Hydrodynamic resistance of pore–throat structures and its effect on shale oil apparent permeability

Oil transport is greatly affected by heterogeneous pore–throat structures present in shale.It is therefore very important to accurately characterize pore–throat structures.Additionally,it remains unclear how pore–throat structures affect oil transport capacity.In this paper,using finite element(FE)simulation and mathematical modeling,we calculated the hydrodynamic resistance for four pore–throat structure.In addition,the influence of pore throat structure on shale oil permeability is analyzed.According to the results,the hydrodynamic resistance of different pore throat structures can vary by 300%.The contribution of additional resistance caused by streamline bending is also in excess of 40%,even without slip length.Fur-thermore,Pore–throat structures can affect apparent permeability by more than 60%on the REV scale,and this influence increases with heterogeneity of pore size distribution,organic matter content,and organic matter number.Clearly,modeling shale oil flow requires consideration of porous–throat structure and additional resistance,otherwise oil recovery and flow capacity may be overestimated.

Pore throat structure heterogeneity and its effect on gas-phase seepage capacity in tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

The microscopic heterogeneity of pore-throat structures in tight sandstone is a crucial parameter for understanding the transport mechanism of fluid flow.In this work,we firstly developed the new procedure to characterize the pore size distribution(PSD)and throat size distribution(TSD)by combining the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),cast thin section(CTS),and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI)tests,and used the permeability estimated model to verify the full-scale PSD and TSD.Then,we respectively analyzed the fractal feature of the pore and throat,and characterized the heterogeneity of pores and throats.Finally,we elaborated the effect of the pore and throat heterogeneity on the gas-phase seepage capacity base on the analysis of the simple capillary tube model and gas-flooding experiment.The results showed that(1)The PSD and TSD of the tight sandstone sample ranged from 0.01 to 10 mm and from 0.1 to 57 mm,respectively,mainly contributed by the micropores and mesopores.Meanwhile,the permeability estimated by the PSD and TSD was consistent with the experimental permeability,and relative error was lower than 8%.(2)The PSD and TSD exhibited multifractal characteristics,and singularity strength range,Δα,could be used as the indicator for characterizing the heterogeneity of pore and throat.Furthermore,the throat of the sample showed stronger heterogeneity than that the pore.(3)The throats played an important role for the fluid transport in the tight sandstone,and the effect of the throat heterogeneity on the gas-phase seepage capacity was different under the lower and higher injection pressure.The macropores and micropores maybe respectively become the preferential migration pathways at the lower and higher injection pressure.In the end,the identification plate was established in our paper,and could be described the relationship among the throat heterogeneity,injection pressure,permeability and flow path of the gas phase in the tight sandstone.

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin, China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin,a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments.In this study,three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability.The type-I sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats,of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio>30%).The pores in the type-II sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores,and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-II sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio<15%).Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-III samples,which are connected by various throats.The throat size distribution curves of type-III sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio<10%),and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5μm)constitute a large proportion.From type-I to type-III sandstones,the irreducible water saturation(Swo)decreased;furthermore,the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased.Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types,which indicate the type-III sandstones are better reservoirs,followed by type-II sandstones and type-I sandstones.As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality,the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.

Micro pore and throat characteristics and origin of tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 members in Longdong area, Ordos Basin, NW China

The microstructure differences of the Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 members tight reservoirs in the Longdong area of Ordos Basin were compared by means of cast thin sections, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and constant rate mercury injection. Their pore evolution models were established, and the effects of main diagenesis on densification were examined. The throat is the main factor controlling the physical properties of the Chang 6 and Chang 8 members reservoirs: The lower the permeability, the smaller and the more concentrated the throat radius and the larger the proportion of the throats in the effective storage space. There are several obvious differences between Chang 6 and Chang 8 members:(1) with the increase of permeability, the contribution of the relative large throats to the permeability in the Chang 8 member reservoir is more than that in the Chang 6 member reservoir;(2) the control effect on pore-throat ratio of the nano-throats in the Chang 6 member reservoir is more significant. The sedimentary action determines the primary pore structure of the Chang 6 and Chang 8 members sand bodies, and the diagenesis is the main factor controlling the densification of the reservoirs. Because of the difference in rock fabrics and the chlorite content of Chang 6 and Chang 8, the strong compaction resulted in less porosity reduction(17%) of the Chang 81 reservoir with larger buried depth and larger ground temperature than the Chang 63 reservoir(19%). The siliceous, calcareous and clay minerals cement filling the pores and blocking the pore throat, which is the key factor causing the big differences between the reservoir permeability of Chang 6 and Chang 8 members.

