Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K （PK）, swine manure only （M）, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only （NPK）, and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure （NPKM） with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments （except the N application rate at PK） and N application rate was 150 kg N ha^-1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha^-1 （68% higher than that of PK）. Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.

Carbon sequestration rate,nitrogen use efficiency and rice yield responses to long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic manure in a rice–rice cropping system

Combined application of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments was recommended as a strategy for improving yield,soil carbon storage,and nutrient use efficiency.However,how the long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure affects rice yield,carbon sequestration rate(CSR),and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)while ensuring environmental safety remains unclear.This study assessed the long-term effect of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic manure on rice yield,CSR,and NUE.It also determined the optimum substitution ratio in the acidic soil of southern China.The treatments were:(i)NPK0,unfertilized control;(ii)NPK1,100%chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer;(iii)NPKM1,70%chemical NPK fertilizer and 30%organic manure;(iv)NPKM2,50%chemical NPK fertilizer and 50%organic manure;and(v)NPKM3,30%chemical NPK fertilizer and 70%organic manure.Milk vetch and pig manure were sources of manure for early and late rice seasons,respectively.The result showed that SOC content was higher in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments than in NPK0 and NPK1 treatments.The carbon sequestration rate increased by 140,160,and 280%under NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK1 treatment.Grain yield was 86.1,93.1,93.6,and 96.5%higher under NPK1,NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK0 treatment.The NUE in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments was higher as compared to NPK1 treatment for both rice seasons.Redundancy analysis revealed close positive relationships of CSR with C input,total N,soil C:N ratio,catalase,and humic acids,whereas NUE was closely related to grain yield,grain N content,and phenol oxidase.Furthermore,CSR and NUE negatively correlated with humin acid and soil C:P and N:P ratios.The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)showed that NPKM3 treatment was the optimum strategy for improving CSR and NUE.Therefore,substituting 70%of chemical fertilizer with organic manure could be the best management option for increasing CSR and NUE in the paddy fields of southern China.

Mitigation of N_(2)O emissions in water-saving paddy fields:Evaluating organic fertilizer substitution and microbial mechanisms

Water-saving irrigation strategies can successfully alleviate methane emissions from rice fields,but significantly stimulate nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions because of variations in soil oxygen level and redox potential.However,the relationship linking soil N_(2)O emissions to nitrogen functional genes during various fertilization treatments in water-saving paddy fields has rarely been investigated.Furthermore,the mitigation potential of organic fertilizer substitution on N_(2)O emissions and the microbial mechanism in rice fields must be further elucidated.Our study examined how soil N_(2)O emissions were affected by related functional microorganisms(ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA),ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB),nirS,nirK and nosZ)to various fertilization treatments in a rice field in southeast China over two years.In this study,three fertilization regimes were applied to rice cultivation:a no nitrogen(N)(Control),an inorganic N(Ni),and an inorganic N with partial N substitution with organic manure(N_(i)+N_(o)).Over two rice-growing seasons,cumulative N_(2)O emissions averaged 0.47,4.62 and 4.08 kg ha^(−1)for the Control,Ni and N_(i)+N_(o)treatments,respectively.In comparison to the Ni treatment,the N_(i)+N_(o)fertilization regime considerably reduced soil N_(2)O emissions by 11.6%while maintaining rice yield,with a lower N_(2)O emission factor(EF)from fertilizer N of 0.95%.Nitrogen fertilization considerably raised the AOB,nirS,nirK and nosZ gene abundances,in comparison to the Control treatment.Moreover,the substitution of organic manure for inorganic N fertilizer significantly decreased AOB and nirS gene abundances and increased nosZ gene abundance.The AOB responded to N fertilization more sensitively than the AOA.Total N_(2)O emissions significantly correlated positively with AOB and nirS gene abundances while having a negative correlation with nosZ gene abundance and the nosZ/nirS ratio across N-fertilized plots.In summary,we conclude that organic manure substitution for inorganic N fertilizer decreased soil N_(2)O emissions primarily by changing the soil NO_(3)^(−)-N,pH and DOC levels,thus inhibiting the activities of ammonia oxidation in nitrification and nitrite reduction in denitrification,and strengthening N_(2)O reduction in denitrification from water-saving rice paddies.

