Elementary Fermions: Strings, Planck Constant, Preons and Hypergluons

Using real fields instead of complex ones, it is suggested here that the fermions are pairs of coupled strings with an internal tension. The interaction between the two coupled strings is due to an exchange mechanism which is proportional to Planck’s constant. This may be the result of two massless bosons (hypergluons) coupled by a preon (prequark) exchange. It also gives a physical explanation to the origin of the Planck constant, and origin of spin.

Stringy Phenomenology with Preon Models

We compare, following Pati, global symmetries, our topological supersymmetric preon model with the heterotic E8 × E8 string theory. We include Pati’s supergravity based preon model in this work and compare the preon interactions of his model to ours. Based on preon-string symmetry comparison and preon phenomenological results, we conclude that the fundamental particles are likely preons rather than standard model particles. .

Towards 6D Little String Theory of Particles

A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Phenomenological predictions are discussed.

Detachable string magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy for the noninvasive diagnosis of esophageal diseases:A prospective,blind clinical study

BACKGROUND Traditional esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD),an invasive examination method,can cause discomfort and pain in patients.In contrast,magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy(MCE),a noninvasive method,is being applied for the detection of stomach and small intestinal diseases,but its application in treating esophageal diseases is not widespread.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of detachable string MCE(ds-MCE)for the diagnosis of esophageal diseases.METHODS Fifty patients who had been diagnosed with esophageal diseases were pros-pectively recruited for this clinical study and underwent ds-MCE and conven-tional EGD.The primary endpoints included the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and diagnostic accuracy of ds-MCE for patients with esophageal diseases.The secondary endpoints consisted of visualizing the esophageal and dentate lines,as well as the subjects'tolerance of the procedure.RESULTS Using EGD as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and diagnostic accuracy of ds-MCE for esophageal disease detection were 85.71%,86.21%,81.82%,89.29%,and 86%,respectively.ds-MCE was more comfortable and convenient than EGD was,with 80%of patients feeling that ds-MCE examination was very comfortable or comfortable and 50%of patients believing that detachable string v examination was very convenient.CONCLUSION This study revealed that ds-MCE has the same diagnostic effects as traditional EGD for esophageal diseases and is more comfortable and convenient than EGD,providing a novel noninvasive method for treating esophageal diseases.

Few-shot working condition recognition of a sucker-rod pumping system based on a 4-dimensional time-frequency signature and meta-learning convolutional shrinkage neural network

The accurate and intelligent identification of the working conditions of a sucker-rod pumping system is necessary. As onshore oil extraction gradually enters its mid-to late-stage, the cost required to train a deep learning working condition recognition model for pumping wells by obtaining enough new working condition samples is expensive. For the few-shot problem and large calculation issues of new working conditions of oil wells, a working condition recognition method for pumping unit wells based on a 4-dimensional time-frequency signature (4D-TFS) and meta-learning convolutional shrinkage neural network (ML-CSNN) is proposed. First, the measured pumping unit well workup data are converted into 4D-TFS data, and the initial feature extraction task is performed while compressing the data. Subsequently, a convolutional shrinkage neural network (CSNN) with a specific structure that can ablate low-frequency features is designed to extract working conditions features. Finally, a meta-learning fine-tuning framework for learning the network parameters that are susceptible to task changes is merged into the CSNN to solve the few-shot issue. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the trained ML-CSNN has good recognition accuracy and generalization ability for few-shot working condition recognition. More specifically, in the case of lower computational complexity, only few-shot samples are needed to fine-tune the network parameters, and the model can be quickly adapted to new classes of well conditions.

Dynamic Response of Two-Degree-of-Freedom Riserless Drill String for Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression and Enhancement