Classification and control factors of pore-throat systems in hybrid sedimentary rocks of Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Aiming at the complicated problem of the genesis of high-quality hybrid sedimentary rocks,the pore-throat systems,controlling factors and fluid mobility of hybrid sedimentary rocks in the Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag were examined.The results show that the hybrid sedimentary rocks contain 5 types of pore-throat system,intergranular(Type A),mixed intergranular-dissolved-intercrystalline(Type B),dissolved(Type C),mixed dissolved-intercrystalline(Type D)and intercrystalline(Type E)ones.The pore-throat systems are controlled by 3 major factors,the component content and arrangement(CCA)of hybrid sedimentary rocks,sedimentary environment and diagenesis.CCA controls the matrix support mode of hybrid sedimentary rocks,and therefore controls the types and changes of pore-throat system.The sedimentary environment mainly controls the macroscopic distribution of pore-throat system,i.e.,hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in the near source and high-energy environment are characterized by high content of coarse-grained component,granular/interbedded-support mode,and development of Type A and Type B pore-throat systems.Hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in the medium-energy environment far from source are characterized by dolomitic/mud support mode and Type C and Type D pore-throat systems.Hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in low-energy environment far from source have mainly Type E and Type D pore-throat systems.Diagenetic processes such as compaction and calcite cementation make the proportions of Type A and Type C pore-throat systems decrease further.In the hybrid sedimentary process of sandy-mud,pore-throat system types show a change of"A→B→C→D",in that of dolomite-sand,pore-throat system types show a change of"A→C→D→E"or"B→D→E",and in that of dolomite-mud,pore-throat system types show a change of"D→E",which are affected in details by the contents of coarse-grain component,feldspar and dolomite.The reservoir with Type A pore-throats has the best physical properties and fluid mobility,and the reservoirs with Type D and Type E pore-throats have the poorest.The movable fluid distribution is related to the matrix support mode,and the larger pores in hybrid sedimentary rocks of dolomite/mud support mode have no obvious advantage in fluid mobility.The findings of this study provide a geological basis for evaluating and building reasonable interpretation model of hybrid sedimentary rocks sweet spot.

Classification of microscopic pore-throats and the grading evaluation on shale oil reservoirs

On the basis of the characterization of microscopic pore-throats in shale oil reservoirs by high-pressure mercury intrusion technique, a grading evaluation standard of shale oil reservoirs and a lower limit for reservoir formation were established. Simultaneously, a new method for the classification of shale oil flow units based on logging data was established. A new classification scheme for shale oil reservoirs was proposed according to the inflection points and fractal features of mercury injection curves: microscopic pore-throats(less than 25 nm), small pore-throats(25-100 nm), medium pore-throats(100-1 000 nm) and big pore-throats(greater than 1 000 nm). Correspondingly, the shale reservoirs are divided into four classes, I, II, III and IV according to the number of microscopic pores they contain, and the average pore-throat radii corresponding to the dividing points are 150 nm, 70 nm and 10 nm respectively. By using the correlation between permeability and pore-throat radius, the permeability thresholds for the reservoir classification are determined at 1.00× 10^(-3) μm^2, 0.40×10^(-3) μm^2 and 0.05×10^(-3) μm^2 respectively. By using the exponential relationship between porosity and permeability of the same hydrodynamic flow unit, a new method was set up to evaluate the reservoir flow belt index and to identify shale oil flow units with logging data. The application in the Dongying sag shows that the standard proposed is suitable for grading evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

