence interfaces. The large scale dissolution vugs formed during the burial stage subsequently spread along the pre-existing porosity and fracture zones. This study therefore identified that the development of grain dolostone reservoirs in a shallow water ramp under arid climatic conditions generally met the following conditions：（1） reefal beach deposits lay a foundation for reservoir development;（2） superficial conditions are an important determining factor for reservoir porosity; and（3） burial conditions provide environment for porosity preservation and modification.

Petrologic characteristics and genesis of dolostone from the Campanian of the SK-I Well Core in the Songliao Basin,China

The well SK-I in the Songliao Basin is the first scientific borehole targeting the continental Cretaceous strata in China. Oval concretions, thin laminae and beds of dolostone are found intercalated within mudstone and organic-rich black shale in the Nenjiang Formation of Campanian age. Low ordered ferruginous dolomite is composed of euhedral--subhedral rhombs with cloudy nucleus and light rims formed during the diagenesis, which are typical features of replacement. The heavy carbon isotopes （δ13CPDB -- 1.16-16.0） are results of both the fermentation of organic matter by microbes and degassing of carbon dioxide during the period of diagenesis, and the presence of light oxygen isotopes （δ18OPDB- 18.53--5.1） is a characteristic feature of fresh water influence which means the carbonate may have been altered by ground water or rainwater in the late diagenesis. Marine water incursions into the nor- mally lacustrine basin have been proved by both the salinity of Z value and the occurrence of foraminifera in the same strata where dolomite occurs. Pyrite framboids observed by SEM are usually enclosed in the dolomite crystals or in the mudstones, supporting the sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）. The formation of both dolomite and pyrite are associated with marine water incursions, which not only supply magnesium ion for dolomite, but also result in limited carbonate precipitation in the basin. The presence of pyrite framboids indicates the development of an anoxic environment associated with salinity stratification in the lake. The dolomite in the Nenjiang Formation is the results of marine water incursions, diagenetic replacement of calcareous carbonate and sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）.

The Characteristics of the Hydrothermal Exhalative Dolostone of Lucaogou Formation in Santanghu basin and its Geology Setting Indication

The NW-SE trending Santanghu basin is located in Xinjiang,NW China,between Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains.The tectonic evolution history of north Xinjiang has long been debated,especially the question when did that area began its intraplate rift evolution stage.This abstract discusses the features and possible origin of the hydrothermal exhalative dolostone of Lucaogou Formation in Santanghu basin,aiming to provide relevant information about this question.The target dolostone are characterized by extreme thin lamina of 0.3cm–1 cm thick.Dolomite,ankerite,potassium feldspar and analcite are dominant composition.Most dolomite is poor crystallized and is in anhedral or subhedral shapes.Ankerite is generally porphyritic,few is in irregular shapes.It has to be noted that the porphyritic ankerite commonly develop zonal textures characterized by rings with various Fe O content.Potassium feldspar and analcite（<50%）are commonly observed in dolostones.Thin sections show some analcite is tetragonal trisoctahedron with harbour–like corrosion rims.Besides,few fragments of carbonatite rocks are observed in Lucaogou Formation and they perform intermittent or scattered distribution in rock layers.Previous work done by our study team showsδ13C PDB values are 4.8‰;1.4‰,6.93‰on average.Theδ18 O PDB values are between-5‰;21.1‰,-10.94‰on average.Paleosalinity calculated byδ13C andδ18 O is between 128.35 and 136.81,134.42 on average.Sr content of dolostones in study area reaches to164×10-6;37×10-6（379.1×10-6 on average）,most dolostone in target area are between 0.70457;.706194, average at 0.705360.Considering either accompanying residual tuff or residual leucite is found via electron probe,this indicates the analcite may derive form analcime phonolite.Furthermore,fragments of carbonatite rocks proves mantle-derived magmatism exist.The rapid variation ofδ18 O indicates multiple interactions of hydrothermal fluids with lake water during Lucaogou sedimentary period.87Sr/86Sr values are much lower than that of crustal silica rocks while are more close to mantle derived rocks,which indicates diagenetic hydrothermal fluid is mantle-origin.It has been reported that dolostone does not intergrow with iron-rich dolostone in study area.According to the latest X diffraction results of cores,iron-rich dolostone distributes rather locally.Given that ankerite commonly develop zonal textures characterized by various Fe O content,we confirm it is due to multiple hydrothermal fluids activities in different hydrothermal vents.There should be abundant hydrothermal vents during Lucaogou period.Deep faults and its relevant fractures built plenty paths for mantle-origin hydrothermal fluids to run up.Different vents owned various fluid properties,so did relevant sedimentation products.Hence we inclined to believe Santanghu basin was at intraplate rift evolution stage,under regional extension condition in late Carboniferous.During early-mid Permian the basin was a starved,deep lacustrine intracontinental rift basin.Accordingly,in northern Xinjiang,ocean basin may close in late Carboniferous and started continental sedimentary development in early Permian.

