Characteristics of compression fracture of ＂three soft＂ coal bed by perfusion and gas sucking technique

Against the particularity of stratum-structure in ＂three soft＂ mine areas, according to rock indoor test and on-site sucking experiment, discussed the characteristics of argillization, compression fracture and sucking technique of soft coal with low permeability. It is clearly pointed out that the gas can be highly effectively sucked only by compression fracture along the occurrence of the coal seam, creating inter-seams crack belt because of the difference of bulgy deformation. After the flooding experiment in the 24080 workface of Pingdingshan No. 10 mine, the average single-bore volume of gas increases from 77 m3 to 7 893 mS, while decay cycle extended from 7 days to 80-90 days. Also, the single-bore extracting rate of gas increases to 33%.

Evaluation of cotton germplasm for morphological and biochemical host plant UPdates resistance traits against sucking insect pests complex

Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the role of morphological and biochemical host plant resista nee(HPR)traits in plant defense,12 cotton genotypes/varieties were evaluated for leaf area,leaf glanding,total soluble sugars,total soluble proteins,total phenolics,tannin and total flavonoids against fluctuating populations of whitefly,thrips and jassid under field conditions.Results:The population of these insects fluctuated during the growing seas on and remained above threshold level(whitefly>5,thrips>(8-10)f or jassid>1 per leaf)during late June and early July.Strong and negative association of whitefly(r=-0.825)and jassid(r=-0.929)with seed cotton yield was observed.Mean population of insects were the highest in Glandless-1 followed by NIA-82 and NIA-M30.NIAB-Kiran followed by NI AB-878 and Sadori were the most resistant,with the mean population of 1.41,1.60,1.66(whitefly);2.24,232,2.53(thrips)and 037,0.31,036(jassid),respectively.The resistant variety NIAB-Kiran showed less soluble sugars(8.54 mg.g^(-1)),soluble proteins(27.11 mg.g^(-1))and more phenolic(36.56 mg.g^(-1))and flavonoids(13.10mg.g^(-1))as compared with the susceptible check Glandless-1.Moreover,all insect populations were positively correlated with total soluble sugars and proteins.Whitefly populations exhibited negative response to leaf gossypol glands,total phenolics,tannins and flavonoids.The thrips and jassid populations had a significant and negative correlation with these four biochemical HPR traits.Conclusion:The ide ntified resistant resources and HPR traits can be deployed against sucking in sect pests'complex in future breeding programs of developing insect resistant cotton varieties.

The Studies on the Grunting of Sows during Nursing and the Sucking Behaviour of Piglets

Two experiments were carried out to study the grunting of sows during nursing and the sucking behaviour of piglets. In experimental Ⅰ,six Yorkshire sows and their litters were observed and managed in farrowing crates.In experimental Ⅱ,six Harbin White sows and their litters were selected and housed in farrowing pens.The behaviours and activities of the sows during nursing and the activities of piglets during sucking were recorded with a portable video camera(Panasonic NV-VX22EN) The results showed that the characteristic patterns of grunting by the sows consist of an initial period of rhythmic grunting at a fairly constant rate and followed by a period of more rapid grunting,and then a decline in grunting rate toward the completion of nursing.The pattern of vocalization showed by the mothers bears a reliable synchronization to the sucking behaviour of the piglets.The rate of grunting varied little during jostling for teat and nosing the udder.The beginning of slow sucking usually occurred during or just after the increase in grunt rate.The rapid sucking began 15～25 seconds after the period of most rapid grunting,following the decrease of grunt rate.afterwards the nursing ended.There were individualities found in sows'grunting patterns. It is found that vocalizations attracted the piglets to the sows and synchronized sucking activities of piglets,but the results indicated that the premassaging time and numbers of piglets engaging massaging influenced the grunting pattern and the onset of the milk ejection.As more piglets were involved the massaging,the higher the grunting rate peak,the faster the milk ejection.

BEHAVIOR OF JET SUCKING CYCLONIC ULTRAMICRON CLASSIFIER

ＢＥＨＡＶＩＯＲＯＦＪＥＴＳＵＣＫＩＮＧＣＹＣＬＯＮＩＣＵＬＴＲＡＭＩＣＲＯＮＣＬＡＳＳＩＦＩＥＲＹｅ，Ｊｉｎｇ；Ｃｈｅｎ，Ｊｉａｙａｎ；Ｗｕ，Ｈａｉｔａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，）（ＷｕｈａｎＵｎｉｖｅ...

