The impacts of oil and gas pipeline construction on the forest and biodiversity in parts of the Niger Delta was investigated. This was achieved by studying the construction activities and operational phases of two pip...The impacts of oil and gas pipeline construction on the forest and biodiversity in parts of the Niger Delta was investigated. This was achieved by studying the construction activities and operational phases of two pipelines with cumulative length of 165 km vis-à-vis the biodiversity of the affected area. The study involved field sampling along the RoWs to inventorize the fauna and flora, visual assessments and interview with locals. It was observed that the pipelines traversed moist lowland/freshwater swamp and mangrove forests, and barrier islands with approximately 4,950,000 m2 (equivalent of 495 hectares) of forest cleared and 9,642,000 trees killed to realize the pipelines. A total of 219 plant species in 66 families and 125 different fauna species from 64 families were recorded in these areas. Three out of the 4 recorded species of Meliaceae were threatened based on IUCN Conservation Status. Also based on IUCN Conservation Status, 20 mammals, including Pan troglodytes, Cercopithecus erythrogaster and Trichechus senegalensis, 7 birds, 2 reptiles and 1 amphibian were within threatened group. The results showed that the study area had witnessed colossal loss of biodiversity due to habitat displacement, forest fragmentation and deforestation, and escalated exploitation of species. The study identified the most affected biodiversity, and proffered measures to mitigate such occurrences.展开更多
The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation m...The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.展开更多
For the optimization of pipelines, most researchers are mainly concerned with designing the most reasonable section to meet the requirements of strength and stiffness, and at the same time reduce the cost as much as p...For the optimization of pipelines, most researchers are mainly concerned with designing the most reasonable section to meet the requirements of strength and stiffness, and at the same time reduce the cost as much as possible. It is undeniable that they do achieve this goal by using the lowest cost in design phase to achieve maximum benefits. However, for pipelines, the cost and incomes of operation management are far greater than those in design phase. Therefore, the novelty of this paper is to propose an optimization model that considers the costs and incomes of the construction and operation phases, and combines them into one model. By comparing three optimization algorithms (genetic algorithm, quantum genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm), the same optimization problem is solved. Then the most suitable algorithm is selected and the optimal solution is obtained, which provides reference for construction and operation management during the whole life cycle of pipelines.展开更多
The accurate assessment of the quality can materially affect the safety and life of the prefabricated construction.In this paper,we studied the overall module of concealed water supply pipeline,and a new complex seque...The accurate assessment of the quality can materially affect the safety and life of the prefabricated construction.In this paper,we studied the overall module of concealed water supply pipeline,and a new complex sequence quality evaluation model was established.By analyzing the small evaluation index elements of the model,the weight of the larger evaluation index could be deduced.The total quality evaluation score of the overall module could be obtained by calculating the weight value of the evaluation index,and then the quality standard of the overall module could be obtained.展开更多
Traditional construction techniques have a significant impact on the environment and are associated with long construction durations in the construction of municipal rainwater pipelines.Pipe jacking technology,a new t...Traditional construction techniques have a significant impact on the environment and are associated with long construction durations in the construction of municipal rainwater pipelines.Pipe jacking technology,a new type of pipeline construction method,enables non-excavation construction and can address the shortcomings of traditional pipeline construction.This article analyzes the concept and application advantages of pipe jacking technology.Combining engineering examples,it explores the application strategies of pipe jacking technology in the construction process of municipal rainwater pipelines for reference.展开更多
Strip Wireless Sensor Networks(SWSNs)have drawn much attention in many applications such as monitoring rivers,highways and coal mines.Packet delivery in SWSN usually requires a large number of multi-hop transmissions ...Strip Wireless Sensor Networks(SWSNs)have drawn much attention in many applications such as monitoring rivers,highways and coal mines.Packet delivery in SWSN usually requires a large number of multi-hop transmissions which leads to long transmission latency in low-duty-cycle SWSNs.Several pipeline scheduling schemes have been proposed to reduce latency.However,when communication links are unreliable,pipeline scheduling is prone to failure.In this paper,we propose a pipeline scheduling transmission protocol based on constructive interference.The protocol first divides the whole network into multiple partitions and uses a pipelined mechanism to allocate active time slots for each partition.The nodes in the same partition wake up at the same time for concurrent transmission.Multiple identical signals interfere constructively at the receiver node,which enhances received signal strength and improves link quality.Simulations show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the transmission latency while maintaining low energy consumption compared with other schemes.展开更多