Partial organic substitution weakens the negative effect of chemical fertilizer on soil micro-food webs

Soil biotic communities play vital roles in enhancing soil nutrient cycling and soil fertility.Long-term excessive nitrogen(N)application is disadvantageous to the stability of soil food webs and affects arable soil health and sustainable utilization.Proper organic substitution is essential to improve soil health and alleviate the disadvantages of excessive chemical fertilization.However,the biological effects of various organic amendments on soil micro-food webs are poorly understood.In order to explore the effects of various organic amendments including stover,biochar and manure on soil micro-food webs(microbial and nematode communities),a field plot experiment with maize having five treatments viz.,100%urea(100%N),70%urea(70%N),70%urea plus stover(Stover),70%urea plus cattle manure(Manure)and 70%urea plus biochar(Biochar)was conducted.Manure treatment increased the carbon(C)to N use efficiency of soil microbes,which contributed to the retention of soil C,while Biochar treatment elevated soil organic C(SOC)and soil p H.Additionally,Biochar treatment mitigated the negative effects of soil acidification on the soil micro-food web and reduced the abundance of plant parasites.Overall,the biological effect of organic amendments was distinguished from chemical fertilization(100%N and 70%N)through principal co-ordinates analysis.Negative relationships among soil properties,microbial and nematode biomass in the 100%N treatment were diminished in treatments where chemical fertilizer was reduced.The bottom-up effects on soil food webs were observed in organic substitution treatments.In conclusion,organic amendments improved soil fertility by regulating soil microbial and nematode communities in the cropland ecosystem,alleviated the negative effects of chemical fertilizer on the micro-food webs and controlled the trophic cascades among soil biota.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Nitrogen Forms in a Calcareous Alluvial Soil on the North China Plain

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen （N） supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N （TN） and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-lnsoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in a Subtropical Paddy Soil

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.

Changes in soil organic carbon pools following long-term fertilization under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change.Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools,i.e.,mineral-associated OC(MOC),particulate OC(POC,containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC),to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year),Tianshui(35-year)and Pingliang(37-year)under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau.The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments,i.e.,control(no nutrient input,CK),chemical fertilizers(CF),and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF).Relative to the CK,long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134,89 and 129 kg ha^(–1)yr^(–1)under CF,and 418,153 and 384 kg ha^(–1)yr^(–1)under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm),respectively,at the Yangling,Tianshui and Pingliang sites.The MOC pools accounted for 72,67 and 64%of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76,57 and 83 kg ha^(–1)yr^(–1)under CF and 238,118 and 156 kg ha^(–1)yr^(–1)under MCF,respectively.Moreover,the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions.The POC accordingly constituted 27,33 and 36%of SOC,of which Light-POC accounted for 11,17 and 22%and Heavy-POC for 17,16 and 15%of SOC,respectively.The sequestration rates of POC were 58,32 and 46 kg ha^(–1)yr^(–1)under CF,and 181,90 and 228 kg ha^(–1)yr^(–1)under MCF at the three respective sites,in which Light-POC explained 59,81 and 72%of POC under CF,and 60,40 and 69%of POC under MCF,with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance.Compared with CK,the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC,whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio,mainly in the Light-POC pool.The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates.The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC,thus improving SOC quality,which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.

化肥减量配施有机肥对花生土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

为了探究化肥减量配施两种不同黄腐酸钾有机肥对土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分的影响,采取盆栽试验模拟大田花生种植,以不施肥、纯施化肥为对照,设置100%化肥配施100%有机肥、75%化肥配施25%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥、25%化肥配施75%有机肥和施用100%有机肥处理,探讨了SOC、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)和惰性有机碳(ROC)在花生不同生育期内的含量特征。结果表明:化肥减量配施有机肥各处理SOC及其组分含量在花生各生育期均表现为:花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期,其中DOC和MBC含量结荚期显著高于成熟期(P<0.05);各处理SOC及其组分含量均表现为:25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理;其中花针期25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOC和ROC含量分别为133.0 g/kg、284.4 mg/kg、269.7 mg/kg、30.76 g/kg和111.2 g/kg,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOC和ROC含量分别为130.9 g/kg、250.5 mg/kg、251.7 mg/kg、29.86 g/kg和110.8 g/kg。综上,化肥减量配施生化黄腐酸钾对SOC及其组分含量的影响整体优于配施矿源黄腐酸钾,化肥减量配施黄腐酸钾花针期含量显著高于结荚期和成熟期(P<0.05),其中25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理对提升SOC及其组分含量效果最佳。

磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响

新疆有机肥资源丰富,探索磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田的外源肥料投入对土壤化学变化、棉花产量及其构成的影响,为深入了解当前棉田肥力和确定棉花减磷增效的技术服务着力点提供参考依据。经国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测基地5年田间微区定位试验,在膜下滴灌条件下设置7个施肥处理,T1:不施肥,T2:不施磷,T3:常规施化肥磷100%,T4:有机肥磷替代25%化肥磷,T5:有机肥磷替代50%化肥磷,T6:化肥磷100%+25%有机肥磷,T7:化肥磷100%+秸秆还田。于2022年采集土壤样品,探明不同比例磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对土壤化学性质、磷素有效性特征和棉花产量及其构成的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在外源肥料投入量(有机肥和化肥)均为等氮磷用量的条件下,磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田有利于加速土壤养分转化,增加土壤速效养分、全量养分含量。速效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量增幅分别在3.0%~25.3%、29.2%~120.1%、70.1%~99.1%之间,各速效养分含量依次与外源肥料投入后增量最高的T6、T5、T5处理相比,年均分别增长3.12、1.69、30.75 mg·kg^(-1)。全氮、全磷、全钾含量增幅分别在21.1%~43.9%、1.59%~41.3%、9.3%~33.6%之间,各全量养分含量依次与外源肥料投入后增量最高的T6、T6、T5处理相比,年均分别增长0.04、0.05、1.36 g·kg^(-1)。整体上有机替代、增施有机肥和秸秆还田对促进土壤养分的转化效果比单施化肥好,且长期施用有机肥的效应优于秸秆还田。(2)耕层土壤有机质含量随有机肥替代量的增加而增加,50%的有机替代其有机质含量显著最高(12.21 g·kg^(-1)),年均增长0.4 g·kg^(-1),最小增量T1~T2与最大增量T1~T5相比,增加1.04~3.44 g·kg^(-1),增幅为11.86%~39.22%,总体表现为正效应。相对较高的土壤pH和盐含量是限制棉花高效生产的主要因素,有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤pH和含盐量整体起到降低的作用,最大降幅pH的T1与T5、盐含量T5与T3相比分别下降3.07%、24.48%,总体表现为负效应。配施有机肥和秸秆还田增强了土壤供氮能力和磷素活化能力,土壤磷活化系数从1.52%提升到2.78%。由于受新疆石灰性土壤自然特性及气候条件限制,综合C/N、C/P、N/P表明,灰漠土有机质处于缺乏状态。(3)磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田均能够维持或促进棉花增产,在密度为24万株·hm^(-2)的试验种植模式下,连续5年常规施肥、25%的有机替代、50%的有机替代、增施有机肥、秸秆还田其籽棉产量分别达4173.13、4196.72、4805.10、5035.51、4830.98 kg·hm^(-2),综合土壤养分指标、肥料投入、棉花产量分析,50%的有机替代在节约磷肥用量的前提下对棉花增产效果最佳,与T1、T2、T3相比,分别显著增产20.49%、18.62%、15.14%。因此,研究认为当下应用50%的有机替代技术,即施磷(P_(2)O_(5))60 kg·hm^(-2)和配施羊粪9784 kg·hm^(-2),较为可行。