The mechanical behavior,dynamic evolution,and flow-field distribution of a two-degree-of-freedom riserless drill string were simulated numerically by using FLUENT fluid simulation software with the user-defined function embedded.The rotation angular velocities before and after the critical rotation angular velocity were used as independent variables,and the reduced velocity range was 3-14.Fluid-structure coupling was realized based on the dynamic overset grid and the SST k-ωturbulence model.Results reveal that the dynamic response of the riserless drill string was considerably affected by rotation and flow velocity,which are coupled with each other.The cross-flow average dimensionless displacement increased with the rotation angular velocity,and rotation considerably enhanced the in-line maximum average dimensionless displacement.However,the cross-flow amplitude caused by vortex-induced vibration was suppressed when the rotation angular velocity reached a certain value.The in-line and cross-flow frequencies were the same,thereby causing the trajectory to deviate from the standard'figure-eight'shape and become a closed circle shape.The vortex did not fall behind the cylinder at low reduced velocity with high-rotation angular velocity,and the structure of the near-wake vortex remained U-shaped.The wake of the cylinder was deflected along the cross-flow direction,thereby leading to vibration asymmetry and resulting in increased vibration instability and disordered vibration trajectories,especially at high-rotation angular velocities.

Numerical Analysis of Dynamical Effects Associated with a Plugging String in a Horizontal Well

The finite element method has been applied to simulate the dynamics of a water plugging string in a complex horizontal well of a low-permeability oilfield.The force associated with the pipe string and the packer has been determined under the sucking action of the oil well pump.Such analysis has been conducted for a real drilling well,taking into account the process of lifting,lowering,unblocking and water plugging.Comparison between field measured data and simulation data indicates that the model is reliable and accurate.The packer creep effect under different pressure differences has also been investigated in the framework of the same model.

Energy Cost Minimization Using String Matching Algorithm in Geo-Distributed Data Centers

Data centers are being distributed worldwide by cloud service providers(CSPs)to save energy costs through efficient workload alloca-tion strategies.Many CSPs are challenged by the significant rise in user demands due to their extensive energy consumption during workload pro-cessing.Numerous research studies have examined distinct operating cost mitigation techniques for geo-distributed data centers(DCs).However,oper-ating cost savings during workload processing,which also considers string-matching techniques in geo-distributed DCs,remains unexplored.In this research,we propose a novel string matching-based geographical load balanc-ing(SMGLB)technique to mitigate the operating cost of the geo-distributed DC.The primary goal of this study is to use a string-matching algorithm(i.e.,Boyer Moore)to compare the contents of incoming workloads to those of documents that have already been processed in a data center.A successful match prevents the global load balancer from sending the user’s request to a data center for processing and displaying the results of the previously processed workload to the user to save energy.On the contrary,if no match can be discovered,the global load balancer will allocate the incoming workload to a specific DC for processing considering variable energy prices,the number of active servers,on-site green energy,and traces of incoming workload.The results of numerical evaluations show that the SMGLB can minimize the operating expenses of the geo-distributed data centers more than the existing workload distribution techniques.

Mechanical Analysis of a Multi-Test String in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Deep Wells

The mechanical behavior of the test string in deep wells is generally relatively complex as a result of the high temperature and high pressure,severe dogleg and buckling effects,which in some circumstances can even lead to string failure.Traditional computational methods for the analysis of these behaviors are often inaccurate.For this reason,here a more accurate mechanical model of the test string is introduced by considering variables such as temperature,pressure,wellbore trajectory,and buckling,as well as combining them with the deformation and string constraint conditions brought in by changes in temperature and pressure during the tripping,setting,and test operations.The model is validated by applying it to a specific high-pressure gas well(located in Northeast Sichuan).

Passability test and simulation of sand control string with natural gas hydrates completion in large curvature hole

To meet the requirements of marine natural gas hydrate exploitation,it is necessary to improve the penetration of completion sand control string in the large curvature borehole.In this study,large curvature test wells were selected to carry out the running test of sand control string with pre-packed screen.Meanwhile,the running simulation was performed by using the Landmark software.The results show that the sand control packer and screen can be run smoothly in the wellbore with a dogleg angle of more than 20°/30 m and keep the structure stable.Additionally,the comprehensive friction coefficient is 0.4,under which and the simulation shows that the sand control string for hydrate exploitation can be run smoothly.These findings have important guiding significance for running the completion sand control string in natural gas hydrate exploitation.

