1 Introduction Dolomite[Ca Mg(CO3)2],a common mineral in carbonate rocks,can be found in various geological settings from Precambrian to modern age,and is widely reported in almost all sedimentary and digenetic
四川盆地震旦系灯影组是重要的油气勘探开发层系,复杂的成岩演化和多期流体活动导致多种类型的白云岩形成。揭示震旦系白云岩的形成时代和成因不仅可以为四川盆地震旦系下一步的油气勘探提供更加充实的科学依据,也可为理解全球大规模存...四川盆地震旦系灯影组是重要的油气勘探开发层系,复杂的成岩演化和多期流体活动导致多种类型的白云岩形成。揭示震旦系白云岩的形成时代和成因不仅可以为四川盆地震旦系下一步的油气勘探提供更加充实的科学依据,也可为理解全球大规模存在前寒武纪白云岩的原因提供有益启示。本文针对川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩的形成时代和成因进行了综合研究。岩相学研究表明,“葡萄花边”白云岩充填于藻白云岩的孔隙内,向内对称生长,结晶程度明显好于藻白云岩。在岩相学的基础上,利用激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微区原位U-Pb定年确定其形成时代,研究结果表明:川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩形成时代为530±12Ma~502±12Ma,略新于灯影组地层年代。结合微量元素分析以及碳-氧-锶同位素数据,对川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩进行成因分析。结果表明,其稀土元素总量(∑REE)相对较低(0.680×10^(-6)~8.963×10^(-6)),δ13 C VPDB(-0.1‰~1.7‰)略低于与同时期海水沉积白云岩的碳同位素值,δ18 O VPDB(-2.3‰~1.4‰)略高于与同时期海水达到氧同位素平衡的白云岩氧同位素值,87 Sr/86 Sr值(0.70876~0.70909)基本落入同时期海水范围。稀土元素配分总体为水平的模式,所有样品表现出Ce负异常。表明其形成环境既非海水沉积环境,也不完全是表生大气水岩溶条件。综合上述特征,推断川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩是在震旦纪末-寒武纪早期海平面高频低幅度波动这一背景下,灯影组地层多次暴露与淹没,形成岩溶裂缝和孔洞的同时在溶蚀空间内结晶形成。残留孔洞为其后流体活动、油气充注提供了储集空间。本研究为认识川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩成因、震旦纪末-寒武纪早期水化学条件、及超深层油气勘探开发提供了有益参考。展开更多
Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area...Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area; however, the origins and distribution of the dolostone reservoirs are not well understood. This work discussed the geology and geochemistry of the dolostone reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation to determine their origin and distribution. Two understandings are acquired： firstly, a carbonate ramp provided excellent conditions for grain beach deposition, while the presence of a hypersaline lake was favorable for the contemporaneous dolomitization of grain beach deposits. Petrographic and geochemical evidence further confirm that the Longwangmiao dolostone was formed during the contemporaneous stage. Secondly, the reservoir characteristics indicate that the grain beach sediments provide material basis for the development of the Longwangmiao dolostone reservoirs. Reservoir dissolution simulation experiments show that the porosity of the reservoirs was formed by dissolution during contemporaneous and burial stages. The dissolution pores formed during the contemporaneous stage were controlled by sequence interfaces. The large scale dissolution vugs formed during the burial stage subsequently spread along the pre-existing porosity and fracture zones. This study therefore identified that the development of grain dolostone reservoirs in a shallow water ramp under arid climatic conditions generally met the following conditions：（1） reefal beach deposits lay a foundation for reservoir development;（2） superficial conditions are an important determining factor for reservoir porosity; and（3） burial conditions provide environment for porosity preservation and modification.展开更多
The well SK-I in the Songliao Basin is the first scientific borehole targeting the continental Cretaceous strata in China. Oval concretions, thin laminae and beds of dolostone are found intercalated within mudstone an...The well SK-I in the Songliao Basin is the first scientific borehole targeting the continental Cretaceous strata in China. Oval concretions, thin laminae and beds of dolostone are found intercalated within mudstone and organic-rich black shale in the Nenjiang Formation of Campanian age. Low ordered ferruginous dolomite is composed of euhedral--subhedral rhombs with cloudy nucleus and light rims formed during the diagenesis, which are typical features of replacement. The heavy carbon isotopes （δ13CPDB -- 1.16-16.0） are results of both the fermentation of organic matter by microbes and degassing of carbon dioxide during the period of diagenesis, and the presence of light oxygen isotopes （δ18OPDB- 18.53--5.1） is a characteristic feature of fresh water influence which means the carbonate may have been altered by ground water or rainwater in the late diagenesis. Marine water incursions into the nor- mally lacustrine basin have