Using the curve moment and the PSO-SVM method to diagnose downhole conditions of a sucker rod pumping unit

Downhole working conditions of sucker rod pumping wells are automatically identified on a computer from the analysis of dynamometer cards. In this process, extraction of feature parameters and pattern classification are two key steps. The dynamometer card is firstly divided into four parts which include different production information according to the ＂four point method＂ used in actual oilfield production, and then the moment invariants for pattern recognition are extracted. An improved support vector machine （SVM） method is used for pattern classification whose error penalty parameter C and kernel function parameter g are optimally chosen by the particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm. The simulation results show the method proposed in this paper has good classification results.

Fault diagnosis for down-hole conditions of sucker rod pumping systems based on the FBH-SC method

Dynamometer cards are commonly used to analyze down-hole working conditions of pumping systems in actual oil production. Nowadays, the traditional supervised learning methods heavily rely on the classification accuracy of the training samples. In order to reduce the errors of manual classification, an automatic clustering algorithm is proposed and applied to diagnose down-hole conditions of pumping systems. The spectral clustering （SC） is a new clustering algorithm, which is suitable for any data distribution. However, it is sensitive to initial cluster centers and scale parameters, and needs to predefine the cluster number. In order to overcome these shortcom- ings, we propose an automatic clustering algorithm, fast black hole-spectral clustering （FBH-SC）. The FBH algo- rithm is used to replace the K-mean method in SC, and a CritC index function is used as the target function to automatically choose the best scale parameter and clus- tering number in the clustering process. Different simulation experiments were designed to define the relationship among scale parameter, clustering number, CritC index value, and clustering accuracy. Finally, an example is given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Approach to the Design Calculation of Sucker Rod Pumping Systems in Coalbed Methane Wells

The existing design of the pumping systems mainly focuses on the approximate computational formulae and procedures,which are developed based on the analytic approaches of conventional oil/gas fields.The calculation of polished rod loads usually just concerns about the static and inertial loads.And the computation of gearbox torque generally uses empirical formulae and correction factors.The above modeling procedures,if applied to the coalbed methane（CBM） wells,can not give the desired accuracy of the system design and its pertinent analysis.In this paper,based on the kinematic and dynamic analysis of the pumping system,the kinematic relation of polished rod is analyzed,and the variation of the total loads of polished rod is developed with the limits of CBM well conditions along the string.The gearbox torque calculation model is established by combining the counterbalance effect with the calculated dynamometer cards and torque factors.The application characteristics of this model are demonstrated by the example of ZH002-4 well in Qinshui basin.The interpretations of results show that the cranks of beam units should rotate in a counter clockwise direction viewed with the wellhead to the right.Compared with oil？gas fields,the dynamic and friction to polished rod load ratios are relatively high and the computation of polished rod loads should involve the static and inertial loads,as well as vibration and friction loads.And the dynamic load ratio decreases rapidly during the production.Besides,the total deformation of the string is small in CBM wells.As for balanced operation,the gearbox torque load usually has two approximately equal peaks and the magnitudes of instantaneous torque are just within 50% of unbalanced gearbox loadings.The proposed research improves efficiency of the pumping system,loads the pumping unit more uniformly,and provides the reasonable basis for selecting the units.

Adaptive fault diagnosis of sucker rod pump systems based on optimal perceptron and simulation data

A highly precise and timely diagnosis technology can help effectively monitor and adjust the sucker rod production system(SRPS)used in oil wells to ensure a safe and efficient production.The current diagnosis method is pattern recognition of a dynamometer card(DC)based on feature extraction and perceptron.The premise of this method is that the training and target data have the same distribution.However,the training data are collected from a field SRPS with different system parameters designed to adapt to production conditions,which may significantly affect the diagnostic accuracy.To address this issue,in this study,an improved model of the sucker rod string(SRS)is derived by adding faultparameter dimensions,with which DCs under 16 working conditions could be generated.Subsequently an adaptive diagnosis method is proposed by taking simulated DCs generated near the working point of the target SRPS as training data.Meanwhile,to further improve the accuracy of the proposed method,the DC features are improved by relative normalization and using additional features of the DC position to increase the distance between different types of samples.The parameters of the perceptron are optimized to promote its discriminability.Finally,the accuracy and real-time performance of the proposed adaptive diagnosis method are validated using field data.

Novel sucker rod pumping system based on linear motor technology

Obtaining petroleum at the cost of electrical energy is a common problem in almost all oil fields, and it is mainly caused by low duty radio of induction motor used in beam pumping units. Traditional beam-pumping units have many intrinsic disadvantages such as low efficiency, complex transmission devices, poor flexibility, tremendous volume and weight in long stroke, etc.Therefore, a novel direct driven linear electromagnetic pumping unit (EMPU) has been developed by combining oil extraction technology with linear motor technology. The thrust of EMPU matches the changing of suspension center load to improve the system efficiency and cut down the consumption of energy. Based on previous experience, a small-scale prototype was developed and a simulation was conducted with it. Both theoretical analyses and experimental study showed that the problems exiting in beam pumping units can be solved with EMPU system, and this is a new method which can be used to solve high energy waste in oil fields.