有机肥与化肥配施对夏播玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探索有机肥与化肥配施对全株玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响,以乐玉1号玉米为试材,通过田间试验,设置不施肥(CK)、全部化肥(HF)、牛粪单施(N1)、牛粪替代20%化肥(N2)、牛粪替代30%化肥(N3)、羊粪单施(Y1)、羊粪替代20%化肥(Y2)、羊粪替代30%化肥(Y3)共8个处理,测定全株玉米干草产量、氮磷钾素积累量和重金属含量以及土壤理化性质等相关指标。结果表明,Y2和Y3处理的全株玉米干草产量和氮磷钾积累量优于其他处理;N2处理的Cu积累量和Y1处理的Zn积累量最高;0~20cm土层以N3处理的有机质、速效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和阳离子交换含量最高。可见,低总氮水平下,羊粪替代20%和30%化肥处理对全株玉米生长及养分积累有积极作用,牛粪替代30%化肥改良土壤肥力效果较好。

社会资本、技术感知对茶农有机肥替代化肥技术采纳行为影响研究——基于江苏省茶叶主产区溧阳市茶农调研数据

基于江苏省茶叶主产区溧阳市365位茶农的调研数据,通过结构方程模型分析社会资本、技术感知与茶农有机肥替代化肥技术采纳行为之间的关系,并揭示了不同个人特征和家庭禀赋对茶农技术采纳行为存在异质性影响,以期促进溧阳市茶业绿色化、有机化。结果发现:①社会资本和技术感知正向促进茶农有机肥替代化肥技术采纳行为。②社会网络在技术易用性感知;社会信任在技术有用性感知和易用性感知;社会规范在技术有用性感知对茶农技术采纳行为存在中介作用。③茶农个人特征和家庭禀赋对其有机肥替代化肥技术采纳行为影响有着显著差异性,主要表现在性别、年龄、种植年限和茶园种植面积四个方面,受教育程度、家庭从事茶叶种植人数、茶叶生产年收入占家庭年收入的比值这三个方面并没有表现出显著差异。

有机氮替代化肥氮对设施菠菜品质·土壤肥力及根际细菌群落的影响

为明确有机肥替代化肥对菠菜生长的影响,以等氮量替代为原则,设置配方施肥和有机肥等氮替代不同比例化肥处理,通过大田试验研究有机氮肥替代化肥氮对设施菠菜产量、品质、土壤肥力和根际细菌群落的影响。结果表明,有机肥替代20%最有利于提升菠菜的产量和品质,鲜干重、维生素C和可溶性糖含量均显著高于配方施肥处理。有机肥替代可显著增加土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,显著降低土壤的容重。有机氮肥替代比例为20%~80%时,土壤碱解氮含量均显著低于配方施肥处理。施用有机肥可显著增加土壤细菌的α多样性,降低其β多样性。菠菜有机酸含量和土壤碱解氮含量对β多样性贡献率最高,分别为12.80%和-4.71%。施用有机肥可提高好氧菌群、耐胁迫菌群等有益菌群的相对丰度,但也会增加潜在致病菌群的相对丰度。综上,有机氮肥部分替代化学氮肥可改善菠菜品质,提升土壤肥力和抗性。

等氮量有机肥替代化肥对绿洲灌区糯玉米光合特性及品质的影响

通过田间定位试验探究等氮量有机肥替代化肥比例对糯玉米光合特性和营养品质的影响,以‘京科糯2000’为试验品种,在施纯氮总量为300 kg·hm^(-2)定额条件下,采用随机区组设计,设全施化肥(F1),有机肥替代25%(F2)、50%(F3)、75%(F4)化肥和全施有机肥(F5)5个处理,测定了糯玉米抽雄期光合特性、鲜穗期籽粒营养品质及鲜穗产量。结果表明:等氮量有机肥替代部分化肥能显著提高糯玉米抽雄期的光合性能,其中F2和F3处理较F1处理的SPAD值提高10.6%~14.3%,T_(r)提高11.7%~18.8%,P_(n)提高11.2%~17.1%,G_(s)提高62.2%~79.2%,C i降低22.7%~23.8%。F2处理糯玉米鲜穗产量较F1处理显著提高10.4%。等氮量有机肥替代化肥能显著提高糯玉米鲜穗中可溶性糖含量和粗脂肪含量,F2和F3处理较F1处理可溶性糖含量和粗脂肪含量分别提高22.9%~28.9%和8.5%~11.4%;F2处理较F1处理粗蛋白含量显著提高10.3%;此外,各有机肥替代化肥处理较F1处理的鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸增幅分别为15.7%~19.3%和12.2%~17.4%,其中,F2处理下芳香氨基酸含量较F1显著提高13.0%。综上,等氮量有机肥替代25%和50%的化肥在提高糯玉米鲜穗产量的同时,能显著改善营养品质,实现糯玉米的高产优质,可作为绿洲灌区合理的有机无机肥配施方法。

