Response of Over-summer Hydroponic Lettuce to Nutrient Solution Temperature Control

Temperature, as an important feature of hydroponic nutrient solution, is closely related to dissolved oxygen content of nutrient solution and growth status of plant roots. How to precisely adjust the temperature of nutrient solution is the key to obtain high quality and high yield of hydroponic vegetables over summer. With Lactuca sativa vat. crispa ＇Luosheng No.3＇ as the test material, the effect of chiller cooling technology on the temperature of nutrient solution, as well as on the yield and quality of Luosheng No.3, in over-summer hydroponic cultivation was studied. The results showed that the chiller cooling technology controlled the nutrient solution temperature in a reasonable range （（20 ± 1）℃） and promoted the growth and dry matter accumulation of Luosheng No.3, instead of affecting the quality. In short, the chiller cooling technology is applicable to the temperature regulation of nutrient solu- tion in hydroponics over summer.

Effect of Different K^+/Mg^(2+) Ration Nutrient Solutions on Soil Salinity

Using simulated soil column experiments, the effects of different dosages and ratios of KCI and MgCI2 mixture on salinization nutrient ions in the secondary salinization soil which had 3 years of planting were studied, with the aim to provide the theory basis for the remediation of secondary salinization soil. Results showed that the content of soil K-, Mg2＋, CI- and the total salinity were increased, with the increasing concentrations of nutrient solution, while Na＋, Ca2＋ and HCO3- contents were reduced. Compared with originals oil, soil K＋, Na＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, CI- and total soil salinity were decreased, and HCO3- and SO42 were increased. In terms of the variation of soil total charge, the change ranges in 1：1 treatment varied small, but the residual of soil cationic decreased with increasing application of K＋ in the 2：1 treatment. It could be concluded that balanced and low application fertilizer could alleviate the soil saline, decrease the soil nutrition leaching and improve the balance among ions, while excess fertilization could accelerate the imbalance of zwitterions.

Study on Effects of Organic Nutrient Solution on Amino Acid Contents in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Fruit

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic nutrient solution on litchi quality. [Methods] Different concentrations of organic nutrient solutions were sprayed on litchi leaves to study their effects on amino acid contents in the fruit of litchi cultivar "Qinzhouhongli". [Results] The results showed that the organic nutrient solution could significantly promote the growth of litchi fruit at various development stages and improve fruit quality by spraying the organic nutrient solution for 3 times with a dilution concentration of 500-1 500 times during fruit development(at an interval of 15 d) of litchi. It could increase the total essential amino acid, total semi-essential amino acid, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, methionine, valine, leucine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, proline, alanine and tyrosine contents. Spraying the organic nutrient solution with a dilution concentration of 1 000 times achieved the best effect of promoting the growth and improving quality of litchi fruit. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for high-quality production and nutritional quality evaluation of litchi and the development of functional processed litchi products.

Plant Nutrient Solution Detection System Based on ZigBee Wireless Technology

Based on the limitations of traditional plant nutrient solution detection, a ZigBee plant nutrient solution detection system based on CC2530 was developed. This system uses CC2530 as the main control chip, DS18B20 as the temperature sensor for temperature acquisition, PH electrode sensor for PH value acquisition. The experiment shows that this wireless control system equipped with temperature and pH detection sensor collects and samples the main nutrient solution parameters through the main controller, performs wireless communication transmission and terminal communication, and realizes the intelligent detection of plant nutrient solution parameters. This technique of applying wireless sensor network technology to plant factories greatly improves the reliability and stability of the nutrient monitoring system.

Effects of Nutrient Solution pH on the Growth of Seedlings of Sugarcane

The impacts of pH on roots growth of sugarcane seedlings were explored by a pot test. The nutrient solution with three pH levels, Le., 5.0, 7.0 and 8.5 were applied to culture five combination seedlings, including A （RB85-5156 × YR05-407）, B （YR06-3501 ×Tolodo）, C （YT94-128 × GZ75-65）, D （ROC6 × YR05-733） and E （VMC87-95 ×YR05-171）. The result indicated that root length, root surface, root volume and root diameter were all in the largest in B combination with solution pH= 7.0, and the root length, root surface, root volume were in the largest in combination A, C, D and E with solution pH=8.5. Root activity in combination C, D and E were in the highest with solution pH=5.0, while it was in the highest for combination B when pH=7.0. In general, the root growth and morphology in all five combinations were better in the solutions with pH of 7.0 and 8.5.