A Method for Forecasting Failures of Sucker Rod-pumped Wells

An exact forecast of the failures of a sucker rod-pumped well in a production area means much for an oilfield’s operation budget, operational arrangement and production plan. In this paper, according to the characteristics of failed sucker rod-pumped well randomness and strong outburst, with the gray GM (1,1) forecast model and the Markov forecast model combined, gray GM (1,1) forecast model is utilized to handle the primary data of an oilfield, and Markov forecast model is utilized to calculate the state transfer probability of forecast value. Then, the gray Markov forecast model considering the influence of randomness factors is formed. Field results prove that the calculation precision of this method is higher and the practicability is greater.

Multiple fault diagnosis of down-hole conditions of sucker-rod pumping wells based on Freeman chain code and DCA

It is important to achieve continuous, stable and efficient pumping well operation in actual oilfield operation. Down-hole pumping well working conditions can be monitored in real-time and a reasonable production scheme can be designed when computer diagnosis is used. However, it is difficult to make a comprehensive analysis to supply efficient technical guidance for operation of the pumping well with multiple faults of down-hole conditions, which cannot be effectively dealt with by the common methods. To solve this problem, a method based on designated component analysis （DCA） is used in this paper. Freeman chain code is used to represent the down-hole dynamometer card whose important characteristics are extracted to construct a designated mode set. A control chart is used as a basis for fault detection. The upper and lower control lines on the control chart are determined from standard samples in normal working conditions. In an incompletely orthogonal mode, the designated mode set could be divided into some subsets in which the modes are completely orthogonal. The observed data is projected into each designated mode to realize fault detection according to the upper and lower control lines. The examples show that the proposed method can effectively diagnose multiple faults of down-hole conditions.

Fluid characteristic of multiphase fluid in annular space between pump barrel and plunger

The pump performance parameters,such as pump pressure,plunger friction and pump valve resistance,are fundamental parameters of optimal design of pump efficiency and sucker rod pumping system (SRPS).In this paper,considering the characteristic of geometrical nonlinear and rheology property of multiphase fluid,the pump performance parameters are studied.Firstly,a dynamics model of annular fluid flow is built.In the detail,a partial differential equation of annular fluid is established and a computing model of fluid pressure gradient is built.Secondly,the simulation models of plunger friction and hydraulic resistance of pump valve are built.Finally,a novel simulation method of fluid pressure in annular space is proposed with software ANSYS.In order to check up the correction of models proposed in this paper,the comparison curves of experiment and simulation results are given.Based on above model,the whole simulation model of plunger pump is simulated with Visual Basic 6.0.The results show that the fluid friction of pump plunger and instantaneous resistance of pump valve are nonlinear.The impact factors of pump performance parameters are analyzed,and their characteristic curves are given,which can help to optimize the pump motion parameters and pump structural.

抽油杆断裂原因

某油田抽油杆频繁发生断裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法分析了抽油杆断裂的原因。结果表明:该抽油杆的断裂性质为腐蚀疲劳断裂;采用深抽工艺后,抽油杆承受较大的拉伸载荷,增大了抽油杆的平均应力,缩短了抽油杆的疲劳寿命;油井中含有硫化氢,对抽油杆外壁产生腐蚀作用,导致抽油杆外壁产生腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑底部应力集中程度较大,在交变载荷作用下,腐蚀坑底部产生微裂纹,微裂纹不断扩展,最终导致抽油杆断裂。

提高机械采油系统效率的理论研究及应用

提出了将有杆泵抽油系统输入功率划分为有效功率、地面损失功率、井下粘滞损失功率、井下滑动损失功率、溶解气膨胀功率 5部分的新观点 ,找出了各部分功率的影响因素 ,并确定了其函数关系。建立了油井在各种不同物性参数、井斜参数、设备参数、生产参数组合条件下所对应输入功率的数学计算公式 ,提出了以能耗最低或以成本最低为原则的确定机采参数的新方法。据此找出的最经济机采参数组合能大幅度提高机采系统效率 ,从而实现经济采油的目标。

有杆抽油系统效率分析及抽汲参数优化设计

针对有杆泵往复抽汲采油方式使用广泛,但系统效率较低的实际情况,对有杆泵抽油系统进行了能量消耗分析,以机械采油系统效率最高为目标,确立了机械采油系统优化设计的目标函数和约束条件,给出了有杆泵抽油时机、杆、泵及抽汲参数的优化设计方法。该方法可应用于机抽油井的参数优化和新投产井的优化设计。胜利采油厂的应用实例表明,参数优化后油井的系统效率提高了11.6%,降低了综合成本,提高了经济效益。

有杆抽油泵沉没度的优化设计方法

机抽井泵的沉没度是影响泵效和系统效率的重要因素。通过分析有杆泵抽油系统的能耗,以机采系统效率最高为目标,确立了机采系统优化设计的目标函数和约束条件,同时分析泵效对机采系统效率的影响以及影响泵效的因素,给出了沉没度和其他抽汲参数的优化设计方法。应用结果表明,以优化设计方法来确定泵的沉没度,可明显降低能耗,提高系统效率和经济效益,为油田生产提供设计依据。

