The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tenderi...The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.展开更多
Under the environmental crisis of global warming,more efforts are put in application of low carbon energy,especially low-carbon electricity.Development of wind generation is one potential solution to provide lowcarbon...Under the environmental crisis of global warming,more efforts are put in application of low carbon energy,especially low-carbon electricity.Development of wind generation is one potential solution to provide lowcarbon electricity source.This paper researches operation of wind generation in a de-regulated power market.It develops bidding models under two schemes for variable wind generation to analyze the competition among generation companies(GENCOs)considering transmission constraints.The proposed method employs the supply function equilibrium(SFE)for modeling the bidding strategy of GENCOs.The bidding process is solved as a bi-level optimization problem.In the upper level,the profit of an individual GENCO is maximized;while in the lower level,the market clearing process of the independent system operator(ISO)is modeled to minimize the production cost.An intelligent search based on genetic algorithm and Monte Carlo simulation(MCS)is applied to obtain the solution.The PJM five-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are used for numerical studies.The results show when wind GENCOs play as strategic bidders to set the price,they can make significant profit uplifts as opposed to playing as a price taker,because the profit gain will outweigh the cost to cover wind uncertainty and reliability issues.However,this may result in an increase in total production cost and the profit of other units,which means consumers need to pay more.Thus,it is necessary to update the existing market architecture and structure considering these pros and cons in order to maintain a healthy competitive market.展开更多
文摘The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Shared Facilities and the Industry Partnership Program by CURENT,an Engineering Research Center(ERC)Program of the US NSF and US DOE under the NSF Grant(No.EEC-1041877).
文摘Under the environmental crisis of global warming,more efforts are put in application of low carbon energy,especially low-carbon electricity.Development of wind generation is one potential solution to provide lowcarbon electricity source.This paper researches operation of wind generation in a de-regulated power market.It develops bidding models under two schemes for variable wind generation to analyze the competition among generation companies(GENCOs)considering transmission constraints.The proposed method employs the supply function equilibrium(SFE)for modeling the bidding strategy of GENCOs.The bidding process is solved as a bi-level optimization problem.In the upper level,the profit of an individual GENCO is maximized;while in the lower level,the market clearing process of the independent system operator(ISO)is modeled to minimize the production cost.An intelligent search based on genetic algorithm and Monte Carlo simulation(MCS)is applied to obtain the solution.The PJM five-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are used for numerical studies.The results show when wind GENCOs play as strategic bidders to set the price,they can make significant profit uplifts as opposed to playing as a price taker,because the profit gain will outweigh the cost to cover wind uncertainty and reliability issues.However,this may result in an increase in total production cost and the profit of other units,which means consumers need to pay more.Thus,it is necessary to update the existing market architecture and structure considering these pros and cons in order to maintain a healthy competitive market.
