Modeling on Residence Time Distribution in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands by Multi Flow Dispersion Model

As an important design factor for constructed wetlands,hydraulic retention time and its distribution will affect the treatment performance.Instantaneously injected sodium chloride tracers were used to obtain residence time distributions of the lab scale subsurface flow constructed wetland.Considering the presence of trailing and multiple peaks of the tracer breakthrough curve,the multi flow dispersion model(MFDM)was used to fit the experimental tracer breakthrough curves.According to the residual sum of squares and comparison between the experimental values and simulated values of the tracer concentration,MFDM could fit the residence time distribution(RTD)curve satisfactorily,the results of which also reflected the layered structure of wetland cells,thus to give reference for application of MFDM to the same kind of subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

Performance of a subsurface-flow constructed wetland in Southern China

The operational performance of a full scale subsurface flow constructed wetland, which treated the mixed industrial and domestic wastewater with BOD 5/COD mean ratio of 0 33 at Shatian, Shenzhen City was studied. The constructed wetland system consists of screens, sump, pumping station, and primary settling basin, facultative pond, first stage wetland and secondary stage wetland. The designed treatment capacity is 5000 m 3/d, and the actual influent flow is in the range of <2000 to >10000 m 3/d. Under normal operational conditions, the final effluent quality well met the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978\_1996), with the following parameters(mean values): COD 33 90 mg/L, BOD 5 7.65 mg/L, TSS 7.92 mg/L, TN 9.11 mg/L and TP 0 56 mg/L. Seven species of plants were selected to grow in the wetland: Reed, Sweetcane flower Silvergrass, Great Bulrush, Powdery Thalia and Canna of three colours. The growing season is a whole year round. The seasonal discrepancy could be observed and the plants growing in the wetland are vulnerable to lower temperature in winter. The recycling of the effluent in the first stage of the wetland system is an effective measure to improve the performance of the wetland system. The insufficient DO value in the wetland system not only had significant effect on pollutants removal in the wetland, but also was unfavourable to plant growth. The recycling of effluent to the inlet of wetland system and artificial pond to increase DO value of influent to the wetland is key to operate the subsurface constructed wetland steadily and effectively.

Performance Characteristics of Pollutants along the Longitudinal Profile of a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant in the University of Lagos, Nigeria

The paper reports the findings of a research work carried out to examine the performance and efficiency of a subsurface constructed wetland (SSFCW) for the treatment of domestic sewage in the University of Lagos (Unilag), Nigeria. The removal patterns and efficiencies of the physical, chemical and biological sewage pollutants parameters of domestic waste water generated within Unilag community by the SSFCW were studied. The wastewater was sampled and analysed along the SSFCW from influent (point1) to effluent (point 11). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) reduced from 471 mg/l to 11.85 mg/l (97.48%), Turbidity reduced from 108.75 HTU to 0.05HTU (99.95%), Manganese reduced from 6.05 mg/l to 0.61 mg/ (89.92%), Nitrate reduced from 27.5 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l (92.73%), Sulphate reduced from 48.5 mg/l to 28 mg/l (42.27%), Iron reduced from 1.13 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l (97.35%), BOD reduced from 73.14 mg/l to 12.8 mg/l (82.5%), and E-coli reduced from 874 MPN/100 ml to 0.15 MPN/100 ml (99.98%). On the other hand, Dissolved Oxygen content increased along the SSFCW from 3.14 mg/l to 7.49 mg/l (138.54%) while the pH improved from slightly acid level of 6.49 to slightly above neutral level of 7.05 (9.3%). All the parameters at effluent point are within the Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) acceptable standard. The study concludes that the SSFCW is a cheap, efficient and appropriate technology for the treatment of domestic sewage under tropical conditions.

Research on Nitrogen Removal and Microorganism in a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland System in Sihong County

Experiments in monitoring the removal of organic material and nitrogen and determining the amounts of mi- croorganism at different sites in the subsurface flow constructed wetland in Sihong county were performed. The results show that the removal of CODCr agrees with the kinetic equation of a first order reaction. The removal of pollutants varies with different seasons. The removal rates of CODCr, NH3-N, TN in the spring are 15%–23% higher than those in the autumn. The amount of ammonifier is larger than that of denitrifying bacteria and the amount of denitrifying bacte- ria is larger than that of nitrosomonas. The amount of bacteria around the plant roots is larger than that on the surface of the packing medium. No apparent change is observed for the amount of denitrifying bacteria and nitrosomonas between spring and autumn.