The nature, type, and origin of diagenetic uids and their control on the evolving porosity of the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation dolostone, northwestern Tarim Basin, China

The study on Lower Cambrian dolostones in Tarim Basin can improve our understanding of ancient and deeply buried carbonate reservoirs.In this research,diagenetic fluid characteristics and their control on porosity evolution have been revealed by studying the petrography and in situ geochemistry of different dolomites.Three types of diagenetic fluids were identified:(1) Replacive dolomites were deviated from shallow burial dolomitizing fluids,which might probably be concentrated ancient seawater at early stage.(2) Fine-to-medium crystalline,planar-e diamond pore-filling dolomites(Fd1) were likely slowly and sufficiently crystallized from deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids during Devonian.(3) Coarse crystalline,non-planar-a saddle pore-filling dolomites(Fd2) might rapidly and insufficiently crystallize from magmatic hydrothermal fluids during Permian.Early dolomitizing fluids did not increase the porosity,but transformed the primary pores to dissolution pores through dolomitization.Deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids significantly increased porosity in the early stages by dissolving and then slightly decreased the porosity in the late stage due to Fd1 precipitation.Magmatic hydrothermal fluids only precipitated the Fd2 dolomites and slightly decreased the porosity.In summary,Devonian deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids dominated the porosity evolution of the Lower Cambrian dolostone reservoir in the Tarim Basin.

重庆綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性新认识

重庆綦江观音桥剖面是上奥陶统观音桥层(组)的建层(组)剖面。该剖面上奥陶统和下志留统地层连续,在前人研究中被广泛提及。观音桥层是奥陶系顶部层位,含较多特征明显的赫南特贝化石,可能反映了赫南特冰期海平面下降。在前人相关文献中均提及观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性为灰岩,但本次研究发现,对观音桥层岩石滴稀盐酸时一般起泡较微弱,显微薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光测试均显示观音桥层白云石含量通常大于50%,呈微晶—粉晶结构,自形晶—半自形晶,方解石含量常小于15%,因此所观察到的观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性是(灰质)白云岩。进一步分析表明:在阴极发光下白云石不发光,方解石呈现较强的红色光;扫描电镜测试显示白云石多为含铁白云石;显微薄片显示白云岩中少量白云石发生去云化作用,被方解石交代;碳、氧同位素测试显示白云石碳同位素较腕足类化石及方解石脉偏负,腕足类化石碳、氧同位素与同期海水不一致。上述分析表明观音桥层碳酸盐岩经历了较强的成岩作用影响,推测观音桥层白云石化主要发生于成岩期。这一认识与80多年来关于綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层岩性的认识不一致,对白云岩的识别有助于更深刻认识奥陶纪—志留纪界限地质事件及环境变化。

The Geochemical Characteristics of Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope and Analysis of Diagenetic Environment --A Case Study of Upper Permian Changxing Formation Dolostone in Northeast of Sichuan

四川盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组白云岩为重要的优质储层,近年来,长兴组白云岩成岩环境或成因问题成为研究者讨论的热点话题。在岩石学研究的基础上,运用稳定碳、氧同位素,对研究区长兴组白云岩进行综合研究表明,白云石化具有多期次的特点,按照成岩环境划分为蒸发环境下的准同生白云岩和埋藏条件下的早、中、晚期成岩白云岩。并划分为早、中、晚成岩阶段,结合碳、氧同位素分析结果进一步表明晚成岩阶段白云岩是构造热液白云石化的结果。