Pore throat structure and classification of Paleogene tight reservoirs in Jiyang depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The pore throat structure characteristics of Paleogene tight sandstone and sandy conglomerate in the Jiyang depression are studied using cast thin section,conventional mercury injection,constant rate mercury injection and micro CT scanning data,and a reservoir classification scheme based on pore throat structure parameters is established.The material composition and structural characteristics of tight reservoirs are analyzed by casting thin section data.The pore throat structure characteristics of tight reservoirs are studied by conventional mercury injection,constant rate mercury injection and micro CT scanning.Ten pore throat structure parameters are analyzed by cluster analysis.Based on the classification results and oil test results,the classification scheme of Paleogene tight reservoirs is established.The Paleogene tight reservoirs in the Jiyang depression have the characteristics of macropores and microthroats,with pores in micron scale,throats in nano-submicron scale,and wide variation of ratio of pore radius to throat radius.The permeability of the tight reservoir is controlled by throat radius,the smaller the difference between pore radius and throat radius,and the more uniform the pore throat size,the higher the permeability will be.The lower limits of average pore throat radius for the tight sandstone and tight sandy conglomerate to produce industrial oil flow without fracturing are 0.6μm and 0.8μm,respectively.Reservoirs that can produce industrial oil flow only after fracturing have an average pore-throat radius between 0.2-0.6μm,and reservoirs with average pore throat radius less than 0.2μm are ineffective reservoirs under the current fracturing techniques.Different types of tight sandstone and sandy conglomerate reservoirs are classified and evaluated,which are well applied in exploratory evaluation.

Pore-throat Structure of Tight Sandstone in Yanchang Formation of Huangling Mining Area Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy and Mercury Porosimmetry

Based on scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimmetry,a large number of experimental data of pores and pore throats of tight sandstone reservoirs are obtained,and the characteristics of pore types,capillary pressure curves and quantitative parameters of pore throats of Yanchang Formation in Huangling mining area are studied.The results show that the main reservoir space types of Yanchang Formation sandstone are primary intergranular pores and feldspar dissolution pores.The pore-throat structure is medium-small pore and thin-small throat type,and the sorting is good to medium.The mercury porosimmetry curve shows a slightly coarse-thin skew.Combining the morphological characteristics of the mercury porosimmetry capillary pressure curve and the quantitative parameter characteristics of pore throats,the Yanchang Formation s micro pore structure is divided into types I,II,III,and IV.Tight oil reservoirs with type I and II pore structure characteristics are favorable.This study has reference significance for the later evaluation of tight sandstone reservoirs in Huangling mining area.

非均相体系在微通道中的封堵性能研究

基于大庆油田天然岩心孔隙尺度分布特征建立了微通道模型,考虑非均相体系中的分散相和连续相的变形及流动特征,以相场法建立流动模型并用有限元方法求解,模拟了分散相颗粒在微通道内的生成,并实现了颗粒分选,研究了微观孔喉结构中匹配系数和孔喉比对颗粒封堵性能的影响。结果表明,颗粒在微观孔喉结构中发生弹性封堵时,孔喉入口处压力随颗粒运移通过而呈现周期性变化;颗粒与孔喉最佳匹配系数为[1.0,1.4),此区间内颗粒能够在孔喉入口处暂时封堵,变形运移通过孔喉后恢复原形;当孔隙直径相同时,匹配系数和孔喉比越大,颗粒通过压力越大;颗粒粒径越大,颗粒通过压力临界值越小。

基于CT扫描受压注浆体试块三维孔裂隙结构参数表征

目的为研究注浆体试块单轴压缩过程中孔裂隙结构演化特征,方法以级配砂砾注浆体试块为研究对象,对其单轴压缩过程分阶段进行工业CT扫描,并采用AVIZO对CT切片进行分析,重构孔裂隙结构三维模型,定量表征孔裂隙与孔喉特征参数。结果结果表明:单轴压缩下,试块依次经历孔裂隙萌生、发育、扩展与贯通阶段,孔裂隙演化特征比较明显,萌生阶段孔隙数增幅为14.41%,无明显贯通;发育阶段孔隙数增加326.91%,伴有一定数目孔隙贯通;扩展阶段孔隙数减少了57.79%,孔隙等效直径最大值增幅为223.45%,大部分孔隙贯通为裂隙;贯通阶段孔裂隙数目几乎不变,孔隙等效直径最大值增幅为92.83%,裂隙贯通后形成多个破裂面。峰值后试块出现连通孔隙,该阶段注浆体孔隙与喉道发育完全,试块破坏。结论研究结果可为后续破碎岩石注浆工程实践提供参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地神木气田太原组低品质气藏储层微观特征及形成机理

