Impact of social isolation on behavioral health in elderly: Systematic review

AIM: To examine and compare the effects of subjective and objective social isolation on behavioral health in elderly adults.METHODS: A systematic search of Pub Med was performed for original research articles from peerreviewed journals examining one of the following topics: "Social isolation and sleep disturbance", "social isolation and depression", or "social isolation and fatigue in older adults". Studies were selected following the criteria established based on the aim of this review. Data were extracted from the articles by two independent reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures of the included studies, qualitative and narrative analyses were conducted.RESULTS: The set criteria were used to select a total of 16 studies for the review. Of the 16, 13 were crosssectional studies. The characteristics of study populations were identified as follows. A total of 12 studies randomly selected subjects irrespective of pre-existing health conditions. Consequently, an unspecified number of the study subjects had chronic diseases in the studies compared. In addition, cultural and ethnic backgrounds of studies in this review were diverse, and included subjects living in North America, South America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Both subjective and objective types of social isolation increased behavioral symptoms, such as sleep disturbance, depressive symptoms, and fatigue in older adults. Furthermore, a few recent studies reported stronger effects of subjective social isolation than objective social isolation on sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms.CONCLUSION: Social isolation affects behavioral health in older adults. Compared to the objective social isolation, subjective social isolation contributes more significantly to sleep disturbance and depression.

Literature Review on the Translator's Subjectivity

Translator’s subjectivity plays an important role in the whole translation process.With"the cultural turn"in translation studies in 1970s,scholars became concerned about the study of the translator’s subjectivity.Especially,in recent years,the research of the translator’s subjectivity has been one of hot areas in the circle of the domestic translation theories.This study is about to make an overview of the translator’s subjectivity,aiming at offering some guidance for further study of the translator’s subjectivity.

An Analysis of the Reflection of the Whole-process People’s Democracy in the Legislation of China

The legislation of China provides a glimpse of the active development of the whole-process people’s democracy in the country. The system of people’s congresses realizes the broad participation of the people in national and local legislation through various channels. It fully reflects the fundamental interests and common will of the great majority of the people. The democratic and professional combination of subjects for legislation with Chinese characteristics has, to a great extent, solved the contradictions and difficulties encountered in the legislation of countries with the representative system. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the CpC’s leadership realizes the promotion of democracy, the drawing on collective wisdom, the unifying of people’s thinking, and the building of consensus among the CpC, the democratic parties, and the general public in the process of legislation. Legislative planning is not only a result of scientific decision-making, but also one of the best democratic decision-making mechanisms proved by legislative practices. The openness, negotiation, and technical nature of legislative procedures in China are conducive to the realization of democratic management. China has established a relatively scientific, complete, and systematic constitutional filing and review system, which is also an embodiment of democratic supervision. In future legislation, China should continue to transform the values and concepts of democracy and human rights into more scientific and effective institutional arrangements and concrete and realistic democratic practices under the leadership of the CpC.

Progress in treatment of tumor suicide gene

Suicide gene therapy at present is an effective therapy for tumors.The pr esent paper introduces the latest advance s of suicide gene therapy in aspects o f work system,bystander effect,bisu icide gene and suicide gene combinin g other therapies etc.

Progress in the study of Yang-deficiency constitution in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine:a narrative review

The Yang-deficiency constitution has been a hot topic of interest in recent years.Important research progress has been made in quantitative diagnostic criteria and auxiliary identification technologies,modern biological interpretations of the constitution characteristics,the association between the Yang-deficiency constitution and diseases,as well as the mechanisms of regulating the constitution.Yet,there are still some deficiencies and limitations.Herein,we systematically reviewed the research progress on the Yang-deficiency constitution by searching articles published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database,China Science and Technology Journal Database,Wanfang Database,PubMed,and Embase.The future development direction of the Yangdeficiency constitution should focus on developing objective constitution identification techniques,establishing animal models of Yang-deficiency constitution,conducting constitutional and diseaserelated research with a high level of evidence,combined with research on the full chain of the nine constitutions so as to obtain more scientific and objective conclusions.