化肥有机肥配施对黑土团聚体稳定性及其富里酸结构的影响

为探讨化肥有机肥配施对黑土团聚体稳定性及其富里酸结构的影响,依托中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站2001年设置的长期定位试验,分析不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+15000 kg·hm-2有机肥(NPKM1)及化肥+22500 kg·hm-2有机肥(NPKM2)处理对土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体富里酸结构及光学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)化肥有机肥配施显著提高了0~40 cm土层>0.25 mm团聚体分布比例,增强了土壤团聚体稳定性;与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理的0~20 cm土层>0.25 mm团聚体分布比例分别增加6.2%~26.3%和8.4%~50.2%。(2)土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸包含类富里酸、类胡敏酸和类蛋白质共3种荧光组分,化肥有机肥配施提高了类富里酸、类胡敏酸组分荧光强度及百分比和类蛋白质组分荧光强度,降低了类蛋白质组分荧光强度百分比;与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理>0.25 mm团聚体富里酸的类富里酸和类胡敏酸组分荧光强度分别提高7.0%~30.5%和12.8%~45.4%。同时土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸均受自生源和外生源共同作用的影响(FI(荧光指数)>1.4,0.8<BIX(自生源系数)<1.0),呈现强腐殖化和新近自生源特征(3.0<HIX(腐殖化指数)<6.0)。(3)土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸的SUVA 254、SUVA 280和E 4/E 6值随有机肥施用量增加而增加,芳香性增强,分子结构变简单。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体富里酸荧光组分、芳香性(SUVA 254)、腐殖化程度(HIX、E 4/E 6)是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素。因此,化肥有机肥配施通过增加团聚体富里酸荧光组分强度,提高团聚体芳香性和腐殖化程度,进而提高土壤团聚体稳定性。

增施微藻和牛粪有机肥对土壤化学性质和细菌群落以及烤烟产质量的影响

【目的】研究增施微藻和牛粪有机肥对烟草生长、产质量及土壤细菌群落的影响。【方法】设置微藻、牛粪有机肥、微藻+牛粪有机肥和空白对照(CK)4个田间试验处理,监测烟株农艺性状、烤后烟叶产量和化学成分,测定土壤化学性质,运用荧光定量PCR、Illumina Miseq测序等分子生物学技术分析土壤细菌群落丰度和组成。【结果】与CK相比,增施微藻+牛粪有机肥可显著增加土壤硝态氮、溶解性有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量,改善土壤pH;烟株圆顶期株高和叶数显著增加,烤后烟叶中总氮、钾、烟碱、总糖和还原糖含量以及氮碱比和钾氯比显著增加,烟叶产量和产值分别提高13.70%和16.78%;可提高土壤细菌群落多样性,优化土壤细菌群落结构,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度升高,提升了土壤细菌群落抑制青枯病害的能力。典型对应分析结果表明:土壤pH以及硝态氮和速效钾含量是影响土壤细菌群落结构组成的关键因素。【结论】增施微藻和牛粪有机肥可提高土壤养分含量,活化土壤有益微生物,提高细菌群落抑制青枯病菌的能力,改善土壤微生态环境,促进烟草生长,提高烟叶产量和品质。