Results of the global shale gas resources show that minable resources of global shale gas are 187 trillion cubic meters （tern）, of which China accounts for 36 tcm （about 20% of the total amount）, which is mainly d...Results of the global shale gas resources show that minable resources of global shale gas are 187 trillion cubic meters （tern）, of which China accounts for 36 tcm （about 20% of the total amount）, which is mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin, Yangtze Terrace, and Ordos Basin. From 2009 to 2012, China completed an accumulative number of 129 drilling wells related to shale gas, including 46 investigated vertical wells, 55 exploration wells and 28 evaluation wells, with 2012 production ranging from 25 million cubic meters （mcm） to 30 mcm.展开更多
In the research, problems and damages of soil erosions in West -East Natural Gas Transmission were analyzed; the reasons were summarized and the characteristics of soil erosion were researched in order to explore prin...In the research, problems and damages of soil erosions in West -East Natural Gas Transmission were analyzed; the reasons were summarized and the characteristics of soil erosion were researched in order to explore principles of pipeline prevention and seek countermeasures.展开更多
Overview of natural gas pipeline construction in China.In recent years,the construction of natural gas infrastructure has developed rapidly,and the four major energy channels have been completed.“A network across Ch...Overview of natural gas pipeline construction in China.In recent years,the construction of natural gas infrastructure has developed rapidly,and the four major energy channels have been completed.“A network across China”is basically formed,significantly improving pipeline transportation and gas storage capacity,and the natural gas transmission system,characterized by diversified sources,flexible scheduling,robust security,and stable supply,has been continuously improved.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to present the design and specifications of an integrated Delay Analysis Framework(DAF),which could be used to quantify the delay caused by the Risk Factors(RFs)in Oil and Gas Pipelines(OGPs)p...The aim of this paper is to present the design and specifications of an integrated Delay Analysis Framework(DAF),which could be used to quantify the delay caused by the Risk Factors(RFs)in Oil and Gas Pipelines(OGPs)projects in a simple and systematic way.The main inputs of the DAF are(i)the potential list of RFs in the projects and their impact levels on the projects and the estimated maximum and minimum duration of each task.Monte Carlo Simulation integrated within@Risk simulator was the key process algorithm that used to quantify the impact of delay caused by the associated RFs.The key output of the DAF is the amount of potential delay caused by RFs in the OGP project.The functionalities of the developed DAF were evaluated using a case study of newly developed OGP project,in the south of Iraq.It is found that the case study project might have delayed by 45 days if neglected the consideration of the RFs associated with the project at the construction stage.The paper concludes that identifying the associated RFs and analysing the potential delay in advance will help in reducing the construction delay and improving the effectiveness of the project delivery by taking suitable risk mitigation measures.展开更多
文摘The impacts of oil and gas pipeline construction on the forest and biodiversity in parts of the Niger Delta was investigated. This was achieved by studying the construction activities and operational phases of two pipelines with cumulative length of 165 km vis-à-vis the biodiversity of the affected area. The study involved field sampling along the RoWs to inventorize the fauna and flora, visual assessments and interview with locals. It was observed that the pipelines traversed moist lowland/freshwater swamp and mangrove forests, and barrier islands with approximately 4,950,000 m2 (equivalent of 495 hectares) of forest cleared and 9,642,000 trees killed to realize the pipelines. A total of 219 plant species in 66 families and 125 different fauna species from 64 families were recorded in these areas. Three out of the 4 recorded species of Meliaceae were threatened based on IUCN Conservation Status. Also based on IUCN Conservation Status, 20 mammals, including Pan troglodytes, Cercopithecus erythrogaster and Trichechus senegalensis, 7 birds, 2 reptiles and 1 amphibian were within threatened group. The results showed that the study area had witnessed colossal loss of biodiversity due to habitat displacement, forest fragmentation and deforestation, and escalated exploitation of species. The study identified the most affected biodiversity, and proffered measures to mitigate such occurrences.
基金provided through the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
文摘The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.