Response of Lettuce to the Coupling Electrical Conductivity and Circulation Rate of the Nutrient Solution in Hydroponics

The coupling effect of nutrient solution EC （electrical conductivity） levels and CR （circulation rate） on the morphology and quality, in hydroponically grown lettuce was assessed. Lettuce was grown at 5 treatments fi＇om High EC ＆ Low CR to Low EC ＆ High CR. The environmental parameters were controlled in a 20 m^2 plant factory during the hydroponic cultivation with the following values： irradiated by blue and red light-emitting diode lighting with PPFD （photosynthetic photon flux density） value of 150 mol·m^-2·s^-1 for 16 hours per day; Temperature was maintained at 22.0 ℃ during the photoperiod and 16.0 ℃ in dark cycle. The results demonstrate that growing lettuce can be adopted using nutrient solution with lower EC levels and higher CR. The results also indicate that the effect of bi-directional coupled EC and CR resulted in expansion of root length but reducing the root biomass. Nitrate content was significantly reduced.

A Study of Multi-sensor Data Fusion System Based on MAS for Nutrient Solution Measurement

For complementarity and redundancy of multi-sensor data fusion (MSDF) system,it is an effective approach for multiple components measurement.In order to measure nutrient solution on-line,a dynamic and complex system under greenhouse environment,sensors should have intelligent properties including self-calibration and self-compensation. Meanwhile,it is necessary for multiple sensors to cooperate and interact for enhancing reliability of multi-sensor system. Because of the properties of multi-agent system (MAS),it is an appropriate tool to study MSDF system.This paper proposed an architecture of MSDF system based on MAS for the multiple components measurement of nutrient solution.The sensor agent's structure and function modules are analyzed and described in detail,the formal definitions are given,too.The relations of the sensors are modeled to implement reliability diagnosis of the multi-sensor system,so that the reliability of nutrient control system is enhanced.This study offers an effective approach for the study of MSDF.

Effects of High Ammonium Concentration on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Lettuce Plants with Solution Culture

A nutrition solution experiment was conducted over two months to investigate the response of vegetable crops to high concentrations of ammonium, using lettuce （Lactuca sativa L. cv. Angustana Irish） as a test crop. Ammonium concentrations were designed in 5 levels, ranging from 12 mmol N L^-1 to 22 mmol N L^-1 and local tap water was used as water source. At the first culture stage （0-9 days）, lettuce plants maintained normal growth while the lettuce roots were increasingly impaired. During the subsequent three stages the root structure was greatly damaged, and roots became brown or black through continuous supply of high concentration of ammonium. However, there was no obvious reduction of the aboveground biomass of the plants in the high ammonium treatments compared to those supplied with nitrate alone. In contrast to results obtained in another experiment from us with distilled water, the detrimental effect of high ammonium concentration on lettuce growth was greatly alleviated. Based on the results, it was postulated that the small amount of nitrate and the higher amount of bicarbonate existed in the tap water might mitigate the adverse effects of high ammonium N. The higher bicarbonate content in water and soil has usually been regarded as a major constraint factor limiting plant growth in calcareous soil areas. However, the reaction of bicarbonate to ammonium might produce positively interactive effect on reduction of both damages. The lettuce plants grown in ammonium solutions took up less P, K, Fe, Mn and Cu and more Ca than those grown in the nitrate nutrient solution. In conclusion, the results indicated that the N form imposed an obvious influence on absorption of cations and anions. Supplying ammonium-N stimulated transport of Ca, Mg and Mn to shoots of lettuce.

