Extensive studies have focused on the development and regionalization of neurons in the central nervous system(CNS). Many genes, which play crucial roles in the development of CNS neurons, have been identified. By usi...Extensive studies have focused on the development and regionalization of neurons in the central nervous system(CNS). Many genes, which play crucial roles in the development of CNS neurons, have been identified. By using the technique "direct reprogramming", neurons can be produced from multiple cell sources such as fibroblasts. However, understanding the region-specific regulation of neurons in the CNS is still one of the biggest challenges in the research field of neuroscience. Neurons located in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis(Vc) and in the spinal dorsal horn(SDH) play crucial roles in pain and sensorimotor functions in the orofacial and other somatic body regions, respectively. Anatomically, Vc represents the most caudal component of the trigeminal system, and is contiguous with SDH. This review is focused on recent data dealing with the regional specificity involved in the development of neurons in Vc and SDH.展开更多
Cholecystokinin(CCK),an intestinal hormone causing gall bladder to contract andempty,is present abundantly in the brain,which has proved to be involved in transmissionand modulation of various functional activities in...Cholecystokinin(CCK),an intestinal hormone causing gall bladder to contract andempty,is present abundantly in the brain,which has proved to be involved in transmissionand modulation of various functional activities including the processing of pain. It has been proved that the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis(cNTST)in the medulla oblongata,known as the oral extension of substantia gelatinosa展开更多
Background The pain caused by orthodontic treatment has been considered as tough problems in orthodontic practice. Danggui-shaoyao-san （DSS） is a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prescription which has long been...Background The pain caused by orthodontic treatment has been considered as tough problems in orthodontic practice. Danggui-shaoyao-san （DSS） is a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prescription which has long been used for pain treatment and possesses antioxidative, cognitive enhancing and antidepressant effects. We raise the hypothesis that DSS exerts analgesic effect for orthodontic pain via inhibiting the activations of neuron and microglia. Methods DSS was given twice a day from day 5 prior to experimental tooth movement （ETM）. Directed face grooming and vacuous chewing movements （VCM） were evaluated. Immunofiuorescent histochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to quantify the Iba-1 （microglia activation） and Fos （neuronal activation） expression levels in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis （Vc）. Results ETM significantly increased directed face grooming and VCM which reached the peak at post-operative day （POD） 1 and gradually decreased to the baseline at POD 7. However, a drastic peak increase of Fos expression in Vc was observed at 4 hours and gradually decreased to baseline at POD 7; while the increased Iba-1 level reached the peak at POD 1 and gradually decreased to baseline at POD 7. Furthermore, pre-treatment with DSS significantly attenuated the ETM induced directed face grooming and VCM as well as the Fos and Iba-1 levels at POD 1. Conclusion Treatment with DSS had significant analgesic effects on ETM-induced pain, which was accompanied with inhibition of both neuronal and microglial activation.展开更多
文摘Extensive studies have focused on the development and regionalization of neurons in the central nervous system(CNS). Many genes, which play crucial roles in the development of CNS neurons, have been identified. By using the technique "direct reprogramming", neurons can be produced from multiple cell sources such as fibroblasts. However, understanding the region-specific regulation of neurons in the CNS is still one of the biggest challenges in the research field of neuroscience. Neurons located in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis(Vc) and in the spinal dorsal horn(SDH) play crucial roles in pain and sensorimotor functions in the orofacial and other somatic body regions, respectively. Anatomically, Vc represents the most caudal component of the trigeminal system, and is contiguous with SDH. This review is focused on recent data dealing with the regional specificity involved in the development of neurons in Vc and SDH.
文摘Cholecystokinin(CCK),an intestinal hormone causing gall bladder to contract andempty,is present abundantly in the brain,which has proved to be involved in transmissionand modulation of various functional activities including the processing of pain. It has been proved that the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis(cNTST)in the medulla oblongata,known as the oral extension of substantia gelatinosa
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30772450, No. 81170929 and No. 30873322）, the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University （No. SKLNMKF201214）. Conflict of interest： none.
文摘Background The pain caused by orthodontic treatment has been considered as tough problems in orthodontic practice. Danggui-shaoyao-san （DSS） is a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prescription which has long been used for pain treatment and possesses antioxidative, cognitive enhancing and antidepressant effects. We raise the hypothesis that DSS exerts analgesic effect for orthodontic pain via inhibiting the activations of neuron and microglia. Methods DSS was given twice a day from day 5 prior to experimental tooth movement （ETM）. Directed face grooming and vacuous chewing movements （VCM） were evaluated. Immunofiuorescent histochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to quantify the Iba-1 （microglia activation） and Fos （neuronal activation） expression levels in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis （Vc）. Results ETM significantly increased directed face grooming and VCM which reached the peak at post-operative day （POD） 1 and gradually decreased to the baseline at POD 7. However, a drastic peak increase of Fos expression in Vc was observed at 4 hours and gradually decreased to baseline at POD 7; while the increased Iba-1 level reached the peak at POD 1 and gradually decreased to baseline at POD 7. Furthermore, pre-treatment with DSS significantly attenuated the ETM induced directed face grooming and VCM as well as the Fos and Iba-1 levels at POD 1. Conclusion Treatment with DSS had significant analgesic effects on ETM-induced pain, which was accompanied with inhibition of both neuronal and microglial activation.