川西中二叠统栖霞组白云岩特征与成因

近期在川西地区中二叠统栖霞组斩获的多个白云岩油气发现彰显了白云岩储层的油气潜力,但该组白云岩储层非均质性极强,白云岩化机制不明确,优质白云岩储层分布预测困难。研究综合分析了该组不同类型白云岩的岩石学和地球化学特征,结合沉积相背景和峨眉山大火成岩省热事件,系统总结了不同类型白云岩化作用的期次和成因。结果显示:川西地区栖霞组白云岩多为斑状或层状分布,白云石晶体以细晶为主,中-粗晶、泥-粉晶次之,伴少量鞍状白云石胶结物。泥-粉晶白云岩主要发育在栖霞组底部,白云石晶体多为半自形-他形晶,常与草莓状黄铁矿伴生,部分泥晶白云石呈球粒状、哑铃状和花椰菜状;泥-粉晶白云岩的δ^(13)C(VPDB)为负值,δ^(18)O(VPDB)处于正常海水数值范围内,这些特征表明泥-粉晶白云岩可能为微生物介导作用的产物。细晶白云岩在栖一段和栖二段都有发育,其白云石晶体主要为自形-半自形晶,多具有雾心亮边结构,在阴极发光下晶体内部呈棕色-暗红色,向外过渡为亮红色后再变暗;细晶白云岩具有明显的残余粒屑结构,表明前驱岩岩性为颗粒灰岩;细晶白云岩的δ^(18)O(VPDB),δ^(13)C(VPDB)和^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr值均指示白云岩化流体为海水,可能为浅埋藏期中等盐度回流渗透白云岩化作用而成。中-粗晶白云岩多发育在栖二段,其白云石晶体主要为非平直晶面他形晶,阴极发光下多表现为内部暗、外部亮的特征;中-粗晶白云岩的δ^(18)O(VPDB)均低于正常海水数值范围,说明受到了后期流体的改造;部分中-粗晶白云岩的^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr值高于同期海水数值,呈斑状或斑马状,其溶蚀孔洞发育鞍形白云石,这些特征说明受到了来自或穿碎屑岩层热流体的直接影响;^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr值仍处于海水数值范围内的中-粗晶白云岩,未见鞍形白云石,可能指示细晶白云岩的重结晶或热调整。总体而言,川西地区栖霞组白云岩先后经历了同生期微生物介导白云岩化作用、浅埋藏期回流渗透白云岩化作用和晚期热流体调整改造作用,其中浅埋藏期回流渗透白云岩化作用是该区白云岩的主要成因。

塔里木盆地鹰山组白云岩成因与Mg同位素证据

中—下奥陶统鹰山组作为塔里木盆地中央隆起区潜在的重要勘探接替层系,其白云岩成因认识仍不清楚,因此制约了对该区域的进一步勘探。鹰山组由下至上依次发育白云岩、白云质灰岩和灰岩,表明发生了灰岩向白云岩的交代转化过程。交代白云岩的形成需要足够的含镁流体和长期的镁泵输送机制,而新兴的Mg同位素技术在示踪白云石化流体来源和迁移路径方面已经取得良好效果。因此,本研究通过系统采集鹰山组白云岩、白云质灰岩和灰岩,开展岩石学、微量元素、碳氧同位素和Mg同位素测试。实验结果显示,鹰山组发育6类岩石,分别是泥晶-微晶白云岩(D1)、粉晶-细晶白云岩(D2)、颗粒白云岩(D3)、中晶-粗晶白云岩(D4)、白云质灰岩(DL)和灰岩(L)。鹰山组碳酸盐岩的δ^(13)C_(V-PDB)值为-2.10‰~-0.37‰(平均值-1.37‰),δ^(18)O_(V-PDB)值为-7.51‰~-3.54‰(平均值-5.41‰),δ^(26)Mg值为-4.03‰~-1.28‰(平均值-2.55‰)。δ^(26)Mg、Na含量、Sr/Ba、Mn/Fe、δ^(13)C_(V-PDB)、δ^(18)O_(V-PDB)、古盐度(Z)和古温度(T)在垂向上显示出一定的联动性和系统性。通过综合分析与讨论得出以下几点认识:(1)鹰山组δ^(26)Mg值垂向变化趋势与沉积旋回具有密切联系,沉积旋回的顶部为富镁流体源区,旋回界面为流体迁移通道;(2)识别出4种Mg同位素变化趋势与白云石化流体迁移规律,即云灰互层结构(L→DL→D)、准同生白云岩结构(D1→D2)、渗透回流白云岩结构(D1→D2→D3→D4→L)和埋藏白云岩结构(D4→DL/D);(3)鹰山组白云岩形成主要与海平面周期性波动有关,海平面下降时,蒸发作用促使局限水体中富集Mg^(2+),并且富镁流体会沿着下伏高孔高渗的颗粒灰岩垂向迁移至下伏地层,有利于白云石化作用的持续进行,当富镁流体遇到孔隙度不发育的泥晶灰岩时,富镁流体无法进入矿物晶格中,白云石化作用停止。海平面上升时,局限水体转变为开阔水体,海水与富镁流体源区相互混合,降低了流体的白云石化驱动力,致使白云石化作用逐渐减弱,从而发育灰质白云岩和灰岩;(4)除受海平面控制外,深埋藏阶段经历的多期交代、重结晶或热液作用也有利于鹰山组白云岩的形成;(5)白云石化作用对鹰山组沉积储层具有建设性意义,早期白云石化作用有利于孔隙的继承和保存,而晚埋藏和热液白云石化对储层起破坏作用。