Effect of Different Factors on Nitrogen Removal Rate in Constructed Wetlands

Factors affecting total nitrogen(TN) removal rates in constructed wetland were investigated by intermittent operation in the subsurface flow(SSF) constructed wetland system.The results demonstrated that removal rates of TN increased with the rising of TN pollution load(1.40-12.40 g/m2) when the retention time was determined by 60% TN removal efficiency(n=180,p<0.05) in SSF wetlands.The maximum TN removal rate was 1.71 g/(m2·d) in SSF Phragmites australis-soil-slag system.TN removal rates were affected by total phosphorus load in case of higher TN load.TN removal rates in SSF Phragmites australis wetlands were greater than that in SSF Calamagrostis angustifolia wetlands at the same experimental cycle.Effect of wetland substrates on TN removal rates varied with the pollutants loading in SSF constructed wetland system,plant species and plant-growing period.

Study on the Heavy Metals Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetlands with Different Substrates

In this study constructed wetlands (CWs) were used to remove three heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb). The two tested substrates were made of coke and gravel, respectively. First order dynamic model was appropriate to describe removing of Zn and Cu. The experimental results showed that first dynamic removal rate constants of Zn in CWs with coke and gravel were 0.2326 h-1 and 0.1222 h-1, respectively. And those of Cu in CWs with coke and gravel were 0.2017 h-1 and 0.3739 h-1. However, removal efficiencies of Pb in the coke system and the gravel system were within 95-99%, so the first order dynamic model failed to fit the experimental data because the hydraulic resident times of Pb did not affect outlet concentration of Pb. From the removal rate constants, it is found that the coke and gravel system have different absorption efficiencies of heavy metal pollutants. Therefore, it is suggested that the removal efficiencies of heavy metals are influenced by the choice of substrates to some extent.

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 differ-ent inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15months. The removal efficiency of four different sets ofbeds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, themixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied.The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rateof these beds under different inflow loadings and pollutionloadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 sub-surface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 , while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 . The results showed that the inflow and outflowloading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obviouslinear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run thesystem was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 . Averageremoval rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 .SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control.TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bedwere 63% and 27% higher than the control bed,respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption ofplants indicated that the absorption amount was verylimited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved thatplants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving thewater flow, andincreasingthe biomass, as wellas activitiesof microorganisms around the roots. The researchprovided a perspective for understanding the TN removalmechanism and design for SFS.

Hybrid constructed wetlands for highly polluted river water treatment and comparison of surface-and subsurface-flow cells

A series of large pilot constructed wetland （CW） systems were constructed near the confluence of an urban stream to a larger fiver in Xi＇an, a northwestern megacity in China, for treating polluted stream water before it entered the receiving water body. Each CW system is a combination of surface- and subsurface-flow cells with local gravel, sand or slag as substrates and Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis as plants. During a one-year operation with an average surface loading of 0.053 m3/（m2.day）, the overall COD, BOD, NH3-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removals were 72.7% ~ 4.5%, 93.4% ＋ 2.1%, 54.0% ＋ 6.3%, 53.9% ~ 6.0% and 69.4% ：t： 4.6%, respectively, which brought about an effective improvement of the fiver water quality. Surface-flow cells showed better NH3-N removal than their TN removal while subsurface-flow cells showed better TN removal than their NH3-N removal. Using local slag as the substrate, the organic and phosphorus removal could be much improved. Seasonal variation was also found in the removal of all the pollutants and autumn seemed to be the best season for pollutant removal due to the moderate water temperature and well grown plants in the CWs.

潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的应用研究及展望

基质的选择直接影响着潜流人工湿地全生命周期及污水处理效果,不同类型的基质对脱氮除磷具有差异性效果。综述了不同类型潜流人工湿地基质的研究现状,分析了其脱氮除磷机理,总结了各类基质的应用效果,展望了天然矿石基质、固体废弃物基质和人工合成基质研究方向和研究重点,以期为潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的研发提供参考。

生物接触氧化-潜流型人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水的应用案例研究

以浙江省永康市某农村的生活污水处理及灌溉回用工程为例,对“生物接触氧化-潜流人工湿地”组合工艺处理农村生活污水的设计参数、运行效果和工程效益等进行了分析。该工程设计规模为30 m^(3)/d,研究期间实际处理规模12~20 m^(3)/d,出水中TP、NH_(3)-N、COD、BOD5、SS、粪大肠菌群等11项主要指标灌溉期(4月至10月)满足《农田灌溉水质标准》,作为该村苗木基地灌溉用水,非灌溉期(11月至次年3月)出水满足《浙江省农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》,作为该村荷花种植塘的用水。工程运行期间对TP、NH_(3)-N、COD、BOD_(5)、粪大肠菌群、阴离子表面活性剂、色度、SS和浊度的平均去除率分别为44.3%、65.3%、63.8%、61.7%、76.2%、65.7%、74.2%、54.3%和50.5%。

3种水生植物潜流人工湿地模拟处理池塘养殖尾水的研究

为了解潜流人工湿地对养殖尾水的处理效果,比较蕹菜、凤眼莲、喜旱莲子草三种水生植物潜流人工湿地对草鱼养殖池塘尾水的净化效果,并探讨潜流人工湿地在不同水力负荷、排停水和排水转换对池塘养殖尾水的处理效果,以及潜流人工湿地微生物群落多样性和组成。结果显示:蕹菜、凤眼莲和喜旱莲子草分别对总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)和化学需氧量(COD_(Mn))去除率最高,为24.7%、25.1%和25%。停水时,蕹菜、凤眼莲和喜旱莲子草均对NH_(4)^(+)-N去除率最低,分别为-526.07%、-871.08%和-1196.46%。水力负荷为低(5.76 m^(3)/d)时,蕹菜、凤眼莲和喜旱莲子草分别对COD_(Mn)、NH_(4)^(+)-N和TP去除率最高,为30.4%、42.5%和22.1%。蕹菜Shannon、Ace和Chao 1均最高,喜旱莲子草Simpson最高。3组样本共分析出5131个OTU,注释为45个门,293个目和974个属;蕹菜停水前、中和后共分析出5021个OTU,注释为47个门,294个目和953个属。研究表明,水生植物潜流人工湿地对养殖尾水具有一定的净化效果,运行期间停水会降低净化效果,水力负荷低的净化效果大于中和高,微生物群落多样性和组成的差别影响了人工潜流湿地对养殖池塘尾水的净化效果。

分散式生活污水处理工艺:DASB+W-SFCW联合工艺

提出了“DASB+W-SFCW”联合工艺,并运用该工艺对分散式生活污水进行了处理试验研究。DASB单元采用短时厌氧技术,去除颗粒有机物和部分溶解有机物,防止W-SFCW堵塞,保证W-SFCW单元脱氮所需的碳源。W-SFCW床优化了传统潜流人工湿地的水流流态,使污水在W-SFCW床内呈波式流动,充分地发挥了湿地系统降解污染物的能力。试验结果表明:“DASB+W-SFCW”联合工艺对生活污水具有较强的处理能力,当进水中COD,NH3-N,TP的平均质量浓度分别为268 mg/L,31.5 mg/L,5.5 mg/L时,其平均去除率分别达到80.7%,52.1%,89.7%,出水水质优于传统的二级生物处理工艺。