Mode of Managing Nutrient Solution Based on N Use Efficiency for Lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.）

In aeroponic cultivation the nutrient solution is an essential component to achieve good production results. And nitrogen is the main constituent element of the nutrient solution and essential element in plant nutrition. Therefore, the management and monitoring nutrient solution and existing nitrogen is fundamental. The experiment shows that three modes of replacing the nutrient solution and three initial pH values and their interaction significantly influenced the fresh weight and dry matter of lettuce. The highest values of fresh and dry weight were recorded in the fifth treatment where there is an interaction between pH 6 and the mode of replacing half of the nutrient solution. The consumption rate of nitrate nitrogen （NOa-N）, ammonium nitrogen （NH4-N） and gross nitrogen （GN） was higher during stage 1 （10 days after transplanting）, especially for the mode of complete replacing nutrient solution.

Bicarbonate used as a buffer for controlling nutrient solution pH value during the growth of hydroponic lettuce

Unstable pH of nutrient solution in hydroponic systems is a major obstacle to production.To simplify the management of nutrient solution pH and attenuate negative effects of pH on plant growth,this study investigated the effect of different buffer salt additions on nutrient solution pH,ion uptake,growth and photosynthesis of Yamazaki lettuce,with the equivalent concentrations of macro-element unchanged.The results indicated that the pH of nutrient solution was buffered to varying degrees by the 2 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-),1 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-),and 0.33 mol/L HPO_(4)^(2-)The 0.33 mol/L HPO_(4)^(2-)treatment fluctuated most with a pH of 1.74 units,while the addition of HCO_(3)^(-)buffered nutrient solution pH was better,with higher pH values(7.2-7.7).The CK-pH control solution,1 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-)and 0.33 mol/L HPO_(4)^(2-)treatments all promoted the uptake of ion and then the growth of lettuce was better in comparison with the CK-pH no adjustment treatment,while the 2 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-)treatment inhibited K uptake and reduced the availability of Fe,the shoot and root fresh weight of lettuce decreased by 21.3%and 10.1%,respectively.In addition,although the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate under 1 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-)and 0.33 mol/L HPO_(4)^(2-)treatments were significantly lower than the CK-pH control solution treatment,there were no significant differences in leaf length and leaf number of lettuce among them,and shoot fresh weight per plant was 83.09,82.95,and 78.92 g,respectively.In conclusion,adding 1 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-)to the nutrient solution in a single dosage not only buffered the pH of nutrient solution better but also promoted ion uptake,it had no negative effects on the growth,photosynthesis and ion uptake of hydroponic lettuce in comparison with the CK-pH control solution treatment.Therefore,1 mol/L HCO_(3)^(-)can be used as a buffer during the growth of hydroponic lettuce and reduce frequent addition of acids or alkalis,and then simplify the management of nutrient solution for hydroponic lettuce production.

AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE MODEL OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION AND ABSORPTION IN SMALL INTESTINE

According to the physiological and anatomical characteristics of small intestine,neglecting the effect of its motility on the distribution and absorption of drug and nutrient,Y.Miyamoto et al.proposed a model of two-dimensional laminar flow in a circular porous tube with permeable wall and calculated the concentration profile of drugby numerical analysis.In this paper,we give a steady-state analytical solution of the above model including deactivationterm.The obtained results are in agreement with the results of their numerical analysis. Moreover the analytical solution presented in this paper reveals the relation among the physiological parameters of the model and describes the basic absorption rule of drug and nutrient through the intestinal wall and hence pro- vides a theoretical basis for determining the permeability and reflection coefficient through in situ experiments.