been proved by both the salinity of Z value and the occurrence of foraminifera in the same strata where dolomite occurs. Pyrite framboids observed by SEM are usually enclosed in the dolomite crystals or in the mudstones, supporting the sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）. The formation of both dolomite and pyrite are associated with marine water incursions, which not only supply magnesium ion for dolomite, but also result in limited carbonate precipitation in the basin. The presence of pyrite framboids indicates the development of an anoxic environment associated with salinity stratification in the lake. The dolomite in the Nenjiang Formation is the results of marine water incursions, diagenetic replacement of calcareous carbonate and sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）.展开更多
The NW-SE trending Santanghu basin is located in Xinjiang,NW China,between Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains.The tectonic evolution history of north Xinjiang has long been debated,especially the question when did...The NW-SE trending Santanghu basin is located in Xinjiang,NW China,between Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains.The tectonic evolution history of north Xinjiang has long been debated,especially the question when did that area began its intraplate rift evolution stage.This abstract discusses the features and possible origin of the hydrothermal exhalative dolostone of Lucaogou Formation in Santanghu basin,aiming to provide relevant information about this question.The target dolostone are characterized by extreme thin lamina of 0.3cm–1 cm thick.Dolomite,ankerite,potassium feldspar and analcite are dominant composition.Most dolomite is poor crystallized and is in anhedral or subhedral shapes.Ankerite is generally porphyritic,few is in irregular shapes.It has to be noted that the porphyritic ankerite commonly develop zonal textures characterized by rings with various Fe O content.Potassium feldspar and analcite（<50%）are commonly observed in dolostones.Thin sections show some analcite is tetragonal trisoctahedron with harbour–like corrosion rims.Besides,few fragments of carbonatite rocks are observed in Lucaogou Formation and they perform intermittent or scattered distribution in rock layers.Previous work done by our study team showsδ13C PDB values are 4.8‰;1.4‰,6.93‰on average.Theδ18 O PDB values are between-5‰;21.1‰,-10.94‰on average.Paleosalinity calculated byδ13C andδ18 O is between 128.35 and 136.81,134.42 on average.Sr content of dolostones in study area reaches to164×10-6;37×10-6（379.1×10-6 on average）,most dolostone in target area are between 0.70457;.706194, average at 0.705360.Considering either accompanying residual tuff or residual leucite is found via electron probe,this indicates the analcite may derive form analcime phonolite.Furthermore,fragments of carbonatite rocks proves mantle-derived magmatism exist.The rapid variation ofδ18 O indicates multiple interactions of hydrothermal fluids with lake water during Lucaogou sedimentary period.87Sr/86Sr values are much lower than that of crustal silica rocks while are more close to mantle derived rocks,which indicates diagenetic hydrothermal fluid is mantle-origin.It has been reported that dolostone does not intergrow with iron-rich dolostone in study area.According to the latest X diffraction results of cores,iron-rich dolostone distributes rather locally.Given that ankerite commonly develop zonal textures characterized by various Fe O content,we confirm it is due to multiple hydrothermal fluids activities in different hydrothermal vents.There should be abundant hydrothermal vents during Lucaogou period.Deep faults and its relevant fractures built plenty paths for mantle-origin hydrothermal fluids to run up.Different vents owned various fluid properties,so did relevant sedimentation products.Hence we inclined to believe Santanghu basin was at intraplate rift evolution stage,under regional extension condition in late Carboniferous.During early-mid Permian the basin was a starved,deep lacustrine intracontinental rift basin.Accordingly,in northern Xinjiang,ocean basin may close in late Carboniferous and started continental sedimentary development in early Permian.展开更多
