美国人类受试者使用的历史

所有关于研究伦理的国际法典及实际中的关于人体受试者研究领域的各国立法及规则都表明了保护主义的姿态。他们的主旨是保护个人不受伤害和剥削。这种保护主义姿态有其重要的历史原因 ,起草这些文件具有这样的目的 :保证像被纳粹医生—研究者犯下的罪行。试验药物Thalidomide引发的灾难及Tuskegee梅毒研究对伦理道德的亵渎永远不会重演。近些年来社会对临床研究的理解已发生了戏剧性转变。如经AIDS积极分子努力的结果 ,人们已以宽容和有益的心态广泛接受临床试验。虽然这种姿态的转变已产生了在指导进行临床研究方面的政策及实践某些重要的改善 ,但人们必须认识到 ,这种新的接受正像先前的过度保护主义一样的错误 ,其应该维护一个平衡的比例。我们的政策应反映出鼓励符合伦理学的研究的要求 ,同时要保持必要的防范以保护受试者的权益。

Reflections on the Guardianship and Support System of the Elderly Under the Background of an Aging Society

China Is aging society poses new challenges to guardianship system in the General Rules of the Civil Law of the People s Republic of China.The General Provisions of the Civil Law adapts to the requirements of the times and makes some important amendments and supplements to the guardianship system,notably the scope of adults with civil disability or limited capacity for civil conduct is no longer limited to people with a mental illness.However,there remain many deficiencies in the regulations.Based on the framework provisions of the existing guardianship system of the General Provisions of Civil Law,in the compilation of the marrage and family provisions in the Civil Code,it is necessary to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly in an aging society,further improve the elderly guardianship system,including changing the single pattern of the guardianship system and improving the"dual subject"pattern of adult guardianship and adult support system,expand the scope of protected subject of guardianship,and improve the existing system of intentional custody,adult guardianship system,and guardianship and supervision system.

从生态知识的传授到生态思维的养成——论公民生态教育及其转向

实现人与自然和谐共生是人类共同的愿景,但如何对待自然,怎样与自然相处,这些都与公民的生态素养相关。公民生态教育是实现生态文明的重要基础,然而目前的生态教育存在将生态素养等同于生态知识,在教育内容上侧重于对公民生态知识的传授而忽视公民生态思维养成的重要性的误区,使公民在思想观念上缺乏生态意识、在行动上缺失生态责任。因此,生态教育的重心应当从生态知识的传播转向生态思维的培养,公民的生态科学意识、生态道德意识以及生态审美意识等的教育应该受到重视。