牛粪与化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

【目的】研究牛粪化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性的影响,揭示不同配施比例对土壤碳库的影响,为苹果园牛粪与化肥的科学配施及土壤质量改善提供理论支撑。【方法】选取中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山施肥试验平台中不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF100)、25%牛粪配施75%化肥(CM25CF75)、50%牛粪配施50%化肥(CM50CF50)、75%牛粪配施25%化肥(CM75CF25)、100%牛粪(CM100)6个处理,分别测定施肥区(F)与非施肥区(NF)土壤活性有机碳组分(颗粒有机碳,POC;微生物量碳,MBC;易氧化有机碳,ROC)和酶活性(α-D-葡萄糖苷酶,AG;β-D-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;纤维素酶,CBH;过氧化物酶,PER;脲酶,UR)等相关指标。【结果】(1)牛粪化肥配施后施肥区土壤SOC、POC和ROC的含量随着牛粪施入比例的增加而增加;CM50CF50处理的MBC含量最高,比CK提高了139.7%。非施肥区,CF100、CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25处理与CK相比土壤POC含量分别下降了32.8%、28.4%、21.6%、14.7%,CM50CF50和CM75CF25处理ROC含量分别下降了31.5%和17.4%。同一处理施肥区活性有机碳组分含量明显高于非施肥区。(2)CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性较CK分别提高了87.7%、68.4%、278.1%、331.6%;CM25CF75处理β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高(39.00μg·g^(-1)·h^(-1));脲酶活性随牛粪施入比例的增加先升高后降低。牛粪化肥配施非施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性也显著提高。(3)牛粪化肥配施显著提高了施肥区土壤POC/SOC和碳库管理指数(CPMI),CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理的碳库管理指数分别提高了19.7%、38.3%、56.2%、103.5%。非施肥区牛粪化肥配施碳库管理指数显著下降。同一处理施肥区土壤碳库管理指数明显高于非施肥区。(4)相关分析和主成分分析表明,施肥区土壤中活性有机碳组分与α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关,牛粪比例的提高对土壤活性有机碳的提高贡献较大。【结论】牛粪化肥配施对于苹果园施肥区土壤的改善效果大于非施肥区。高比例的牛粪(配施比例在50%以上)能够提高土壤有机碳各组分含量和促进土壤酶活性增强,是苹果园科学施肥的较好的配施比例。

太湖地区稻麦轮作系统有机氮肥替代率的演变特征及其影响因素

有机肥替代化肥是化肥减量的关键措施。本研究的主要目标是明确太湖地区稻麦轮作体系中有机氮肥替代率的主要限制因素,为提高有机氮肥替代率提供理论基础。依托40 a长期定位观测试验,分别选择不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施有机肥(OM)3个处理,研究有机氮肥替代率与土壤碳氮关系。其中,化肥采用尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,年均施氮225~300 kg/hm^(2),年均施磷(P2O5)119.4 kg/hm^(2),年均施钾(K2O)179.1 kg/hm^(2);有机肥采用猪粪和菜籽饼,年均折合施氮103.1 kg/hm^(2),折合施磷(P2O5)82.7 kg/hm^(2),折合施钾(K2O)70.1 kg/hm^(2)。测定指标包括土壤有机碳、总氮,计算有机氮肥替代率和土壤碳氮比。结果表明,长期施肥提高了土壤有机碳水平,OM、NPK和CK处理土壤有机碳含量可用米氏方程拟合,且前10 a内快速累积、后30 a趋近平衡,平均含量分别为16.8、15.8、15.1 g/kg。长期施肥处理线性提高了土壤总氮含量,OM、NPK和CK处理土壤平均总氮含量分别为1.71、1.64、1.47 g/kg。有机氮肥替代率的时序演变可用分段线性模型拟合,有机氮肥替代率前期略降低后期增加,稻麦两季有机氮肥替代率的时间拐点分别出现在第11年和第15.5年。线性回归分析表明,有机氮肥替代率与土壤总有机碳无显著关系,但与土壤总氮和碳氮比显著线性相关。在太湖地区稻麦轮作系统中,长期施用有机肥可有效提高土壤碳氮库容,具有较高水平土壤有机碳(>17.0 g/kg)是提升有机氮肥替代率的前提,但在有机碳趋近饱和后,土壤总氮和碳氮比是限制有机氮肥替代率提升的主要因素。