鄂尔多斯盆地神木气田与周边气田开发效果差异较大,表现出低品质气藏特征,给气田勘探部署及持续稳产带来一定困扰。为了揭示低品质气藏成因,基于不同尺度微观实验手段,对神木气田太原组储层开展了微观特征及形成机理研究。结果表明,神木气田太原组储层具有“富石英、贫长石、岩屑含量较高”的特征,发育小孔—细喉型孔喉组合,孔喉连通性较差,储渗能力较弱,为低孔—超低渗致密砂岩储层;太原组低品质储层的形成受杂基、喷发岩岩屑含量及成岩作用的共同影响。储层在形成过程中,受晚石炭世—早二叠世鄂尔多斯盆地北部内蒙古古隆起火山活动的影响明显,砂岩内喷发岩岩屑和杂基含量普遍较高,喷发岩岩屑为次生孔隙的发育提供了主要物质基础,杂基在堵塞孔隙的同时也产生了一定数量杂基溶孔,对储层的影响具有双重性。成岩过程中的溶蚀作用对于太原组储层的形成至关重要,增孔效应占现今孔隙度的64.3%。晚白垩世末期,燕山运动末幕导致鄂尔多斯盆地构造反转,气水重新调整,盆地东部天然气沿断裂部分逸散,最终形成了现今神木气田太原组的低品质气藏。神木气田下一步勘探重点应在摸清成岩作用宏观展布规律及有利岩性圈闭的基础上,寻找高含量喷发岩岩屑和低含量杂基的发育区。

致密砂岩储层微观孔喉结构及其分形特征

孔喉微观结构定量评价一直是致密砂岩储层研究的热点和难点。以分形维数为突破口,在鄂尔多斯盆地子长地区不同井中采集了上三叠统延长组长6段12个岩心样品,通过扫描电镜、铸体薄片、高压压汞等实验方法以及分形理论对致密砂岩样品的孔喉结构及其分形特征进行了研究。结果表明,研究区致密砂岩储层的孔隙类型主要由剩余粒间孔、溶孔和晶间孔组成。总分形维数与孔隙度和渗透率存在良好的负相关性,表明研究区致密砂岩储层孔喉结构的复杂程度和非均质性对物性具有一定的影响。中孔的分形维数与孔喉结构参数的相关性更好,表明中孔的非均质性和表面粗糙度主要影响储集空间和渗流性质。致密砂岩储层的品质与分形维数呈明显的负相关关系,越有利于油气富集的储层,其分形维数越小。

柳赞油田多层砂岩优势渗流通道特征及喉道体积

陆相油藏储集层非均质性强,长期注水开发容易形成优势渗流通道,导致油井快速水淹,驱油效率降低,开发效果变差。以柳赞油田古近系渐新统沙河街组为例,综合分析测井岩电响应、储集层非均质性、注采特征、储集层孔隙特征等,描述柳赞油田多层砂岩优势渗流通道特征,确定了该区优势渗流通道形成条件,通过建立优势渗流通道喉道体积的计算方法,明确了油藏下一步调驱剂用量,达到了有效封堵优势渗流通道的目的,研究成果可为油田下一步稳油控水提供技术支撑。