井下管柱熔融切割工具研制

现阶段井下管柱恶性遇卡处置效率低、处置时间长,甚至会诱发井眼附加伤害,成为制约井下作业效率及安全的主要因素。为此,研制出一种基于高温熔融的金属管柱快速切割解卡作业工具。将工具下放至目标深度后,利用锚定机构实现工具与被切割管柱的相对固定,采用电激发特制的高能铝热药柱;铝热药剂急速反应释放极量、超高温的等离子火焰;火焰由特殊设计的喷射机构引导喷射,沿径向高速喷出对管柱实施径向熔切。开展液态环境中ø127 mm加重钻杆熔切试验,验证工具井下作业的可行性。研究结果表明:锚定机构能顺利完成工具与被切割管柱的相对固定,药剂能被顺利激发,喷射机构能引导火焰高速喷射实施径向熔切。该工具可对不同厚度的管柱实施熔切作业,管柱熔切深度与装药量相关,10 kg装药量下,切割用时8 s,切割平均深度达21 mm。该工具及其技术可为井下遇卡管柱高效、安全解卡提供新的解决方案。

万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

多因素影响下射孔段管柱振动力学分析

聚能射孔爆轰产生的冲击载荷作用于井下射孔段管柱系统,导致管柱发生屈曲断裂等事故。结合管柱自重、射孔液阻尼、地层围压和爆炸冲击载荷的影响,建立射孔冲击载荷下油管—射孔枪动力学模型,得到射孔段管柱纵向振动微分方程。应用有限元软件,对射孔段管柱进行显示动力学响应分析,并将模拟结果同理论数值解进行对比验证。结果显示,应力波由管柱底端向上传播,管柱等效应力和轴向位移均呈现周期性变化,且逐渐衰减。分析不同油管长度、外径、壁厚和单发装药量对管柱动态响应的影响。基于数值模拟结果,利用MATLAB软件进行多元非线性回归,拟合得到射孔段管柱应力峰值经验公式,并与现场试验数据进行对比,验证公式可靠性。

Power-V诱导的钻柱黏滑振动特征分析

黏滑是石油钻井过程中影响钻井效率和井下钻柱安全的一种振动形式.垂直钻井系统Power-V在提供有效控斜力的同时,还会诱导钻柱黏滑振动.通过研究垂直钻井系统Power-V与井壁的接触作用及钻头与地层的相互作用模型,基于钻柱动力学有限元方法,深入分析Power-V的作用机理,研究其对扭转振动的影响,指出Power-V和井壁间的相互作用会导致钻柱与井壁的摩阻显著增加,进而引起摩阻扭矩的增大,诱导井下黏滑振动.实测振动数据证实,Power-V与井壁间的相互作用是引起钻柱黏滑振动的关键因素.这对于揭示黏滑振动的成因和更好地发挥Power-V的作用具有重要意义.

钻杆纵-扭耦合振动的试验研究

提出了一种新型的钻杆纵-扭耦合振动模拟测试系统。基于该系统设计了单因素试验,研究了驱动转速、进给速度、钻头直径、岩样强度和钻杆刚度对钻杆振动的影响规律,并通过正交试验探究了以上各因素对钻杆振动的影响程度。单因素试验结果表明,随着转速的增加,纵向振动幅值先减小后增大,但扭转振动幅值逐渐减小;随着进给速度的增大,纵向振动幅值逐渐减小,但扭转振动的幅值逐渐增大;转速增加导致扭矩和钻压下降,而进给速度增加导致扭矩和钻压上升;采用小直径钻头,低强度岩样,低刚度钻杆均有助于减小钻杆纵向振动幅值,但均导致扭转振动幅值增加。正交试验结果表明,转速对纵向振动的影响程度最大,进给速度对扭转振动的影响程度最大。试验结果与已有钻杆纵-扭耦合振动两自由度模型的数值仿真结果基本吻合。

琴徽数理的早期应用

汉代时七弦琴已定型,汉魏之际琴面即饰有13徽,间距不一的琴徽暗含立体属性与等分原理。琴徽虽出于汉魏之际,但其一弦上的等分数理渊源甚久,可上溯至商编铙与西周甬钟。“一弦均钟”可能是商周真实存在的、乐师为乐钟作音列设置的准器,也可能不以实物存在,而只是口传心授、隐藏于思维之中的虚拟数理。曾侯乙墓的五弦均钟与两周之际钮钟正鼓音列上的五声,表明两周之际既是五弦均钟应用时间的上限,又是“一弦均钟”应用时间的下限。由于先秦古琴形制尚未统一,钟琴两类乐器在数理应用上存在时间差。从一弦等分节点到商周钟铙四声,从五弦等分节点到东周编钟七声乃至旋宫,钟乐的辉煌始终依赖弦上节点与神瞽们数理认知的支撑。这展现出琴徽使用之前琴徽数理的早期应用和历史贡献。