行政规范性文件不适当备案审查标准之重述

行政规范性文件不适当备案审查标准源于《宪法》的规定,因此,它具有根本法的地位,直接约束行政规范性文件备案审查权。《立法法》《监督法》等法律、法规以及地方立法之间对不适当审查标准进行具体化规定的内容不尽一致,影响了行政规范性文件备案审查标准的统一性与实效性,对此,应当适时启动修法程序解决。全国人大常委会的《备案审查工作办法》《备案审查决定》从合宪性审查、政治性审查和明显不当三个方面发展了《宪法》规定的不适当备案审查标准,对不适当标准具有重述性意义,旨在满足行政规范性文件的品质符合法治国家、法治政府和法治社会建设的要求。

宪法的“天衣”在于实施:基于“五四宪法”的宪法监督之“缝”的思考

“五四宪法”的“天衣”之“缝”,典型地体现在其确立了中国宪法监督制度,却落下宪法监督主体虚设、宪法解释缺位、改变或者撤销机制错位的规范之“缝”。“八二宪法”,通过增设全国人大常委会作为宪法监督机关、明确宪法解释权、备案审查等依托机制建章立制等方面,在规范层面的“天衣”补“缝”,也形成了中国宪法监督的“宪法监督—宪法解释—撤销”三元规范结构。循此结构,新时代以来,补强宪法监督机关、落实宪法解释机制、加强和完善备案审查制度,三线接续并进,在全面贯彻实施宪法中编制宪法“天衣”的“无缝码”。如是梳理,以宪法监督为例,在宪法发展的阶段接续中,在规范和实践的螺旋互动中,呈现出中国自主的宪法学知识体系的“五四宪法”之维。

以“合宪性、涉宪性”为方法——从“连坐规定案”审查意见的方法逻辑切入

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于完善和加强备案审查制度的决定》第5条规定了涉宪性审查、合宪性审查的双审原理结构:一是通过涉宪性审查穷尽法律问题,通常情形下,合法性审查已实现有效审查,作为重要备位机制的合宪性审查不再启动;例外情形下,穷尽法律问题仍未能实现有效审查,则进而展开合宪性审查。二是通过合宪性审查援引宪法依据,当明确条款并依序援引,禁止向抽象的法规范逃逸。其中,在基本权利审查场域,具体的基本权利规范优先援引,进而依需要辅助援引或单独援引“概括性人权条款”。据此方法规范,“连坐规定案”审查意见在对“连”与“坐”涉宪性审查后,关于“连”的合宪性审查继续展开,所诉诸的“宪法第二章关于‘公民的基本权利和义务’规定的原则和精神”,包括优先援引的第38条人的尊严条款、第33条第2款平等权条款以及补强援引的第33条第3款“概括性人权条款”。

主观认知下降人群运动干预研究进展

主观认知下降(SCD)是指个体自身感知到的记忆和/或其他认知水平比之前有了降低,但是客观上的检测结果还没有达到轻度认知损害(MCI)的程度。本文对SCD人群的运动干预作用机制、组织形式、运动类型、强度、运动时间、运动频率和运动效果等方面进行综述,分析现状和不足之处,以期为失智症的预防提供参考和建议。

老年主观认知下降/轻度认知障碍病人身体活动促进的研究进展

对目前国内外老年主观认知下降/轻度认知障碍病人身体活动促进现状进行综述,提出目前我国缺少高质量的针对老年轻度认知障碍或主观认知下降病人身体活动的干预研究和针对性指南以及提高该群体的身体活动促进策略,提示未来应进行高质量的老年轻度认知障碍或主观认知下降病人身体活动的干预研究,从而为本土政策的制定提供可信的理论基础。

学科评估对高校人才培养方向的优化问题

第五轮一级学科整体水平评估提出建立以“立德树人”效果为导向,把人才培养质量作为学科评估的首要指标。文章提出以思政教育、培养过程、在校生培养质量和毕业生发展质量作为重要考核指标,并分析了这些指标对高校人才培养工作的重要作用,进而指出人才培养需要加强科学研究、学术交流、管理制度、经费支持的条件保障,并提出高校应在为社会培养优秀人才的同时,更好地发挥“以评促建”的重要作用。