文摘For the optimization of pipelines, most researchers are mainly concerned with designing the most reasonable section to meet the requirements of strength and stiffness, and at the same time reduce the cost as much as possible. It is undeniable that they do achieve this goal by using the lowest cost in design phase to achieve maximum benefits. However, for pipelines, the cost and incomes of operation management are far greater than those in design phase. Therefore, the novelty of this paper is to propose an optimization model that considers the costs and incomes of the construction and operation phases, and combines them into one model. By comparing three optimization algorithms (genetic algorithm, quantum genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm), the same optimization problem is solved. Then the most suitable algorithm is selected and the optimal solution is obtained, which provides reference for construction and operation management during the whole life cycle of pipelines.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71403052)Educational Commission of Fujian Province,China(Nos.JAS170304,JAS170303)+1 种基金Youth Foundation of Fujian University of Technology,China(No.GY-S17101)Education Research Foundation of Fujian University of Technology,China(Nos.GB-K-17-28,GB-J-16-12)
文摘The accurate assessment of the quality can materially affect the safety and life of the prefabricated construction.In this paper,we studied the overall module of concealed water supply pipeline,and a new complex sequence quality evaluation model was established.By analyzing the small evaluation index elements of the model,the weight of the larger evaluation index could be deduced.The total quality evaluation score of the overall module could be obtained by calculating the weight value of the evaluation index,and then the quality standard of the overall module could be obtained.
文摘Traditional construction techniques have a significant impact on the environment and are associated with long construction durations in the construction of municipal rainwater pipelines.Pipe jacking technology,a new type of pipeline construction method,enables non-excavation construction and can address the shortcomings of traditional pipeline construction.This article analyzes the concept and application advantages of pipe jacking technology.Combining engineering examples,it explores the application strategies of pipe jacking technology in the construction process of municipal rainwater pipelines for reference.
基金This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61672282)the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20161491).
文摘Strip Wireless Sensor Networks(SWSNs)have drawn much attention in many applications such as monitoring rivers,highways and coal mines.Packet delivery in SWSN usually requires a large number of multi-hop transmissions which leads to long transmission latency in low-duty-cycle SWSNs.Several pipeline scheduling schemes have been proposed to reduce latency.However,when communication links are unreliable,pipeline scheduling is prone to failure.In this paper,we propose a pipeline scheduling transmission protocol based on constructive interference.The protocol first divides the whole network into multiple partitions and uses a pipelined mechanism to allocate active time slots for each partition.The nodes in the same partition wake up at the same time for concurrent transmission.Multiple identical signals interfere constructively at the receiver node,which enhances received signal strength and improves link quality.Simulations show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the transmission latency while maintaining low energy consumption compared with other schemes.
文摘Results of the global shale gas resources show that minable resources of global shale gas are 187 trillion cubic meters （tern）, of which China accounts for 36 tcm （about 20% of the total amount）, which is mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin, Yangtze Terrace, and Ordos Basin. From 2009 to 2012, China completed an accumulative number of 129 drilling wells related to shale gas, including 46 investigated vertical wells, 55 exploration wells and 28 evaluation wells, with 2012 production ranging from 25 million cubic meters （mcm） to 30 mcm.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Program of Water Resources Department of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (xjsl-2011-11)Young Core Project of Northwest A&F University (KZCXI-10-4-1)~~
文摘In the research, problems and damages of soil erosions in West -East Natural Gas Transmission were analyzed; the reasons were summarized and the characteristics of soil erosion were researched in order to explore principles of pipeline prevention and seek countermeasures.
文摘Overview of natural gas pipeline construction in China.In recent years,the construction of natural gas infrastructure has developed rapidly,and the four major energy channels have been completed.“A network across China”is basically formed,significantly improving pipeline transportation and gas storage capacity,and the natural gas transmission system,characterized by diversified sources,flexible scheduling,robust security,and stable supply,has been continuously improved.
文摘The aim of this paper is to present the design and specifications of an integrated Delay Analysis Framework(DAF),which could be used to quantify the delay caused by the Risk Factors(RFs)in Oil and Gas Pipelines(OGPs)projects in a simple and systematic way.The main inputs of the DAF are(i)the potential list of RFs in the projects and their impact levels on the projects and the estimated maximum and minimum duration of each task.Monte Carlo Simulation integrated within@Risk simulator was the key process algorithm that used to quantify the impact of delay caused by the associated RFs.The key output of the DAF is the amount of potential delay caused by RFs in the OGP project.The functionalities of the developed DAF were evaluated using a case study of newly developed OGP project,in the south of Iraq.It is found that the case study project might have delayed by 45 days if neglected the consideration of the RFs associated with the project at the construction stage.The paper concludes that identifying the associated RFs and analysing the potential delay in advance will help in reducing the construction delay and improving the effectiveness of the project delivery by taking suitable risk mitigation measures.