Growth of Pepper under Different Concentration of the Solutions Used in the Hydroponic System

Water availability is a fundamental condition for sustainable agriculture. However, a satisfactory water condition is not always possible in terms of quantity and quality in certain regions, such as the Brazilian semi-arid region. Thus, the purpose of this extremely important research was to evaluate the growth of cv. All Big with six combinations of wastewater plus saline (WW + SW) and two nutrient solution percentages, in a low-cost hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Department of Agricultural Engineering at Federal University of Campina Grande. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme (6 × 2), with 5 replications, being the treatments composed by the combination of six proportions of wastewater with saline water (50%/50%;60%/40%;70%/30%;80%/20%;90%/10%;100% of wastewater) and two nutrient solution concentration (80% and 100%), totalizing 60 experimental units. The biometric variables were analyzed at 55 and 96 days after sowing, namely: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf number (LN) and leaf area (LA). The interaction between the concentration of the nutrient solution and the ratio of the saline water with wastewater was influenced in the behavior of peppers (cv. All Big) biometric variables. The nutrient solution prepared at 80% of its normal concentration had better performance in the development of plants when mixed with the proportions of water containing more wastewater. The proportion 30% saline water and 70% wastewater (30/70) with concentration of 80% of the nutrient solution obtained better satisfactory results in the studied biometric variables.

‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄9种缺素症的观察与分析

[目的]本文旨在通过观察‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄9种缺素表观差异并研究株高等生长指标以及叶绿素含量等生理指标,为及时进行营养诊断及指导田间施肥提供参考。[方法]以1年生‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄扦插苗为材料,采用大棚内珍珠岩盆栽方式,设置改良霍格兰完全营养液(CK)和缺素(-N、-P、-K、-Ca、-Mg、-Fe、-B、-Zn、-Cu)营养液培养处理,分析各处理条件下植株的表观差异与生长生理指标。[结果]缺P、Mg和Zn时,‘阳光玫瑰’发生症状更早;缺B、Cu和Mg时,株高生长明显缓慢,并且症状发生剧烈,死亡率高。与对照相比,‘阳光玫瑰’缺Ca、缺B时叶片数量显著下降。缺素胁迫显著降低‘阳光玫瑰’叶片叶绿素含量,但对叶片含水量影响较小。葡萄对缺素胁迫的抗性与MDA含量和SOD活性总体呈正相关,即含量与活性越大,抗性越强。[结论]‘阳光玫瑰’对B和Mg元素的缺乏较敏感、耐性弱,对Zn元素的缺乏耐性较强。

不同轻基质配比和施肥处理对盆栽梅花‘骨里红’幼苗生长和生理的影响

为指导梅花‘骨里红’幼苗的合理施肥,该研究以一年生‘骨里红’梅扦插苗为材料,设计三因素三水平正交试验,分析了轻基质原料配比(体积比)、单次施肥量和施肥频率对‘骨里红’梅生长和生理的影响,通过苗木的质量指数(QI)公式得出各处理的QI值,对各单项指标的主成分进行分析,并计算各指标的权重系数,同时结合隶属函数模型算出施肥效果D值。结果表明:(1)轻基质体积比在松针土∶草炭∶珍珠岩(体积比)=1∶2∶2的组合下‘骨里红’幼苗的整体生长情况最好,优于其他两种基质配比。(2)施肥处理中,‘骨里红’苗的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、光合参数均随施肥量增多呈上升趋势,当施肥量过高时部分指标不再升高,或略有下降。(3)‘骨里红’叶片中的养分含量随施肥量的增多而增加。(4)20 d的施肥频率和200 mL的单次施肥量条件有利于‘骨里红’苗生物量的积累。综合考虑植物生长指标、生理指标、养分含量及QI、隶属模型和主成分分析结果,养分含量营养液中氮浓度为420 mg·L^(-1)、磷浓度为217 mg·L^(-1)、钾浓度为273 mg·L^(-1),松针土∶草炭∶珍珠岩(体积比)=1∶2∶2、单次施肥量为150 mL、施肥频率为15 d是适宜‘骨里红’梅一年生苗生长的轻基质施肥方案。该研究结果为‘骨里红’梅的轻基质栽培提供了技术支撑,为进一步探讨适宜各品种梅花的通用配方提供了理论基础,对梅花的科学施肥及出口具有重要意义。