基于对同情用药认知现状的调研探索在我国开展同情用药研究的思考

目的:根据中美同情用药经验,调研临床试验从业人员的认知和理解现状,对细化和完善我国同情用药制度体系提出建议,从而更好地满足患者的临床需求。方法:使用自愿抽样、方便抽样等非概率抽样方法,基于现有中美同情用药经验,就同情用药的适用条件、申请和审查主体、患者安全管理、审批流程等方面,对临床试验从业人员的认知和理解进行问卷调查。结果:共收集740份有效问卷。调研结果显示,我国临床试验从业人员对我国同情用药的认知程度有待提高。相关企业和机构人员对我国同情用药的认知与理解存在共性和差异。共性主要体现在对同情用药适用人群、“是否可以向药品监管部门提出同情用药申请”的审查主体、严重不良事件报告义务的承担方、同情用药开展地点以及收费问题的认知等方面。差异主要体现在同情用药的药品条件、申请主体、同情用药期间发生不良事件的补偿或赔偿承担方、美国食品药品监督管理局针对紧急情况下单个患者协议和非紧急情况下中等规模患者同情用药的审批流程等方面。结论:现阶段,我国临床试验从业人员对同情用药的了解不足。不同角色的临床试验从业人员对我国同情用药的药品条件、申请和审查主体、患者安全管理以及审批流程等方面的理解差异较大。因此,鼓励加强同情用药相关政策宣传工作,引导更多满足条件的企业开展同情用药计划,让更多潜在患者获益,同时建议针对理解差异较大的内容进一步明确、细化和完善。

A review of the methods used for subjective evaluation of De Qi

De Qi refers to a series of sensations experienced when acupuncture is performed at acupoints. De Qi comprises needling sensations felt by the patient, and the sensations perceived by the acupuncturist. Classical Traditional Chinese Medicine theory states that De Qi is closely related to curative effect.In modern studies, the main index that researchers have used to evaluate De Qi was the needling sensation reported by the patient. Between 1 st Aug and 31 st Oct 2014, we conducted an electronic database search of all fields in Chinese and English to select literature assessing acupuncture needle sensations. We then reviewed the methods used within these studies to evaluate De Qi. The methods included simple evaluation, and the use of a De Qi scale/questionnaire. The simple evaluation, a qualitative evaluation, was judged by typical sensations felt by the patient after needling at acupoints, such as soreness, numbness, fullness, and heaviness.This method was easy and practicable, and had been adopted widely by Chinese researchers. In contrast, the De Qi scale/questionnaire, a quantitative evaluation, had multiple compiling methods available for evaluating the intensity of De Qi. The standardization and objectification of the De Qi scale/questionnaire effectively improved the quality of studies on De Qi, thereby these scales/questionnaires have been acknowledged and applied by most researchers. The present review analyzed and compared the scales/questionnaires used to evaluate De Qi; furthermore, we provided suggestions for the development and improvement of these questionnaires through integration with classical De Qi theory.

噪声特性对言语可懂度评价的影响

言语可懂度是语言声房间和厅堂音质评价的重要指标,噪声特性是影响言语可懂度评价结果的重要因素之一。基于国内外相关文献就噪声特性对言语可懂度评价的影响进行系统研究,结果表明,噪声特性对言语可懂度的评价结果有显著影响(:1)噪声在时域上的波动起伏有利于言语理解,但会导致个体间差异增大并降低评价结果的稳定性;噪声频率范围和频谱分布与语言声越接近,在低频区的噪声量越大,对言语可懂度的影响越大;言语噪声能够导致额外的信息掩蔽,影响程度与言语噪声的数量、噪声和目标语之间的相似程度以及听者的个体因素等有关。(2)将当前基于稳态噪声的言语可懂度客观评价方法用于其他噪声时,可能造成对言语可懂度的低估或高估。非稳态噪声情况下的可懂度客观评价仍存在一些不确定的地方。结合当前的研究现状,进一步提出该领域的下一步研究方向。相关内容可为噪声环境中的言语可懂度主、客观评价提供参考。

中国艾滋病社会科学研究的“新十年”

在此前中国艾滋病社会科学“二十年”研究的基础上,社会科学学者在2010-2020年这“新十年”主要做了如下学术探索:(1)进一步超越个体风险因素归因,对艾滋病病毒传播与流行的“社会-文化”因素继续深入分析,并在此过程中概念化与理论化了艾滋病“风险”。(2)淡化对艾滋病经济后果的关注,但继续保持对社会后果的关注,着重分析了艾滋病及其关联群体的歧视、排斥以及污名化的社会过程。(3)继续书写对艾滋病病毒感染者及其家庭成员的人文、道德关怀以及社会支持。(4)试图超越作为“弱者”以及“受害者”形象的艾滋病病毒感染者,分析他们的“能动”及其回归“正常”生活的现实困境。(5)创造性地将艾滋病干预上升到国家对健康治理的层次,并在参与跨学科艾滋病研究的实践中对主体性与反思性做了深入的学术讨论。“新十年”的艾滋病社会科学研究无论是在理论和经验研究的深度、广度还是创新性方面都较之前的研究有较大的提升。尽管如此,“新十年”的研究并没有准确地回应我国艾滋病流行的新形势和新问题,这也成为学者未来努力探索的方向之一。