不同比例有机肥替代化肥对夏玉米氮肥利用率及N_(2)O排放的影响

2022—2023年连续2 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、有机肥替代10%化肥(FM1)、有机肥替代30%化肥(FM2)和有机肥替代50%化肥(FM3),共5个处理,探究有机肥替代不同比例化肥对玉米产量和植株氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,与CF处理相比,FM1、FM2、FM3处理的2 a平均土壤容重分别降低1.43%、2.15%、4.67%,2 a平均土壤孔隙度分别增加2.07%、2.60%、5.51%,2 a平均硝态氮含量分别增加9.67%、14.86%、11.01%。与CF处理相比,FM1处理玉米植株2 a平均干物质累积量和产量分别增加3.41%、3.42%,FM3处理分别减少3.25%、6.73%。与CF处理相比,FM1处理2 a平均氮素累积量增加4.49%,2 a平均氮肥利用率和氮肥农学利用率分别增加13.62%、6.11%,2 a平均经济效益增加2.87%,2 a平均一氧化二氮(N_(2)O)排放量减少16.41%,且FM1处理增加了茎秆、叶片的氮素累积量。当有机肥替代化肥比例在30%及以上时(FM2、FM3处理),产量和氮肥利用率明显降低,经济效益减少。综上,有机肥替代10%化肥可以显著提高氮肥利用率,减少N_(2)O排放量,是实现氮肥减施和农业绿色高产的推荐有机肥替代化肥比例。

化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥对烤烟生长、产质量及土壤养分的影响

为探究羊粪有机肥与传统无机肥配施在烤烟生产中的效应,并为洛阳烟区合理利用羊粪有机肥提供理论依据,本研究以中烟101为材料,采用田间小区等氮量施肥(各处理施氮量均为60 kg/hm^(2))对比试验,设置单施100%化肥N(T0)、25%羊粪有机肥N+75%化肥N(T25)、50%羊粪有机肥N+50%化肥N(T50)、75%羊粪有机肥N+25%化肥N(T75)4个处理,研究化肥减量配施不同比例羊粪有机肥对烤烟农艺性状、光合特性、经济性状、烟叶品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥处理较T0能够改善烤烟农艺性状和叶片光合特性,有利于烟田土壤养分的均衡供应和肥力水平的提高。与T0相比,配施羊粪有机肥处理烤烟圆顶期的株高、茎围、最大叶面积、有效叶片数、SPAD值、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高5.49%~8.63%、2.78%~7.46%、0.71%~19.67%、4.82%~9.64%、15.41%~20.42%、21.78%~24.11%、17.05%~24.03%、33.33%~50.00%、13.02%~30.63%、30.08%~68.57%、31.54%~45.51%和14.67%~20.73%,其中以T50处理效果最优。化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥处理也能够提升烤后烟叶的经济性状、感官评吸质量及化学成分的协调性。与T0相比,T50的上等烟比例、均价、产值和B2F等级烟叶感官质量总分值分别提高9.10%、5.36%、7.20%和4.77%,提升效果最佳,烤后烟叶的化学成分更为协调。综合来看,等氮量施肥条件下,羊粪有机肥N替代50%化肥N更有利于促进洛阳烟区烟株的生长发育、提升烤后烟叶产量和品质,以及维持烟田土壤肥力,保障洛阳烟区烟叶的可持续发展。

有机肥部分替代化肥对玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响

为明确浙南地区黄红壤土玉米有机肥替代化肥方案,进行有机肥替代化肥对玉米产量及氮素利用率的影响试验。田间试验分别设置不施肥处理(CK)、氮磷钾肥处理(NPK)、磷钾肥处理(PK)、15%基施有机肥等氮替代化肥处理(T15)、30%基施有机肥等氮替代化肥(T30)处理。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,T30处理的秸秆产量降低17.11%,T15和T30处理的籽粒氮含量分别降低16.73%和17.83%,T15和T30处理的籽粒吸氮量分别降低15.00%和20.30%,T30处理的秸秆吸氮量降低31.75%,T15和T30处理的氮素内部利用率分别提高23.10%和28.61%,T30处理的土壤铵态氮含量降低24.61%。本研究表明,有机肥氮替代15%~30%化肥氮可保持玉米不减产,提高土壤肥力和氮素利用率,减少化肥施用量,适宜在浙南玉米生产中推广应用。