钻柱的黏滑与高频扭转耦合振动测量与分析

钻井系统的自激扭转振动会导致钻头和地层之间的接触力或切削力相对速度出现下降特征。为减轻这种机制的影响,通过对三轴振动的时域、频域分析,研究了钻柱扭转振动特征。研究结果发现,低频的扭转振动会引发黏滑振动,黏滑振动频率为0.128 Hz,三轴振动和转速会出现周期性波动。钻柱发生高频扭转振动(HFTO)时,三轴加速度都出现了177.2 Hz的主频率。时域分析发现,切向加速度远大于轴向和法向加速度峰值,均方根值也较高,表明切向振动波动较大、能量高,说明此时井下正发生扭转振动。黏滑与HFTO发生耦合时,法向加速度会出现2个主频,即黏滑时的主频和HFTO的主频。高扭转频率会提高扭矩和机械转速导致钻具疲惫。研究结果对描述扭转振动的特征,判断钻井过程是否发生黏滑、HFTO和及时采取消除黏滑振动、缓解钻具疲惫技术措施具有指导作用。

腹腔镜下宫角妊娠改良荷包缝扎法11例疗效分析

目的:探索腹腔镜下改良的宫角妊娠荷包缝扎法用于止血预处理。方法:收集2022年2月-2023年2月于本院因宫角妊娠在腹腔镜下行改良荷包缝扎法的11例患者临床资料,分析手术治疗效果。结果:11例术中出血5~100ml,手术时间35~90min,无一例发生副损伤及紧急中转开腹。术后6例因血hCG下降满意未口服米非司酮,5例单次口服200mg米非司酮片1片巩固治疗。11例血清β-hCG于术后1月内均降至正常,术后月经均正常。结论:改良的腹腔镜下宫角妊娠荷包缝扎法安全、有效,值得临床应用。

超深井钻柱动态疲劳失效特征及参数优选

随着油气勘探深度不断增大,超深井钻柱井下振动更加复杂,应力状态随时间变化显著,为保障超深井钻柱的安全性,开展了受空间挠曲井筒约束超细长钻柱的动态疲劳失效特征研究,并进行钻柱结构及工作参数优选。基于实际井眼轨迹,考虑钻柱与井壁的碰撞特征,通过有限元仿真分析,得到全井钻柱动力学特性;根据疲劳损伤累积理论,研究了超深井全井钻柱在非对称循环变幅应力状态下的疲劳强度;结合现场实例,研究了超深井钻柱的危险截面,分析了钻柱疲劳强度随转速、钻压和稳定器安装位置的变化规律。研究表明:钻压和高转速对钻柱疲劳强度的影响较大,低转速对钻柱疲劳强度的影响较小;稳定器可以大幅降低底部钻具组合疲劳失效的概率,而且稳定器安装位置对钻柱疲劳强度的影响较为显著。研究结果为超深井钻柱组合结构参数和钻井参数优选提供了理论依据。

特深井钻柱动力学特性模拟与分析

随着钻井深度不断增加,钻柱运动所涉及的力学问题变得更加复杂,钻柱动力学特性模拟及分析可为安全优质高效钻井提供支撑。为了探求特深井钻柱的运动特性,将钻柱运动的控制方程采用Newmark法对时间离散后,运用SOR节点迭代法,对每一时间步的钻柱整体构形进行求解,实现了总长超9000 m的钻柱动力学特性模拟,不仅给出了钻柱4个典型位置的涡动轨迹、涡动速度和横向加速度,还分析了钻柱的粘滑特性。分析结果表明,上部钻柱的涡动及粘滑现象不明显;随着位置下移,出现不规则涡动及不充分粘滑现象;近钻头位置的钻柱会出现较剧烈涡动,也会出现粘滑振动;中性点位置处钻柱的涡动最为剧烈、碰摩严重,可能给钻柱带来安全隐患。研究结果为特深井安全钻井提供了理论依据。