药物临床试验伦理原则及审查要点的分析与思考

医学科技的发展离不开药品研发,从研发到应用,临床试验是必不可少的环节。其中,伦理审查是药物临床试验过程中极其重要的一个必经程序,也是保障受试者权益的实际手段,更是维护人民群众健康和人类生命尊严的重要体现。近年来,我国不断加强科技伦理治理,健全临床试验审批机制,目的是保障公众权益和安全,促进技术的可持续发展,同时也为增强企业社会责任感和寻找科技精神与人文精神的平衡点,从而达成促进创新与防范风险相统一,尽快实现科技创新高质量发展与高水平安全良性互动。因此,明确伦理审查原则及要点。

社区阿尔茨海默病临床前期老年人群体力活动现状及影响因素的研究进展

介绍阿尔茨海默病(AD)临床前期老年人群体力活动现状,根据个体、人际和社区3个层面分别从体力活动总体水平、强度和类型分析AD临床前期老年人群体力活动的影响因素,旨在为阿尔茨海默病临床前期老年人体力活动干预方案的制订提供参考。

主观认知下降的结构和功能磁共振成像研究进展

主观认知下降被认为是阿尔茨海默病连续体的第一个临床表现,先于轻度认知障碍。其认知变化以微妙的认知下降和补偿性的认知努力为特征,且已经被证明是阿尔茨海默病的高危阶段。研究患有主观认知下降的人群对于理解早期阿尔茨海默病的病理机制和识别主观认知下降相关的生物标志物很重要,且早期诊断和干预可以有效改善患者的预后。随着正电子发射断层扫描和磁共振成像等先进神经成像技术的出现,越来越多的证据揭示了与主观认知下降症状相关的大脑结构和功能改变。本研究主要从结构磁共振成像、扩散张量成像、功能磁共振成像、机器学习角度分析主观认识下降的诊断、预测病情方面的研究现状进行了综述,以期为揭示其神经生理机制及早期诊断提供影像学依据。

癌症患者主观经济困境概念分析

目的 分析癌症患者主观经济困境概念内涵,为后续开展相关研究提供参考。方法 系统检索中国知网、万方、PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CINAHL,Embase数据库中与癌症患者主观经济困境的相关文献,时间为建库至2022年10月16日,采用Walker经典概念分析法对纳入文献进行分析。结果 共纳入48篇文献,癌症患者主观经济困境包括经济风险感知、应对行为和负性情感反应3个定义属性,其前因包括个体、疾病与治疗和社会因素,后果为消极健康行为增加和生活质量下降。结论 通过概念分析确定了癌症患者主观经济困境的定义属性、前因后果等,未来可结合我国独特的医疗体系等情况,进一步探索并丰富其内涵。

论宪法作为《民法典》的内容渊源——从“合宪性审查”与“利益法学”的正反视角

“依据宪法,制定民法”的具体内涵问题,涉及到“宪法是否为民法的内容渊源”这一极其重要的“宪民关系问题”,并争论至今。采取了正反两条分析进路:从反面推论而言“合宪性审查”角度看,“根据宪法,制定民法”构成对《民法典》进行合宪性审查的前提,反之,如果能够证明可以对《民法典》内容进行合宪性审查,那便意味着宪法与《民法典》之间存在内容连接;从正面推论而言,“利益法学”角度看,《民法典》亦为民事立法者对相互冲突的利益进行评价的产物,而在法治国家的背景下,宪法的规则、原则与精神必然是重要的利益评价标准,从而使宪法与《民法典》之间产生内容连接。虽然在应然层面,根据宪法所制定之《民法典》具有天然合宪性,但也将不可避免地面临现实层面的合宪性危机,而合宪性解释,便是消解此“二律背反困境”的重要途径。