Prevalence of Thumb Sucking Habits amongst Children at the Knust Basic School

Main Objective: To determine the prevalence of thumb sucking habits amongst children at the KNUST Basic School. Methodology: This study was quantitative and descriptive with the design being a cross-sectional type. The data was obtained from KNUST Basic School with a sample size of 200. Data was obtained through questionnaires and clinical examination. Results: Out of the 200 children studied, 19 (9.5%) were identified as thumb suckers, with a majority being females (13, 68.42%) and the rest being males (6, 31.58%). Most of the thumb suckers (47.37%) engaged in the habit due to hunger. The clinical manifestations observed among the thumb suckers included Class I malocclusion (94.7%), high arched palate (89.5%), anterior open bite (4), increased overjet (3, 15.8%), proclined maxillary incisors (4, 22.2%), linguoversion of mandibular incisors (1, 5.6%), unilateral posterior crossbite (2, 10.5%), speech changes (7, 41.2%), thinner thumb (7, 36.8%), elongated thumb (9, 47.4%), and callus formation on the thumb (2, 10.5%). Conclusion: Thumb sucking is a common oral habit which stimulates the growth of the orofacial complex from ages 0 to 3 years. The habit of thumb sucking is usually outgrown by age 3 but beyond this age, it turns out as a deleterious habit which has to be seen as such and measures put in place to stop thumb sucking.

Comparative efficacy of oral glucose solution versus non-nutritive sucking for pain relief in neonates during nociceptive procedures： a systematic review

Background and aims： The comparative efficacy of glucose solution （GS） versus non-nutritive sucking （NNS） for pain re- lief in neonate remains controversial. This systematic review was consequently performed to objectively investigate the analgesic effect of Oral GS related to NNS in newborns during nociceptive procedures. Methods： All potential records were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to capture the randomized controlled trials comparing GS with NNS in terms of pain scores in neonates through January 2017. Two independent investigators screened the identified articles, extracted the data, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. All statistical analyses were completed by using Review Manager （RevMan） version 5.3.0. Results： Four studies, involving 248 neonates, were incorporated into these statistical analyses. For reducing pain scores, no statistical difference was detected when GS compared to NNS （4 trials; mean difference [MD], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.77 to 2.27; P = 0.33）. Conclusion： Both the GS and NNS reduced the pain scores in neonates who undergoing Hepatitis B vaccination and venipuncture, but the NNS is more convenience than GS to some extent. Considered the limited evidences, more randomized controlled trials with high-quality, large-scale and appropriate measures time are warranted to further establish the comparative efficacy of these two options.

Mapping of putative sucking inhibitory gene to whitebacked planthopper by linkage analysis with CAPS markers

Resistance to whitebacked planthopper(WBPH)in Chinese japonica riceChunjiang 06(CJ-06)was mediated by sucking inhibitory and ovicidal mecha-nism.The ovicidal reponse was a common self-defense mechanism againstWBPH in japonica.The ovicidal gene and its chromosomal position had alreadybeen identified.The sucking inhibitory nature of CJ-06 caused a definenon-preference behavior of WBPH in fields.A single dominant gene governed

In-depth analysis of Bt cotton adoption:farmers'opinions,genetic landscape,and varied perspectives——a case study from Pakistan

Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of both.Therefore,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds.Additionally,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded.Subsequently,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test.Results In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory views.Similarly,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% disagree.On the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the effectiveness.Similarly,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this notion.Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors.One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties.Additionally,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton.Conclusion Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan.On the basis of our findings,we suggest cotton breeders,regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed.Moreover,the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry,and presenting a promising way forward.

毛丝鼠体温调节发育的研究

毛丝鼠幼仔,六日龄已基本上达到恒温水平。吮乳期幼仔的静止代谢率较威体高;二日龄前,代谢率变化不符合体表面积定律;二日龄后,趋向成年恒温动物代谢类型,而符合体表面积定律。幼仔在25℃环境的热能消耗比20℃时少。

Purification and characterization of a novel anti-coagulant from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis

Protease inhibitors have been reported rarely from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis.In this study,we purified a novel protease inhibitor(bdellin-HM-2)with anticoagulant properties from H.manillensis.With a molecular weight of 1.4x104,bdellin-HM-2 was also characterized with three intra?molecular disulfide bridges at the N-terminus and multiple HHXDD and HXDD motifs at theC-terminus.cDNAcloning revealed that the putative nucleotide-encoding protein of bdellin-HM-2 contained 132 ami no acids and was encoded by a 399 bp open reading frame(ORF).Sequence alignment showed that bdellin-HM-2 shared similarity with the“non-classical"Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors,but had no inhibitory effect on trypsin,elastase,chymotrypsin,kallikrein,factor Xlla(FXIIa),factor Xia(FXIa),factor Xa(FXa),thrombin,or plasmin.Bdellin-HM-2 showed anticoagulant effects by proIonging the activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT),indicating a role in enabling H.manillensis to obtain a blood meal from its host.Our results suggest that bdellin-HM丒2 may play a crucial role in blood-sucking in this leech species and may be a pote ntial can didate for the development of clinical anti-thrombotic drugs.