The study on Lower Cambrian dolostones in Tarim Basin can improve our understanding of ancient and deeply buried carbonate reservoirs.In this research,diagenetic fluid characteristics and their control on porosity evo...The study on Lower Cambrian dolostones in Tarim Basin can improve our understanding of ancient and deeply buried carbonate reservoirs.In this research,diagenetic fluid characteristics and their control on porosity evolution have been revealed by studying the petrography and in situ geochemistry of different dolomites.Three types of diagenetic fluids were identified:(1) Replacive dolomites were deviated from shallow burial dolomitizing fluids,which might probably be concentrated ancient seawater at early stage.(2) Fine-to-medium crystalline,planar-e diamond pore-filling dolomites(Fd1) were likely slowly and sufficiently crystallized from deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids during Devonian.(3) Coarse crystalline,non-planar-a saddle pore-filling dolomites(Fd2) might rapidly and insufficiently crystallize from magmatic hydrothermal fluids during Permian.Early dolomitizing fluids did not increase the porosity,but transformed the primary pores to dissolution pores through dolomitization.Deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids significantly increased porosity in the early stages by dissolving and then slightly decreased the porosity in the late stage due to Fd1 precipitation.Magmatic hydrothermal fluids only precipitated the Fd2 dolomites and slightly decreased the porosity.In summary,Devonian deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids dominated the porosity evolution of the Lower Cambrian dolostone reservoir in the Tarim Basin.展开更多
Petrogenesis of lacustrine dolostone is closely related with paleo-lake water conditions.Here we report the high spatial-resolution petrographic and geochemical results of a lacustrine dolomite nodule from the Qingsha...Petrogenesis of lacustrine dolostone is closely related with paleo-lake water conditions.Here we report the high spatial-resolution petrographic and geochemical results of a lacustrine dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation,the Songliao Basin.Sedimentary and elemental signatures confirm the protogenetic origin of this nodule and its effectiveness in recording geochemical characteristics of paleo-lake water during dolomitization.The low Y/Ho ratios,middle rare earth element(MREE)enrichment and subtle positive Eu anomalies within the nodule indicate a fresh water source.However,the Sr isotope values in the core of the nodule(0.7076-0.7080)are close to contemporaneous seawater(0.7074),yet different from the modern river(0.7120)and the host black shale(0.7100).On the premise of excluding the influence of hydrothermal fluids,the significantly low strontium isotope values of the lacustrine dolomite might be caused by seawater interference during dolomitization.Our findings demonstrate that lacustrine dolomite within black shales is not only a faithful tracer of diagenetic water environment,but also a novel and easily identified mineralogical evidence for episodic seawater intrusion event(91 Ma)in the Songliao Basin,which supplements other paleontological and geochemical evidence.展开更多
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 41272115)
文摘1 Introduction Dolomite[Ca Mg(CO3)2],a common mineral in carbonate rocks,can be found in various geological settings from Precambrian to modern age,and is widely reported in almost all sedimentary and digenetic
文摘四川盆地震旦系灯影组是重要的油气勘探开发层系,复杂的成岩演化和多期流体活动导致多种类型的白云岩形成。揭示震旦系白云岩的形成时代和成因不仅可以为四川盆地震旦系下一步的油气勘探提供更加充实的科学依据,也可为理解全球大规模存在前寒武纪白云岩的原因提供有益启示。本文针对川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩的形成时代和成因进行了综合研究。岩相学研究表明,“葡萄花边”白云岩充填于藻白云岩的孔隙内,向内对称生长,结晶程度明显好于藻白云岩。在岩相学的基础上,利用激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微区原位U-Pb定年确定其形成时代,研究结果表明:川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩形成时代为530±12Ma~502±12Ma,略新于灯影组地层年代。结合微量元素分析以及碳-氧-锶同位素数据,对川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩进行成因分析。结果表明,其稀土元素总量(∑REE)相对较低(0.680×10^(-6)~8.963×10^(-6)),δ13 C VPDB(-0.1‰~1.7‰)略低于与同时期海水沉积白云岩的碳同位素值,δ18 O VPDB(-2.3‰~1.4‰)略高于与同时期海水达到氧同位素平衡的白云岩氧同位素值,87 Sr/86 Sr值(0.70876~0.70909)基本落入同时期海水范围。稀土元素配分总体为水平的模式,所有样品表现出Ce负异常。表明其形成环境既非海水沉积环境,也不完全是表生大气水岩溶条件。综合上述特征,推断川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩是在震旦纪末-寒武纪早期海平面高频低幅度波动这一背景下,灯影组地层多次暴露与淹没,形成岩溶裂缝和孔洞的同时在溶蚀空间内结晶形成。残留孔洞为其后流体活动、油气充注提供了储集空间。本研究为认识川中地区震旦系灯影组“葡萄花边”白云岩成因、震旦纪末-寒武纪早期水化学条件、及超深层油气勘探开发提供了有益参考。