利用低摩阻柱塞抽油泵提高泵效及防偏磨技术的应用

大庆油田杆管偏磨井数逐年增多,严重影响了聚合物驱采油效果和规模应用。对杆柱屈曲的原因、规律和偏磨状态以及偏磨机理进行了分析,研制并应用聚合物驱低摩阻柱塞泵解决了摩阻小、漏失量也小的难题。实施了防偏磨配套技术,研制了3种杆串在线测试仪,解决了杆管偏磨的问题,延长了杆管工作寿命,提高了泵效。

抽油泵效率和功率损失及排量系数的计算

本文研究了抽油泵的扬程、输出功率、输入功率、（总）效率、机械效率、水力效率、容积效率、机械摩擦损失功率、水力摩擦损失功率、容积影响的损失功率和排量系数的计算方法。并结合大庆油田２０井次的生产实际，给出了以上各量的计算结果。

定向井有杆泵抽油系统的有限元分析

定向井和水平井的井下装置发生故障的可能性比直井要大得多。如采用对直井的故障诊断技术对定向井进行诊断，势必带来较大的误差，甚至无法诊断。已有的一些对定向井有杆抽油系统力学分析中或只考虑杆管液三个系统的垂向一维振动，或只考虑抽油杆一个系统的三维振动。本文根据定向井井身为空间三维曲线的特点，考虑抽油杆、油管和环空波柱三个系统在生产过程中的三维空间振动耦合，对三个系统进行一定的简化，分别建立力学模型，全面分析，采用有限元法和有限差分法相结合的方法统一迭代求解，由井口实测光杆示功图计算出较为准确的抽油泵的井下功图，为对其进行故障诊断提供了准确的依据。分析诊断结果与检泵结果符合良好。

煤层气井有杆泵设备泵阀运动规律和开启条件

在分析固定阀开启压差的基础上,建立了泵阀运动规律的数学模型和开启条件的计算模型,并利用仿真分析,获得泵阀在不同工况下的运动规律、水力损失和临界沉没度。结果表明:临界沉没度的存在可很好地解释低沉没度下泵阀不能顺利开启和井口间歇式出水现象;冲程和冲次的增大,使阀球升程增加,利于井液入泵;同时使速度变化加快,提高井液流速和携煤粉能力,但容易造成阀球"抖动"现象,降低泵效;固定阀阀球在开启瞬间的加速度和水力损失较大,二者幅值波动的频率较快并在短时间内迅速变小,最后趋向稳定;临界沉没度和水力损失随泵型和冲次的增加而增大,依据水力损失最大值可得到38 mm和44 mm泵的临界沉没度通常在3～5 m。

抽油机井合理下泵深度的优化设计

针对抽油机井下泵深度往往是按经验选取一定的沉没度或利用泵效与沉没度关系确定的问题。通过对下泵深度与泵效和系统效率关系的对比分析,提出了以系统效率最高或产液量最大或经济效益最佳作为目标函数,对抽油机井系统的优化设计和多个设计方案进行了对比,认为目标函数最高的下泵深度才是合理的下泵深度,自喷转抽井、稠油井、间抽井、排水采气井等不同井况,目标函数的选取应有所区别。对油田开采具有较大的应用价值。

直接驱动直线电磁抽油机系统的研究及试验

能耗在采油成本中占有相当大的比重。此外 ,游梁式抽油机系统还存在传动链长、柔性差、在长冲程时体积和重量巨大、系统效率低等问题。针对这些问题 ,提出了以直接驱动为目的的直线电磁抽油机的设计方案。根据有杆抽油机系统的载荷特性 ,以多相无刷直流直线电机为驱动元件 ,设计了直线电磁抽油机系统的总体结构 ,并研制了小比例模型样机系统 ,进行了现场试验 ,结合有杆抽油系统的抽油杆柱的力学和数学模型 ,进行了直线电机驱动的直线电磁抽油机系统的仿真研究。

斜直井有杆泵抽油系统井下工况诊断技术

本文根据动力学原理，考虑井眼轨道、抽油杆柱构成、抽油杆与油管的滑动磨擦力及油液的内摩擦力，采用微元矢量分析方法，建立了定向水平井抽油杆柱纵向振动的微分方程，给出了井下动态参数诊断的定解条件。建立了该模型的差分解，编制了计算机软件，并在大庆油田采油五厂得到了较成功的应用。

基于Fluent的有杆泵固定阀流量系数模拟计算

有杆抽油泵固定阀的流量系数是评价阀流通性能的重要指标,也是计算阀流量的必需参数。目前还没有专门针对固定阀流量系数的实验与计算公式,利用Fluent软件对流体过阀过程进行了模拟,分析原油通过固定阀时内部流场的分布状况,以及流体参数(密度、黏度、速度)与阀球开启程度对整个过程的影响,得到不同开启程度下固定阀的流量系数曲线,为有杆泵流体进泵流量计算提供依据。