不同化学药剂对人工湿地基质堵塞的缓解效果与机理

以水平潜流人工湿地为研究对象,探究十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、次氯酸钠(NaClO)和过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))对基质堵塞的缓解效果与机理,并分析其工程应用可行性.结果表明,经过3种化学药剂处理后,基质层渗透系数分别提高53.3%、27.5%、210.7%.此外,H_(2)O_(2)对反应器污染物去除效率影响最小,并提高了NH_(4)+-N及TP的去除效果.3种药剂的投加对植物造成轻微伤害,但这种负面影响短期内(14d)可弹性恢复(93.8%、84.4%、84.4%).在微生物群落结构方面,化学药剂处理可以通过抑制生物膜形成细菌(如Pleomorphomonas属和norank_f__norank_o__Saccharimonadales属)的生长来缓解堵塞,并通过改善反应器厌氧环境促进脱氮除磷功能细菌(如反硝化细菌unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae)的生长来恢复反应器性能.结合堵塞缓解效果和工程应用可行性比较认为,3种药剂中H_(2)O_(2)为缓解人工湿地基质堵塞的最佳药剂.

潜流人工湿地处理农田退水的温室气体排放特征研究

人工湿地作为一种生态、低耗的污水处理技术,在去除污染物的同时,也产生和排放温室气体。本研究基于处理农田退水的中型人工湿地系统,探讨了不同运行方式、湿地构型和水力停留时间等因素对温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:运行方式对温室气体排放的影响受到水力停留时间的制约。水力停留时间1d时,连续运行的潜流湿地的CH4排放通量[-0.062mg/(m^(2)·h)]显著高于间歇运行的潜流湿地[-0.225mg/(m^(2)·h)](P<0.01),间歇运行的潜流湿地N_(2)O排放通量略高于连续运行的潜流湿地。水力停留时间1—3d时,水平潜流湿地的CH4排放通量和N_(2)O排放通量均显著高于垂直潜流湿地的CH4排放通量和N_(2)O排放通量(P<0.01);水力停留时间与温室气体排放通量呈正相关。研究结果可为降低人工湿地的温室气体排放提供参考。

铁碳强化潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地处理模拟养殖尾水的启动运行效果

为探究潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地对含四环素养殖废水处理效果的影响,本研究构建陶粒(一级系统)和铁碳+陶粒(二级CCW系统)基潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地(TC组),以及陶粒(一级系统)和陶粒(二级PCW系统)基潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地(对照组),研究其对模拟养殖尾水的启动运行效果及微生物群落结构特性.结果表明:①加入0.2 mg/L的四环素在一定程度上会抑制人工湿地启动期对污染物的去除,尤其对一级系统的抑制作用更加明显,CODCr、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N和TN平均去除率分别降低0.59%、1.51%、9.57%和1.97%;②二级CCW系统去除率均高于二级PCW系统,且四环素实验组(TC组)中促进作用更为明显.CODCr、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN在TC组中平均去除率分别增加5.81%、2.47%、0.91%、1.02%,铁碳填料的加入强化了常规污染物的去除;③TC组和对照组填料表面生物膜差异较小,二级CCW系统较二级PCW系统生物膜附着更为明显,铁碳填料的加入有利于微生物的生长繁殖;④二级CCW系统物种丰富度及生物多样性高于二级PCW系统.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)作为人工湿地典型菌落,铁碳填料的加入使二者丰富度明显增加,对氮的去除产生积极作用.研究显示,铁碳填料的加入强化了潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地系统对氮磷的去除,该结果可为养殖尾水的净化处理提供数据支持和一定的理论支撑.

以硫自养为核心填料的人工湿地脱氮效率及工艺研究

基于现有研究已知硫自养反硝化作为一种无需外加碳源、出水无二次污染的技术,对于低C/N比值污水脱氮效果好,在此情况下,研究者们开发出了硫自养核心填料技术产品,这种新型填料能够作为缓释型电子供体驱动自养反硝化微生物脱氮。该填料目前主要应用于市政污水、工业废水的处理中,本文主要讨论了硫自养滤料在人工湿地的应用研究,通过设置实验装置,模拟人工湿地运行方式,研究以硫自养为核心填料在人工湿地的脱氮效果,及确定最适于硫自养核心填料湿地的潜流类型、进水方式,为后续工程应用提供理论依据。

