The construction industry is a sector that contributes a lot to the economic growth of Malaysia, as it is developing rapidly similar in fashion to other developing countries around the world. In line with the 9th Mala...The construction industry is a sector that contributes a lot to the economic growth of Malaysia, as it is developing rapidly similar in fashion to other developing countries around the world. In line with the 9th Malaysia Plan, development in Malaysia must meet current and future needs to achieve sustainability in economic development, as well as functioning as a social and environmental responsibility for prosperity without compromising the needs of future generations. To ensure that the government＇s objective is met, construction industry should implement the LCC （life cycle costing） method in structure and infrastructure projects so as to not cause losses to the industry itself and to the government. Through LCC, factors contributing to, and the associated cost of maintenance works for a building are identified at the design stage to obtain a more accurate projection of the total cost. This paper describes the LCC as a vital element in the construction industry since this method can drive quality improvement by taking into account the comprehensive cost of a project. The main aim of this paper is to aid in understanding the application of the LCC concept for the construction industry, particularly for the maintenance phase. This paper also identifies LCC processes involved in a building construction project and subsequently provides recommendation on appropriate measures to implement LCC in the construction industry in Malaysia.展开更多
Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analy...Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analysis （LCCA） model to quantify the impact of pavement preservation on agency cost and vehicle operation cost （VOC） and analyzed the optimal timing of preservation treatments. The international roughness index （IRI） data were extracted from the long-term pavement performance （LTPP） program specific pavement studies 3 （SPS-3） to determine the long-term effectiveness of preservation treatments on IRI deterioration. The traffic loading and the initial IRI value significantly affects life extension and the benefit of agency cost caused by pavement preservation. The benefit in VOC is one to two orders greater in magnitude as compared to the benefit in agency cost. The optimal timing calculated based on VOC is always earlier than the optimal timing calculated based on agency cost. There are considerable differences among the optimal timing of three preservation treatments.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel solution for the secondary system of a primary distribution substation. First an evaluation is made of the changes that are to be expected for distribution substations in the future. Distri...This paper proposes a novel solution for the secondary system of a primary distribution substation. First an evaluation is made of the changes that are to be expected for distribution substations in the future. Distributed generation, electric vehicles and other active resources will change the behavior of the distribution network in a manner that will have a great deal of implications for distribution substations. The question is how the role of the distribution substations will change when the visions of smart grids become reality. The proposed solution consists of bay level protection and control IEDs forming the backbone of the secondar？, system. The functionality is complemented with a substation level Station Computer, providing value added and advanced functionality. In addition required communication and time synchronization methods are presented. A life cycle cost evaluation is also performed on the proposed solution, and it is compared with the current dominant concept based exclusively on bay level devices.展开更多
随着配电网的发展,大量高耗能配电变压器面临淘汰更换,因此配变型式和容量的优选方法研究十分重要。基于配变负荷数据采集的完善程度不同,提出了一种考虑数据采集差异化的配变优选方法,分别建立了不同采集方式下的运行损耗成本模型;在...随着配电网的发展,大量高耗能配电变压器面临淘汰更换,因此配变型式和容量的优选方法研究十分重要。基于配变负荷数据采集的完善程度不同,提出了一种考虑数据采集差异化的配变优选方法,分别建立了不同采集方式下的运行损耗成本模型;在对配变全寿命周期成本(life cycle cost,LCC)分解的基础上,以LCC最低作为配变优选原则,兼顾了配变初始投资成本与后期运行维护成本;最后,基于江西省某市10 k V馈线的配变选型实例,借助Matlab软件分析了LCC在不同配变类型下随容量的变化趋势。结果表明,所提模型及优选方法具有较强的可操作性,对配电变压器的科学选型具有指导意义。展开更多
文摘The construction industry is a sector that contributes a lot to the economic growth of Malaysia, as it is developing rapidly similar in fashion to other developing countries around the world. In line with the 9th Malaysia Plan, development in Malaysia must meet current and future needs to achieve sustainability in economic development, as well as functioning as a social and environmental responsibility for prosperity without compromising the needs of future generations. To ensure that the government＇s objective is met, construction industry should implement the LCC （life cycle costing） method in structure and infrastructure projects so as to not cause losses to the industry itself and to the government. Through LCC, factors contributing to, and the associated cost of maintenance works for a building are identified at the design stage to obtain a more accurate projection of the total cost. This paper describes the LCC as a vital element in the construction industry since this method can drive quality improvement by taking into account the comprehensive cost of a project. The main aim of this paper is to aid in understanding the application of the LCC concept for the construction industry, particularly for the maintenance phase. This paper also identifies LCC processes involved in a building construction project and subsequently provides recommendation on appropriate measures to implement LCC in the construction industry in Malaysia.
文摘Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analysis （LCCA） model to quantify the impact of pavement preservation on agency cost and vehicle operation cost （VOC） and analyzed the optimal timing of preservation treatments. The international roughness index （IRI） data were extracted from the long-term pavement performance （LTPP） program specific pavement studies 3 （SPS-3） to determine the long-term effectiveness of preservation treatments on IRI deterioration. The traffic loading and the initial IRI value significantly affects life extension and the benefit of agency cost caused by pavement preservation. The benefit in VOC is one to two orders greater in magnitude as compared to the benefit in agency cost. The optimal timing calculated based on VOC is always earlier than the optimal timing calculated based on agency cost. There are considerable differences among the optimal timing of three preservation treatments.
文摘This paper proposes a novel solution for the secondary system of a primary distribution substation. First an evaluation is made of the changes that are to be expected for distribution substations in the future. Distributed generation, electric vehicles and other active resources will change the behavior of the distribution network in a manner that will have a great deal of implications for distribution substations. The question is how the role of the distribution substations will change when the visions of smart grids become reality. The proposed solution consists of bay level protection and control IEDs forming the backbone of the secondar？, system. The functionality is complemented with a substation level Station Computer, providing value added and advanced functionality. In addition required communication and time synchronization methods are presented. A life cycle cost evaluation is also performed on the proposed solution, and it is compared with the current dominant concept based exclusively on bay level devices.
文摘随着配电网的发展,大量高耗能配电变压器面临淘汰更换,因此配变型式和容量的优选方法研究十分重要。基于配变负荷数据采集的完善程度不同,提出了一种考虑数据采集差异化的配变优选方法,分别建立了不同采集方式下的运行损耗成本模型;在对配变全寿命周期成本(life cycle cost,LCC)分解的基础上,以LCC最低作为配变优选原则,兼顾了配变初始投资成本与后期运行维护成本;最后,基于江西省某市10 k V馈线的配变选型实例,借助Matlab软件分析了LCC在不同配变类型下随容量的变化趋势。结果表明,所提模型及优选方法具有较强的可操作性,对配电变压器的科学选型具有指导意义。