致密砂岩储层孔隙结构特征对可动流体赋存的影响:以鄂尔多斯盆地庆城地区长7段为例

分析孔隙结构和可动流体分布特征是储层研究的关键要素,也是当前研究的重点与热点,对致密砂岩油气勘探及提高油气采收率具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯盆地庆城地区长7段致密砂岩储层为例,通过物性测试、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞和核磁共振实验,结合分形理论,分析了致密砂岩储层孔隙结构、非均质性和可动流体分布特征,讨论了孔喉结构和非均质性对可动流体赋存的影响。结果表明:研究区长7段储层储集空间主要由微纳米级孔隙贡献,孔隙连通性较差,孔喉半径主要分布在0.050~0.500μm;孔喉结构非均质性较强,分形维数分布在2.65~2.90;流体可动性较差,可动流体饱和度分布在16.68%~51.74%,可动流体多分布在中孔和小孔内。研究区长7段储层可分为3类:从Ⅰ类到Ⅲ类储层,剩余粒间孔和粒间溶蚀孔发育变少,孔隙连通性变差,孔喉尺寸变小,较大孔喉变少,非均质性变强,流体可动性变差,中孔和大孔内可动流体含量趋于降低,可动流体倾向于在小孔内赋存。研究成果为致密砂岩油气勘探及油气采收率提高提供了理论依据。

玛湖凹陷风城组储集层孔喉结构及流体赋存特征

为了揭示和对比玛湖凹陷北部风城组砂岩和泥页岩2类岩性储集层微观结构及不同尺寸孔隙内流体赋存特征,基于高压压汞、核磁共振、大视域拼接电镜扫描等实验,定量表征2类岩性储集层的孔喉尺寸和流体赋存特征,并对比原始样品和加压饱和原油样品的核磁共振以及抽提前后的高压压汞实验结果,揭示不同尺寸孔喉系统内束缚态流体和可动流体的分布。研究表明:2类岩性储集层孔隙和喉道尺寸差异均不明显,主要发育直径为0.01~10.00μm的孔隙和半径小于10.00 nm的喉道,以中孔-细喉为主,其中,泥页岩孔隙直径略大于砂岩,喉道半径略小于砂岩。泥页岩多发育晶间孔、蜂窝状溶孔等导管状孔,砂岩导管状孔和球形孔各占一半,且随着孔径增大,粒间孔、粒间溶孔等球形孔占比增大。流体赋存及可动性受矿物组分、孔径等多种因素影响,有机质、白云石以及黄铁矿的偏油润湿性以及黏土矿物晶间孔的强毛细管束缚致使页岩油可动性降低,可动流体主要分布在直径大于300 nm的中—大孔隙内。综合储集层物性和可动流体分布特征,研究区页岩油有利区块为东部的玛51X井区,该井区泥页岩和砂岩均可作为有利的开发对象。

致密砂岩孔喉结构分析与渗透率预测方法——以川中地区侏罗系沙溪庙组为例

致密砂岩储层孔喉结构精细表征和渗透性预测是优质储层评价和开发的关键。以川中地区侏罗系沙溪庙组为例,利用高压压汞实验和分形理论,对孔喉结构进行静态表征,探讨孔喉结构、分形维数、储层物性之间的关系,进而分析孔喉结构对渗透率的贡献,建立渗透率预测模型。沙溪庙组样品可分为4种类型:Ⅰ类样品排驱压力低、物性好、孔隙连通性好、平均分形维数为2.11,孔隙以半径大于0.1μm的大孔和中孔为主,半径大于1μm的孔喉贡献了90%以上的渗透率;Ⅱ类样品排驱压力在0.4~1.0 MPa之间,平均孔渗分别为9.72%、0.375×10^(-3)μm^(2),分形维数为2.20,半径大于0.1μm的中孔含量上升,并贡献了大部分渗透率;Ⅲ、Ⅳ类样品排驱压力与分形维数明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类样品,孔隙度低且缺乏大孔导致渗透率较低。半径大于0.1μm的大孔和中孔贡献了沙溪庙组98%以上的渗透率。分形维数是指示孔喉结构的良好标志,分形维数与孔喉半径、最大进汞饱和度、渗透率均呈现明显的负相关关系,而与排驱压力、孔喉相对分选系数呈正相关关系。分形维数与孔喉组成有着强相关性,基于分形维数、孔隙度、最大孔喉半径建立了“孔隙型”储层渗透率定量预测模型。