两种基质下水平潜流人工湿地处理污水厂尾水的中试

为比较页岩陶粒和砾石两种基质的水平潜流人工湿地在不同水力负荷条件下对污染物的去除效果,搭建一套人工湿地中试装置对武汉某污水处理厂尾水进行处理,并通过高通量测序技术比较分析两种基质中的微生物群落结构。结果表明:水平潜流湿地在低水力负荷[0.3~0.6m^(3)/(m^(2)·d)]运行时,COD、NH3-N和TN得到较好的去除,而在高水力负荷[1.2m^(3)/(m^(2)·d)]运行时,TP的去除效果较好。与砾石水平潜流人工湿地相比,页岩陶粒水平潜流人工湿地在不同水力负荷下对污染物的去除效果较优,且湿地中的Pseudomonas、Flavobacterium、Arenimonas、Saccharimonadales、Paracoccus、Nitrospira、Terrimonas等功能菌属丰度更高,有利于湿地对污染物的去除。页岩陶粒水平潜流人工湿地对污水厂尾水的净化效率更高,建议根据实际情况进行工程应用。

基于AHP-FCE法的垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞影响评价

堵塞已成为限制人工湿地健康长久运行的关键问题。应用AHP-FCE法构建了垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞影响因素综合评价体系,从水质特征、工艺参数、管理措施和环境条件4个方面共选取了17个评价指标,并划分了湿地堵塞指标评价标准。以容城人工湿地为研究案例,结果表明:容城湿地的堵塞评价结果为“良”,具有较好抗堵塞能力,其中,固体悬浮物、布水集水方式及植物管理等指标在抗堵塞方面处于较优水平,可根据进水水量水质变化适当增加间歇运行频次、减小水力负荷或增设预处理措施等方式来降低湿地堵塞风险。评价结果反映了湿地堵塞风险情况,可为缓解堵塞问题提供参考。

垂直潜流人工湿地在处理西北农村生活污水中的应用

采用垂直潜流人工湿地处理西北祁连山内陆地区农村生活污水,将两级湿地串联,通过植物搭配、分块运行、出水回流,外加保温暖棚等手段,解决了西北祁连山内陆地区农村生活污水氮素含量高、水量随季节变化大、冬季处理效果不佳的问题。监测周期内,湿地出水水质COD、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP平均浓度分别为35、18.6、24.9、0.76mg/L。目前出水水质满足甘肃省农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准(DB62/4014-2019)一级标准,出水作为生态用水用于绿化养护。湿地建设费用为78万元,运行费用经核算为0.45元/m^(3),有效破解了西部干旱地区农村生活污水处理和生态用水资源短缺的难题,实现了农村生活污水的减量化、资源化,达到了经济社会和生态环境效益的相统一,具有推广使用价值。

外加碳源对生物炭基潜流人工湿地净化污水处理厂尾水效能的影响

生物炭作为一种多功能生态环保材料,近年来被广泛应用于人工湿地污水处理中,其可为异养反硝化提供碳源,从而提高人工湿地的脱氮能力。通过室内构建石英砂/杏仁壳生物炭基质(体积比7∶3)人工湿地,同时以石英砂基质人工湿地为对照,运行后期通过外加碳源设计不同碳氮比(C/N),且分别采用连续流和间歇流的运行方式,探究外加碳源对生物炭基水平潜流人工湿地深度净化实际污水处理厂尾水效果的影响。结果表明:外加碳源前,人工湿地的化学需氧量(COD)去除率为负,总氮(TN)和硝氮(NO_(3)^(−)-N)去除率在41 d内持续降低;而外加碳源后,石英砂单元和石英砂/生物炭单元的COD去除率分别增至37.88%~90.44%和73.60%~97.90%,TN和NO_(3)^(−)-N去除率也明显提高。在外加碳源使进水C/N为8且间歇流运行时,石英砂/生物炭单元的TN和NO_(3)^(−)-N去除率最高,分别达65.61%和74.20%。生物炭添加提高了湿地微生物生物量,同时创造了有利于反硝化作用发生的氧化还原环境,使石英砂/生物炭单元的COD、TN和NO_(3)^(−)-N去除率分别提高了5.66%~130.35%、9.34%~54.03%和8.71%~63.04%。外加碳源与生物炭添加可作为一种有效手段强化实际污水处理厂尾水人工湿地系统的脱氮效能。