营养液浓度动态调控和液位高度对水培叶用莴苣生长及品质的影响

以半结球叶用莴苣品种富兰德里为试材,在深液流水培(DFT)模式下研究了营养液浓度动态调控和液位高度对叶用莴苣生长及品质的影响。结果表明:随着营养液浓度调控幅度的提高,叶用莴苣生长指标和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、VC等品质指标均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,以每8 d提高0.36 mS · cm^(-1)处理的效果最好,叶片长、叶片宽、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、根系活力、地上部和地下部鲜质量及干质量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、VC含量均显著高于其他处理,其中地上部鲜质量较其他处理提高了22.3%~57.9%;不同营养液液位高度对叶用莴苣生长和品质的影响存在显著差异,12~16 cm液位高度处理的植株生长和品质总体上优于其他处理,4 cm液位高度处理的效果较差。

分段施肥对烤烟漂浮育苗幼苗生长发育的影响

【目的】科学施肥是决定烟苗健壮程度的关键措施之一。针对目前烤烟漂浮育苗缺乏各阶段养分精准管理依据,开展烤烟漂浮育苗烟苗不同生长阶段的适宜养分质量浓度研究,对烟草壮苗培育的养分精准管理具有重要的理论和应用价值。【方法】以云烟87为供试品种,根据育苗生产的施肥节点,将播种至小苗移栽期(五叶一心)分为3个阶段:(1)播种至大十字期(播种后0~31 d);(2)大十字期至四叶一心(播种后32~38 d);(3)四叶一心至五叶一心(播种后39~42 d)。分段设定营养液初始质量浓度,阶段(1):0(CK_(0)),25,50,75,100(CK1),125,150,175,200 mg/L,阶段(2)和(3)分别基于上一阶段适宜质量浓度为初始质量浓度进行调整,阶段(2)和阶段(3)均为:150,160,170,180,190,200 mg/L,采用多目标决策法对3个阶段烟苗的农艺性状和关键生理指标进行综合评价。【结果】阶段(1)以150 mg/L处理的烟苗生长旺盛,较CK_(0)和CK_(1)处理烟苗的株高、茎粗、最大叶长、最大叶宽、一级侧根数和干物质积累量均有不同程度提升;烟苗总根长、根系总体积、根系总表面积和根系平均直径的增幅为20.63%~69.30%;硝酸还原酶活性和叶绿素总量均显著增加。阶段(2)以150 mg/L处理的烟苗生长旺盛,较170 mg/L处理株高、茎粗、最大叶长和最大叶宽均有不同程度降低,但侧根数分别提高了4.28%和0.39%,地下鲜重和地下干重分别增加了25.00%和17.40%;总根长和根系总表面积显著增加了11.46%和13.54%;较其余处理的可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素和根系活力均呈现不同程度的增加。阶段(3)成苗期以160 mg/L处理的烟苗生长旺盛,较150 mg/L处理烟苗的茎粗、叶长、叶宽、根长和侧根数均显著增加,干物质积累量显著升高;总根长、根系总表面积和根系总体积均显著增加,增幅分别为20.33%、42.79%和26.05%;叶绿素总量提高了8.97%,根系活力提升了10.98%,硝酸还原酶活性增强了6.41%。【结论】3个阶段营养液最佳初始质量浓度为150,150,160 mg/L。

甜瓜漂浮育苗营养液配方及浓度筛选

[目的]探究设施甜瓜漂浮育苗适宜的营养液配方及浓度,提高甜瓜幼苗质量及育苗效率。[方法]以‘银圣’为试验材料,以日本园试配方、山崎配方、华农果蔬配方为试验营养液配方,各配方微量元素采用通用配方,采用两因素3×5完全随机试验方法,以1.0倍浓度作为配方的基础浓度,分别设置0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0倍5个水平,测定株高、茎粗、丙二醛(MDA)及可溶性蛋白含量等指标。[结果]不同营养液配方及浓度处理的甜瓜幼苗存在差异,使用0.5倍浓度的华农果蔬配方处理的甜瓜幼苗茎粗、叶面积、叶柄长度显著高于其他处理,平均值分别为2.87 mm、13.45 cm^(2)、4.17 cm;株高、叶柄粗度、根长、根冠比高于其他处理,平均值分别为8.1 cm、2.31 mm、6.57 cm及0.22。对甜瓜幼苗各项指标利用隶属函数进行综合性分析,结果表明,0.5倍浓度的华农果蔬配方培育的甜瓜幼苗综合得分最高。[结论]甜瓜进行漂浮育苗时,0.5倍浓度的华农果蔬配方可以优先选用。