陇东合水地区长6油藏成岩作用对孔喉结构的影响探析

在充分了解合水地区长6油藏储层主要勘探成果和勘探难点的基础上,本着对信息进行综合判断、解释和分析的原则,运用沉积岩石学、储层沉积学、实验储层沉积学等方法与原理,对合水地区长6油藏储层孔喉结构类型特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,研究区长6储层主要发育粒间孔、长石溶孔、岩屑溶孔三种孔隙类型;主要发育的喉道类型以片状、弯片状喉道类型为主;主要发育的孔隙组合类型为中孔微喉型和小孔微喉型。还进一步研究了该区长6油藏储层成岩作用对孔喉结构的影响,研究发现该区发育的成岩作用中溶解作用对储层岩石的储集性能起着建设性作用,而压实作用、压溶作用、胶结作用则起着破坏性作用。该研究对研究区孔喉微观结构的认识及油藏的高效开发均具有重要的指导意义。

基于恒速压汞技术研究安塞油田S区储层孔隙结构特征

为准确评价安塞油田S区储层孔隙结构特征,利用恒速压汞实验,研究了孔隙和喉道的分布特征以及孔喉半径比特征参数与孔渗间的关系。结果表明:不同渗透率的岩心样品孔隙半径分布范围基本相同,主要分布在120~340μm之间,平均孔隙半径在240μm左右;喉道半径主要分布在23μm以内;孔喉半径比与渗透率呈正相关关系,是影响S区储层渗流能力的主要因素。

松辽盆地古龙页岩纳米孔喉体系中页岩油组分及成熟度分异效应

陆相页岩油储层中石油的微运移效应会导致微观孔隙空间中赋存的页岩油性质发生分异,然而页岩储层孔隙半径较小,孔喉结构复杂,很难通过常规手段对其进行精细刻画,导致对页岩油的微观富集机理认识不清。通过对松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组页岩岩心样品进行分步-接力抽提、低温氮气吸附实验,并开展全烃气相色谱、族组分定量、饱和烃气相色谱质谱和金刚烷双质谱等地球化学分析,揭示出页岩储层纳米孔喉体系内的石油组分和成熟度分异效应。结果表明,古龙页岩孔隙以介孔为主,随着页岩样品粒径的逐级减小,更多初始连通性较差的孔隙会被释放出来,同时微观纳米孔喉中烃类的重质组分相对增加,极性更强,页岩油的成熟度也相对更高,这与不同连通性孔隙空间中页岩油的排烃和微运移效应具有一定的相关性。研究成果可为精细表征页岩油的微观赋存特征,阐明页岩油储层烃类微观差异富集机理提供有效的技术手段,同时也为页岩油的可动性评价和甜点优选提供可靠的理论依据。

多孔介质两相流动分形质-热弥散系数模型

利用分形理论描述了多孔介质微观孔喉结构,研究了两相流体在孔道空间内的占比情况,考虑了流体经过孔喉结构处流动状态发生改变产生二次流引起的局部水头损失,结合两相流体的沿途储热能力的差异,推导出孔道中同时存在两种相态流体的速度弥散效应和热弥散系数表达式.研究结果表明:饱和度小于0.1或大于0.9时,非湿润相流体速度弥散和热弥散系数变化受饱和度的影响较小,只与微观孔喉结构有关.当孔喉比为1时,局部水头损失为0,不存在速度弥散效应和热弥散效应;孔喉比大小在1~200时,速度弥散效应和热弥散效应随饱和度、孔喉比和流体物性参数的改变而改变;孔喉比大于200时,速度弥散效应变化不明显,对热弥散系数的影响不再显著,与饱和多孔介质孔喉比为150时速度弥散效应不再显著的结论不一致.壁面温度一定,当孔喉比大于2时,孔喉间隙近壁处的二次流停滞导致加热时间增加,孔喉结构间隙之间的流体温度与孔道壁面的温度近似相等,速度弥散和热弥散效应不受温度影响.