Phenotypic Expression of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in the Newly Established japonica/indica Doubled Haploid Rice Population

A new doubled haploid (DH) rice population was established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06) and susceptible indica TN1. Sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance of the DH rice lines were evaluated on the basis of non-preference response of WBPH immigrants and honeydew excretion by WBPH females, and appearance of watery lesions in the necrotic discoloration of leaf sheaths ovipositied by WBPH,respectively. Both the major gene resistance to WBPH, sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance, showed 1 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) segregation ratio in the DH population. Relative density of WBPH populations and damage scores in the DH population indicated combined functions of both the major resistance genes as well as QTLs affecting the host plant response to WBPH infestations. Thus, the newly developed CJ-06/TN1 DH population could be a useful material to analyze major genes and QTLs for WBPH resistance in japonica rice.

Differential Expression of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in the japonica/indica Doubled Haploid Rice Population under Field Evaluation and Seedbox Screening Test

Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) -resistance in a japonica / indica doubled haploid (DH) rice population established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chun]iang 06 and susceptible indica TN1, was comparatively evaluated through a field experiment based on the WBPH immigrant density and standardized seedbox screening test (SSST). All the susceptible DH lines in the field experiment behaved accordingly in SSST. However, 35 of resistant 66 lines (53%) in the field, were categorized to susceptible groups in SSST. Likewise, there were no significant differences in WBPH immigrant densities among 70 DH lines that were highly resistant to susceptible in SSST. The results revealed that SSST could not evaluate properly WBPH resistance in the DH lines. Four QTLs for WBPH-resistance phenotyped by the immigrant density were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 11. Of them, the QTL on chromosome 4 was the most effective (LOD 21.8, variance 78%). Five QTLs associated with seedling mortality were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In addition to the QTL (LOD 10.5, variance 68%) on chromosome 4, there was another major QTL (LOD 12.7, variance 71%) located on chromosome 5, which was SSST-specific but might be irrespective of the WBPH resistance traits.

A New Grasping Mode Based on a Sucked-type Underactuated Hand

Robot hands have been developing during the last few decades. There are many mechanical structures and analyti?cal methods for di erent hands. But many tough problems still limit robot hands to apply in homelike environment. The ability of grasping objects covering a large range of sizes and various shapes is fundamental for a home service robot to serve people better. In this paper, a new grasping mode based on a novel sucked?type underactuated(STU) hand is proposed. By combining the flexibility of soft material and the e ect of suction cups, the STU hand can grasp objects with a wide range of sizes, shapes and materials. Moreover, the new grasping mode is suitable for some situations where the force closure is failure. In this paper, we deduce the e ective range of sizes of objects which our hand using the new grasping mode can grasp. Thanks to the new grasping mode, the ratio of grasping size between the biggest object and the smallest is beyond 40, which makes it possible for our robot hand to grasp diverse objects in our daily life. For example, the STU hand can grasp a soccer(220 mm diameter, 420 g) and a fountain pen(9 mm diameter, 9 g). What’s more, we use the rigid body equilibrium conditions to analysis the force condition. Experiment evaluates the high load capacity, stability of the new grasping mode and displays the versatility of the STU hand. The STU hand has a wide range of applications especially in unstructured environment.

Using quality improvement methods to increase use of pain prevention strategies for childhood vaccination