基金granted by the National Major Science and Technology Projects (grant No.2016ZX05004002)PetroChina Major Science and Technology Projects (grant No.2014E-32)PetroChina Science and Technology Projects (grant No.2016B-0402-01)
文摘Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area; however, the origins and distribution of the dolostone reservoirs are not well understood. This work discussed the geology and geochemistry of the dolostone reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation to determine their origin and distribution. Two understandings are acquired： firstly, a carbonate ramp provided excellent conditions for grain beach deposition, while the presence of a hypersaline lake was favorable for the contemporaneous dolomitization of grain beach deposits. Petrographic and geochemical evidence further confirm that the Longwangmiao dolostone was formed during the contemporaneous stage. Secondly, the reservoir characteristics indicate that the grain beach sediments provide material basis for the development of the Longwangmiao dolostone reservoirs. Reservoir dissolution simulation experiments show that the porosity of the reservoirs was formed by dissolution during contemporaneous and burial stages. The dissolution pores formed during the contemporaneous stage were controlled by sequence interfaces. The large scale dissolution vugs formed during the burial stage subsequently spread along the pre-existing porosity and fracture zones. This study therefore identified that the development of grain dolostone reservoirs in a shallow water ramp under arid climatic conditions generally met the following conditions：（1） reefal beach deposits lay a foundation for reservoir development;（2） superficial conditions are an important determining factor for reservoir porosity; and（3） burial conditions provide environment for porosity preservation and modification.
基金supported by the National Key Program for Basic Research 973 Project(Grant No. 2006CB701406)of Chinathe Opening Research Program of the National Laboratory of Mineral Materials,China University of Geosciences,Beijing(No.07A007)
文摘The well SK-I in the Songliao Basin is the first scientific borehole targeting the continental Cretaceous strata in China. Oval concretions, thin laminae and beds of dolostone are found intercalated within mudstone and organic-rich black shale in the Nenjiang Formation of Campanian age. Low ordered ferruginous dolomite is composed of euhedral--subhedral rhombs with cloudy nucleus and light rims formed during the diagenesis, which are typical features of replacement. The heavy carbon isotopes （δ13CPDB -- 1.16-16.0） are results of both the fermentation of organic matter by microbes and degassing of carbon dioxide during the period of diagenesis, and the presence of light oxygen isotopes （δ18OPDB- 18.53--5.1） is a characteristic feature of fresh water influence which means the carbonate may have been altered by ground water or rainwater in the late diagenesis. Marine water incursions into the nor- mally lacustrine basin have been proved by both the salinity of Z value and the occurrence of foraminifera in the same strata where dolomite occurs. Pyrite framboids observed by SEM are usually enclosed in the dolomite crystals or in the mudstones, supporting the sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）. The formation of both dolomite and pyrite are associated with marine water incursions, which not only supply magnesium ion for dolomite, but also result in limited carbonate precipitation in the basin. The presence of pyrite framboids indicates the development of an anoxic environment associated with salinity stratification in the lake. The dolomite in the Nenjiang Formation is the results of marine water incursions, diagenetic replacement of calcareous carbonate and sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）.
