Review of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

This study aims to report the Budd-Chiari syndrome clinical research status and progress that has occurred in over nearly 30 years in China, and emphasize the value of imaging in facilitating the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome based on more than 2500 cases. Findings on ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography images are used to propose new Budd-Chiari syndrome types and subtypes. The new subtype classification presented here has important value for guiding interventional treatment.This study also proposes a new concept of anatomical and functional obstruction of hepatic vein that stresses the compensatory value of accessory hepatic vein and azygos vein and describes the risk of manipulation of the communication branch of inferior vena cava obstruction in interventional therapy.

Utility of oral glucose tolerance test in predicting type 2 diabetes following gestational diabetes:Towards personalized care

BACKGROUND Women with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)are at a seven-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes(T2D)within 7-10 years after childbirth,compared with those with normoglycemic pregnancy.Although raised fasting blood glucose(FBG)levels has been said to be the main significant predictor of postpartum progression to T2D,it is difficult to predict who among the women with GDM would develop T2D.Therefore,we conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study to examine the glycemic indices that can predict postnatal T2D in Emirati Arab women with a history of GDM.AIM To assess how oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)can identify the distinct GDM pathophysiology and predict possible distinct postnatal T2D subtypes.METHODS The glycemic status of a cohort of 4603 pregnant Emirati Arab women,who delivered in 2007 at both Latifa Women and Children Hospital and at Dubai Hospital,United Arab Emirates,was assessed retrospectively,using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups(IADPSG)criteria.Of the total,1231 women were followed up and assessed in 2016.The FBG and/or the 2-h blood glucose(2hrBG)levels after a 75-g glucose load were measured to assess the prevalence of GDM and T2D,according to the IADPSG and American Diabetes Association(ADA)criteria,respectively.The receiver operating characteristic curve for the OGTT was plotted and sensitivity,specificity,and predictive values of FBG and 2hrBG for T2D were determined.RESULTS Considering both FBG and 2hrBG levels,according to the IADPSG criteria,the prevalence of GDM in pregnant Emirati women in 2007 was 1057/4603(23%),while the prevalence of pre-pregnancy T2D among them,based on ADA criteria,was 230/4603(5%).In the subset of women(n=1231)followed up in 2016,the prevalence of GDM in 2007 was 362/1231(29.6%),while the prevalence of prepregnancy T2D was 36/1231(2.9%).Of the 362 pregnant women with GDM in 2007,96/362(26.5%)developed T2D;142/362(39.2%)developed impaired fasting glucose;29/362(8.0%)developed impaired glucose tolerance,and the remaining 95/362(26.2%)had normal glycemia in 2016.The prevalence of T2D,based on ADA criteria,stemmed from the prevalence of 36/1231(2.9%)in 2007 to 141/1231(11.5%),in 2016.The positive predictive value(PPV)for FBG suggests that if a woman tested positive for GDM in 2007,the probability of developing T2D in 2016 was approximately 24%.The opposite was observed when 2hrBG was used for diagnosis.The PPV value for 2hrBG suggests that if a woman was positive for GDM in 2007 then the probability of developing T2D in 2016 was only 3%.CONCLUSION FBG and 2hrBG could predict postpartum T2D,following antenatal GDM.However,each test reflects different pathophysiology and possible T2D subtype and could be matched with a relevant T2D prevention program.

Cloning and analysis of the envelope protein clone of HIV-1, CHNHLJ03009c34 from an infected individual in Heilongjiang province

To analyze the variability and phenotype of envelope glycoprotein （Env） of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 （HIV-1） prevalent in Heilongjiang province, cloning of the full-length env gene from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） of an HIV-1 positive individual in Heilongjiang province in China was performed by using conserved region primers. The amplified PCR products were cloned into a plasmid vector and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was done upon the full-length Env amino acid sequence. Subsequently, an HIV-1 pseudotyped virus bearing the envelope protein was constructed and the infectivity was examined using U87 cell lines expressing CD4 with either CCR5 or CXCR4. As the result, two functional env clones named as CHNHLJ03009c34 （GenBank Accession No： AY905493 ） and CHNHLJ03009c33 were obtained. It was found that the homology between CHNHLJ03009c34 and an HIV-1 subtype B＇ strain, RIA-2, isolated from Yunnan province, was 91.52% through comparing and analyzing full-length Env amino acid sequence of HIV-1 isolated from either China or abroad. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CHNHLJ03009c34 has the closest molecular relation with strain RIA2 based on analyzing the full-length of the Env, while it became an independent branch upon analyzing the sequences of C2-V3 region of the Env. The secondary structure analysis of the envelope protein showed that the antigenicity and hydrophobicity of the strain demonstrated have no definite difference from that of RL42. Examination of infectivity showed that pseudovirus CHNHLI03009c34 could only infect U87. CD4. CCR5 cells, indicating that it was a RS-tropic HIV-1. In the conclusion, two HIV-1 env clones from an infected individual in Heilongjiang province have been identified as subtype B＇ and RS-tropic HIV-1. This is the first report on the analysis of primary isolates in Heilongjiang province.

Full-length clone and characterization of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B' isolated from Hubei Province,China

There are two types of Human Immunodeficiency Virus （HIV）： HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 dominates epidemics in many different parts of the world, and HIV-2 is principally responsible for the epidemic in westem Africa. In China, Zeng et al have reported the first individual infected with HIV-1 in 1985. And in the 1990s, there was a severe epidemic involving the HIV-1 B＇ strain among people who sold blood and plasma in Henan, Hubei and adjacent provinces. To further study in HIV/AIDS vaccines and HIV-1 drug resistance for people in these regions, we need to construct an infectious HIV-1 B＇ molecular clone which is representative of the virus in these areas. To this end, we have isolated a HIV-1 B＇ virus from a child who was infected with HIV-1 from his mother in Hubei province, and have constructed a full-length clone from this genome.