川东北地区晚埃迪卡拉纪灯影期海水氧化还原环境重建

晚埃迪卡拉纪全球海洋发生了大面积的缺氧,海洋化学结构呈现明显的非均质性,直接影响了埃迪卡拉型生物的演化与分布。四川盆地发育完整的晚埃迪卡拉系地层,以灯影组巨厚层碳酸盐岩沉积为代表。但是对于该套巨厚层碳酸盐岩沉积时的古海水氧化还原性质备受争议。为了解决这一问题,对川东北地区鹿池剖面的灯影组地层开展了系统的沉积学和稀土元素地球化学分析。该地区灯影组的岩石类型主要为泥微晶白云岩、黏连白云岩、叠层/层纹白云岩,以及溶蚀白云岩,沉积环境为开阔碳酸盐岩台地相。地球化学数据结果显示灯影组碳酸盐岩普遍具有较低的稀土总量(∑REE+Y值为0.4~3.3μg/g)、较低的Mn/Sr值(0.2~2.8)和较高的Fe含量(55.9~1772.6μg/g)。灯影组的REE+Y配分曲线(经页岩标准化)可划分为四个阶段,且Ce异常指示该地区经历了弱氧化到弱还原再到缺氧状态,表明埃迪卡拉纪晚期海洋浅部水体也发生了缺氧现象。

新太古界Campbellrand亚群白云岩岩溶系统对南非Postmasburg锰矿田的影响

为分析新太古界Campbellrand亚群白云岩基底形成的岩溶系统对南非Postmasburg锰矿田发育和分布的影响,笔者等利用XRF和偏光显微镜鉴定技术,结合野外地质调查和岩芯钻探,对矿石的矿物成分、矿体中的Mn、Fe空间分布、Doornfontein砾岩的结构特征、白云岩容矿构造的形态进行了研究。结果表明:Maremane穹隆上的Campbellrand亚群白云岩遭受了两次大规模的溶蚀。溶蚀构造引起沉积物分异,沉积建造底部Mn质最为富集,向外、向上逐渐由Fe质主导,形成褐锰矿—方铁锰矿—赤铁矿的序列,顶部则演变为铝土质岩。沉积序列中Mn+Fe质和Al质含量呈现出较强的负相关性。溶坑的特殊形态导致矿体受层控,但并不呈现规则的层状形态。东矿带的Wolhaarkop硅质角砾岩与白云岩中的燧石和硅质白云岩密切相关,而混合带和西矿带普遍发育的Doornfontein砾岩则是岩溶作用影响下锰质的成岩作用被推迟所形成,它们都是成矿期岩溶系统发育的间接产物。溶坑底部的锰土混合物揭示了成矿后期溶蚀作用的发生和沉积序列的坍塌破碎,小型的断层也造成了矿体的严重破碎和顶板地层的褶曲。Gamagara低山脊两侧分布的小型堆积型矿体也与后期地表岩溶系统长期的发育有关。

Rare earth elemental and Sr isotopic evidence for seawater intrusion event of the Songliao Basin 91 million years ago

Petrogenesis of lacustrine dolostone is closely related with paleo-lake water conditions.Here we report the high spatial-resolution petrographic and geochemical results of a lacustrine dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation,the Songliao Basin.Sedimentary and elemental signatures confirm the protogenetic origin of this nodule and its effectiveness in recording geochemical characteristics of paleo-lake water during dolomitization.The low Y/Ho ratios,middle rare earth element(MREE)enrichment and subtle positive Eu anomalies within the nodule indicate a fresh water source.However,the Sr isotope values in the core of the nodule(0.7076-0.7080)are close to contemporaneous seawater(0.7074),yet different from the modern river(0.7120)and the host black shale(0.7100).On the premise of excluding the influence of hydrothermal fluids,the significantly low strontium isotope values of the lacustrine dolomite might be caused by seawater interference during dolomitization.Our findings demonstrate that lacustrine dolomite within black shales is not only a faithful tracer of diagenetic water environment,but also a novel and easily identified mineralogical evidence for episodic seawater intrusion event(91 Ma)in the Songliao Basin,which supplements other paleontological and geochemical evidence.