巨峰葡萄9种元素缺素症的研究

为减少缺素障碍对巨峰葡萄(Vitis vinifera×Vitis labrusca)在生产栽培中的不利影响,本试验以1年生巨峰葡萄扦插苗为材料,采用大棚内珍珠岩盆栽方式,设置改良霍格兰完全营养液(CK)和缺素(-N、-P、-K、-Ca、-Mg、-Fe、-B、-Zn、-Cu)营养液培养处理,分析各处理条件下植株的表观差异与生长生理指标。结果表明,缺N、Ca、Mg和Zn时,巨峰较其他缺素处理优先表现症状,且缺Zn植株抗性弱,症状发生剧烈、死亡率高。巨峰缺N和缺P时老叶叶脉均变黄,黄化面积逐渐向周围叶肉扩散。缺K和缺Mg时,老叶叶肉呈条块状黄化,叶脉仍为绿色;缺Ca和缺Cu时,新叶叶肉褪绿,叶脉仍呈绿色。缺Fe、缺Zn、缺Cu老叶多呈“花叶”状,常见枯斑、灼叶。生长生理方面,与CK相比,缺N和缺Zn胁迫显著降低了巨峰株高;缺素胁迫总体显著降低了巨峰叶片叶绿素含量,但对叶形影响较小。葡萄遭受缺素胁迫时,丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性整体随处理时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势。总体而言,巨峰对Zn元素的缺乏较敏感、耐性弱,对P元素的缺乏耐性较强。本研究结果为葡萄缺素营养诊断及指导田间施肥提供了参考依据。

基于GA-BP的NFT水培生菜根区温度预测

营养液膜栽培技术(Nutrient Film Technique,NFT)模式下,作物对环境变化更加敏感。为保障作物根区环境条件合理,需要精准调控栽培管道内的温度,从而有效提高水培生菜品质,同时降低整体温室环境调控能耗。采用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)优化BP神经网络模型的输入权重和阈值,以单个NFT栽培槽为研究对象,对槽内根区不同的监测区域分别构建温度预测模型,并与标准的BP神经网络和卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)模型进行对比。结果表明,GA-BP预测模型与标准BP和CNN神经网络模型相比,均方根误差分别降低0.82和0.42,平均绝对误差分别降低0.54和0.25,绝对系数分别提高0.08和0.03。该方法可提高基于BP神经网路算法对NFT根区温度预测模型精确度,为根区温度的精准控制提供可靠依据。

自制功能型营养液对缓解芹菜盐胁迫的效果研究

以动物(虾粉、鱼粉、骨粉、角粉)、植物(豆粕、蘑菇、海藻、海带)的废弃物为主原料,通过酶解法分别制得动物营养液(DW)、植物营养液(ZW),并以DW和ZW按体积比1∶1混合制得植物-动物混合营养液(ZD)。采用盆栽试验,研究了3种营养液在土壤含盐质量分数为0.3%条件下对芹菜生长的影响。试验共设11个处理,以不含盐土壤未施营养液的处理为对照1(CK1),以含盐土壤未施营养液的处理为对照2(CK2)。结果表明:CK2处理受盐胁迫后,芹菜生长明显受到抑制;ZD稀释500倍的处理可增加芹菜株高,达到14.9 cm;ZW稀释1000倍的处理分蘖数最多,根体积达到9.3 cm^(3),地上部的干、鲜质量以及地下部的鲜质量均高于其他处理的,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量也最多。ZW稀释1000倍的处理可明显提高芹菜的耐盐胁迫能力,促进其生长。