Submarine volcanism in the southern margin of the South China Sea

Submarine volcanism is widely developed in the South China Sea(SCS).However,the characteristics,distribution,and genesis of submarine volcanoes in the southern margin of the SCS remain obscure.In this study,we analyzed the characteristics of submarine volcanoes and identified a total of 43 submarine volcanoes in the southern margin of the SCS,based on a newly acquired 310-km seismic reflection profile,along with previous 45 multi-channel seismic(MCS)profiles,petrological results from volcanic rocks sampled by dredging and drilling,nearby ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)wide-angle seismic profiles,and gravity and magnetic data.The study ascertains that most of these volcanoes are located in fault-block belts and graben-horst zones with strong crustal stretching and thinning.These volcanoes exhibit positive high-amplitude external seismic reflections,weak and chaotic internal seismic reflections,and are accompanied by local deformation of the surrounding sedimentary strata.Meanwhile,they have higher positive gravity anomalies and higher magnetic anomalies than the background strata.The petrological dating results show that volcanic ages are primarily in the Pliocene-Pleistocene,with geochemical characteristics indicating dominance of oceanic island basalt(OIB)-type alkali-basalts.Extensional faults have obviously spatial correspondence with post-spreading volcanism,suggesting these faults may provide conduits for submarine volcanism.The high-velocity bodies(HVBs)in the lower crust and magma underplating exist in the southern SCS,which could provide a clue of genesis for submarine volcanism.The inference is that the intensity of post-spreading volcanism in the southern margin might be affected by stretching faults,crustal thinning and magma underplating.

A Set of Three Technologies Will Save Mankind from Climate Change in the Most Inexpensive Way Possible

This paper formulates a set of three technologies that should deal with the greatest threat to mankind—climate change at the lowest cost.The main technology will be“Sunny Rain”.It considers technology to prevent eruptions of submarine volcanoes at shallow depths and technologies that provide scalable and impactful solutions to reduce carbon emissions across diverse industries as complementary technologies used to reduce cost.A list of submarine volcanoes at shallow depths that are likely to spew waterborne dust into the atmosphere has begun to be created.If the governments of Japan,Italy,and Greece,which have submarine volcanoes at shallow depths(Kiki,Marsili,Columbo),prevent eruptions of these volcanoes,it will provide electricity to these countries,save many of their citizens from death,and save humanity from the greatest threat—climate change—in the most inexpensive way possible!