新生代岛礁白云岩的基本特征、发育演化和成因机制

广泛发育于全球大洋中的新生代岛礁白云岩,具有埋藏浅、形成时间晚、后期改造弱等特点,被认为是研究经典“白云岩(石)问题”的天然实验室。文中系统梳理了岛礁白云岩的基本特征、时间演化、白云石化流体性质和成因模式,并探讨了控制该类白云岩形成的古环境和古气候因素,以期为解译“白云岩(石)问题”提供借鉴。新生代岛礁白云岩厚几十米至几百米,具有相似的岩石学(结构保存型和结构破坏型)、计量学(高钙白云石和低钙白云石)和地球化学(碳氧同位素、锶、铁、锰、钠元素)特征,发育时间上具有全球同步性(~10-0.5 Ma)。在单个岛礁内,受海平面变化和构造活动控制,白云石化时间由底部至顶部呈现出连续或断续变年轻的现象。结合氧同位素和团簇同位素数据分析显示,正常—轻微蒸发的海水是岛礁白云石化流体的主要来源,其中高钙白云石主要与正常海水有关,而低钙白云石则受蒸发海水控制。单一的流体驱动模式(如渗透回流、地热对流等)难以普遍适用于岛礁白云岩的成因解释,促进白云石化作用的岛礁内地下水流动机制可能是多重复合而成。新生代岛礁白云石化时期,单一的古环境、古气候因子(海水的Mg/Ca、温度、SO_(4)^(2-)浓度、氧化还原状态、pCO_(2)及pH等)并未呈现出特殊性,推测多种古环境、古气候因子的耦合作用可能共同控制了岛礁的白云石化事件。为了更好地理解岛礁白云岩的成因机制,未来应在白云石化微观过程、新兴探测技术应用和数值模拟方面进行拓展研究。

塔里木盆地塔中1井藻纹层白云岩与竹叶状白云岩成因--基于岩石学、元素与同位素地球化学的厘定

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系底部发育了大量的白云岩,白云岩中赋存丰富的油气资源,但是由于塔里木盆地白云岩研究基础薄弱,限制了塔里木盆地白云岩型油气藏的勘探。本文选择塔中地区塔中1井下奥陶统藻纹层白云岩与夹层竹叶状白云岩作为对象,应用岩石学与地球化学方法对其成因问题进行了研究。藻纹层白云岩与夹层竹叶状白云岩的宏观构造与微观结构指示其可能形成于高能的潮坪环境;低有序度值(0.6)与塔北地区中寒武统阿瓦塔格组潮坪同沉积白云岩(有序度值0.61)特点一致,指示该白云岩结晶速率较快;同时,高Fe、Mn含量与低U、Mo含量也与氧化环境的潮坪相一致。藻纹层白云岩与夹层竹叶状白云岩δ18O值非常集中,变化在-7.4‰～-5.8‰;87Sr/86Sr组成变化很小,在0.709015～0.709276之间,与前人报道的晚寒武世-早奥陶世海水同位素特征一致,同时白云岩的稀土元素配分模式也与下奥陶统泥晶灰岩一致,指示了白云岩的沉积/成岩物质来源于蒸发海水;白云岩δ13C值变化从-2.5‰～+1.6‰,并有着随深度增加而升高的变化规律,可能指示了古海洋的碳同位素氧化。藻纹层白云岩与夹层竹叶状白云岩的构造特点具有原生沉积特征,同时白云岩CaO与MgO含量的正相关关系也支持该白云岩原生沉积特点。因此,塔里木盆地塔中1井钻遇的下奥陶统藻纹层白云岩与夹层竹叶状白云岩为潮坪环境下,从蒸发海水中快速沉积形成的。

塔里木盆地东部地区寒武系白云岩成因类型

塔里木盆地东部地区(简称塔东地区)寒武系白云岩主要有泥—粉晶白云岩、细晶白云岩和中—粗晶白云岩。通过岩石学特征、有序度、碳氧同位素、锶同位素比值、阴极发光和微量元素等分析,认为该地区有4种成因的白云岩,即深水回流准同生白云岩、潮坪蒸发泵准同生白云岩、回流渗透白云岩以及深埋藏白云岩。不同类型的白云岩,其岩性及地球化学特征不同。深水回流准同生白云岩为泥—粉晶白云岩,分布在塔东盆地中,是附近的碳酸盐岩台地上蒸发浓缩形成的咸化海水在重力作用下沿海底回流到深水盆地中并使刚沉积不久的灰泥发生白云化而形成的。潮坪蒸发泵准同生白云岩亦为泥—粉晶白云岩,形成于台地潮坪环境。回流渗透白云岩为细晶白云岩,发育于潮坪准同生白云岩和蒸发岩之下。深埋藏白云岩为中—粗晶白云岩,是石灰岩在地下深处由循环流动的富含Mg2+、Ca2+的地层水白云化形成的,Mg2+、Ca2+主要来自于已经存在的白云岩的溶蚀,而非来自页岩压实排替出来的地层水。