文摘The NW-SE trending Santanghu basin is located in Xinjiang,NW China,between Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains.The tectonic evolution history of north Xinjiang has long been debated,especially the question when did that area began its intraplate rift evolution stage.This abstract discusses the features and possible origin of the hydrothermal exhalative dolostone of Lucaogou Formation in Santanghu basin,aiming to provide relevant information about this question.The target dolostone are characterized by extreme thin lamina of 0.3cm–1 cm thick.Dolomite,ankerite,potassium feldspar and analcite are dominant composition.Most dolomite is poor crystallized and is in anhedral or subhedral shapes.Ankerite is generally porphyritic,few is in irregular shapes.It has to be noted that the porphyritic ankerite commonly develop zonal textures characterized by rings with various Fe O content.Potassium feldspar and analcite（<50%）are commonly observed in dolostones.Thin sections show some analcite is tetragonal trisoctahedron with harbour–like corrosion rims.Besides,few fragments of carbonatite rocks are observed in Lucaogou Formation and they perform intermittent or scattered distribution in rock layers.Previous work done by our study team showsδ13C PDB values are 4.8‰;1.4‰,6.93‰on average.Theδ18 O PDB values are between-5‰;21.1‰,-10.94‰on average.Paleosalinity calculated byδ13C andδ18 O is between 128.35 and 136.81,134.42 on average.Sr content of dolostones in study area reaches to164×10-6;37×10-6（379.1×10-6 on average）,most dolostone in target area are between 0.70457;.706194, average at 0.705360.Considering either accompanying residual tuff or residual leucite is found via electron probe,this indicates the analcite may derive form analcime phonolite.Furthermore,fragments of carbonatite rocks proves mantle-derived magmatism exist.The rapid variation ofδ18 O indicates multiple interactions of hydrothermal fluids with lake water during Lucaogou sedimentary period.87Sr/86Sr values are much lower than that of crustal silica rocks while are more close to mantle derived rocks,which indicates diagenetic hydrothermal fluid is mantle-origin.It has been reported that dolostone does not intergrow with iron-rich dolostone in study area.According to the latest X diffraction results of cores,iron-rich dolostone distributes rather locally.Given that ankerite commonly develop zonal textures characterized by various Fe O content,we confirm it is due to multiple hydrothermal fluids activities in different hydrothermal vents.There should be abundant hydrothermal vents during Lucaogou period.Deep faults and its relevant fractures built plenty paths for mantle-origin hydrothermal fluids to run up.Different vents owned various fluid properties,so did relevant sedimentation products.Hence we inclined to believe Santanghu basin was at intraplate rift evolution stage,under regional extension condition in late Carboniferous.During early-mid Permian the basin was a starved,deep lacustrine intracontinental rift basin.Accordingly,in northern Xinjiang,ocean basin may close in late Carboniferous and started continental sedimentary development in early Permian.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant 2012CB214801)Tarim Oilfield Branch of Petro China (Grant 041013100042)。
文摘The study on Lower Cambrian dolostones in Tarim Basin can improve our understanding of ancient and deeply buried carbonate reservoirs.In this research,diagenetic fluid characteristics and their control on porosity evolution have been revealed by studying the petrography and in situ geochemistry of different dolomites.Three types of diagenetic fluids were identified:(1) Replacive dolomites were deviated from shallow burial dolomitizing fluids,which might probably be concentrated ancient seawater at early stage.(2) Fine-to-medium crystalline,planar-e diamond pore-filling dolomites(Fd1) were likely slowly and sufficiently crystallized from deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids during Devonian.(3) Coarse crystalline,non-planar-a saddle pore-filling dolomites(Fd2) might rapidly and insufficiently crystallize from magmatic hydrothermal fluids during Permian.Early dolomitizing fluids did not increase the porosity,but transformed the primary pores to dissolution pores through dolomitization.Deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids significantly increased porosity in the early stages by dissolving and then slightly decreased the porosity in the late stage due to Fd1 precipitation.Magmatic hydrothermal fluids only precipitated the Fd2 dolomites and slightly decreased the porosity.In summary,Devonian deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids dominated the porosity evolution of the Lower Cambrian dolostone reservoir in the Tarim Basin.
基金supported by Project of Basic Science Center of National Natural Science Foundation of China(72088101)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA14010101)+3 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0603101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872125,42002158)Scientific and Technological Project of RIPED(2021ycq01)the subject development project of RIPED(yjkt2019-3).
文摘Petrogenesis of lacustrine dolostone is closely related with paleo-lake water conditions.Here we report the high spatial-resolution petrographic and geochemical results of a lacustrine dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation,the Songliao Basin.Sedimentary and elemental signatures confirm the protogenetic origin of this nodule and its effectiveness in recording geochemical characteristics of paleo-lake water during dolomitization.The low Y/Ho ratios,middle rare earth element(MREE)enrichment and subtle positive Eu anomalies within the nodule indicate a fresh water source.However,the Sr isotope values in the core of the nodule(0.7076-0.7080)are close to contemporaneous seawater(0.7074),yet different from the modern river(0.7120)and the host black shale(0.7100).On the premise of excluding the influence of hydrothermal fluids,the significantly low strontium isotope values of the lacustrine dolomite might be caused by seawater interference during dolomitization.Our findings demonstrate that lacustrine dolomite within black shales is not only a faithful tracer of diagenetic water environment,but also a novel and easily identified mineralogical evidence for episodic seawater intrusion event(91 Ma)in the Songliao Basin,which supplements other paleontological and geochemical evidence.