AIM To increase evidence-based pain prevention strategy use during routine vaccinations in a pediatric primary care clinic using quality improvement methodology.METHODS Specific intervention strategies(i.e.,comfort positioning,nonnutritive sucking and sucrose analgesia,distraction) were identified,selected and introduced in three waves,using a Plan-Do-Study-Act framework.System-wide change was measured from baseline to post-intervention by:(1) percent of vaccination visits during which an evidence-based pain prevention strategy was reported as being used; and(2) caregiver satisfaction ratings following the visit.Additionally,self-reported staff and caregiver attitudes and beliefs about pain prevention were measured at baseline and 1-year post-intervention to assess for possible long-term cultural shifts.RESULTS Significant improvements were noted post-intervention.Use of at least one pain prevention strategy was documented at 99% of patient visits and 94% of caregivers were satisfied or very satisfied with the pain prevention care received.Parents/caregivers reported greater satisfaction with the specific pain prevention strategy used [t(143) = 2.50,P ≤ 0.05],as well as greater agreement that the pain prevention strategies used helped their children's pain [t(180) = 2.17,P ≤ 0.05] and that they would be willing to use the same strategy again in the future [t(179) = 3.26,P ≤ 0.001] as compared to baseline.Staff and caregivers also demonstrated a shift in attitudes from baseline to 1-year post-intervention.Specifically,staff reported greater agreement that the pain felt from vaccinations can result in harmful effects [2.47 vs 3.10; t(70) =-2.11,P ≤ 0.05],less agreement that pain from vaccinations is "just part of the process" [3.94 vs 3.23; t(70) = 2.61,P ≤ 0.05],and less agreement that parents expect their children to experience pain during vaccinations [4.81 vs 4.38; t(69) = 2.24,P ≤ 0.05].Parents/caregivers reported more favorable attitudes about pain prevention strategies for vaccinations across a variety of areas,including safety,cost,time,and effectiveness,as well as less concern about the pain their children experience with vaccination [4.08 vs 3.26; t(557) = 6.38,P ≤ 0.001],less need for additional pain prevention strategies [3.33 vs 2.81; t(476) = 4.51,P ≤ 0.001],and greater agreement that their doctors' office currently offers pain prevention for vaccinations [3.40 vs 3.75; t(433) =-2.39,P ≤ 0.05].CONCLUSION Quality improvement methodology can be used to help close the gap in implementing pain prevention strategies during routine vaccination procedures for children.

Principles and practice of low pressure-expendable pattern casting process for magnesium alloys

A newly developed low-pressure expendable pattern casting (LP-EPC) process was introduced and its basic principles or effect factors were further analyzed. According to theoretical calculation and experimental results, the major casting parameters that are of great and critical importance on the process include pressure and flux of filling gas, decomposition characteristic and density of foam pattern, thickness and permeability of coating, pouring temperature, vacuum degree and their combination. Most of casting defects can be effectively avoided by choosing the suitable parameters. The success achieved in pouring motor housing and exhaust manifold castings demonstrates the advantages of LP-EPC process in the production of high-complicated castings with high dimension accuracy.

Insect herbivory along environmental gradients

There is a general assumption in the literature that insect herbivory increases towards the tropics, but decreases with increasing altitude. Similar generalities have been identified along other environmental gradients, such as resource, temperature, climatic and biotic gradients. However there is growing evidence in the scientific literature that such generalities are not consistent. This could be due to a number of reasons including the lack of consistency in the way herbivory is assessed such as different methodologies used by researchers, or fundamental differences in leaf damage caused by different types of insect herbivores. Here we assess 61 publications researching insect herbivory along a range of environmental gradients (both biotic and abiotic) and review the methods that researchers have used to collected their data. We found leaf chewing from samples collected in North America dominated the field and most studies assessed herbivory on a single host plant species. Thirty three percent of the studies assessed latitudinal gradients, while 10% assessed altitudinal gradients. Insect herbivory was most commonly expressed as percentage leaf damage using point herbivory. Fewer studies measured a range of different types of herbivory (such as sap sucking, leaf mining, galling, and root feeding) as leaves aged. From our synthesis, we hope that future research into insect herbivory along environmental gradients will take into account herbivory other than just leaf chewing, such as sap sucking, which may cause more damage to plants. Future research should also assess herbivory as a rate, rather than just a single point in time as damage to a young leaf may be more costly to a plant than damage to a mature or senescing leaf. Measurements of plant traits will also assist in comparing herbivory across habitats, plant species, and within species physiological variation. The true impacts that insects have on plants via herbivory along environmental gradients are still poorly understood.

Resistance Performance to Whitebacked Planthopper in Different Phenotypes of Japonica/Indica Doubled Haploid Rice Lines

Field performance of whitebacked planthopper （WBPH）-resistance of four phenotypes was evaluated in Chunjiang 06 （C J-06） / TN1 DH rice lines, which were expressed by different combinations of sucking inhibitory and ovicidal traits inherited independently from C J-06. WBPH established the highest populations in susceptible DH lines that had neither sucking inhibitorynor ovicidal resistance. Both immigration and subsequent population levels were kept below the damage-causing density in the sucking inhibitory DH lines even under a WBPH outbreak. WBPH could not build up populations in the DH lines having both the sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance. Although WBPH immigrated preferentially to non-sucking inhibitory DH lines with ovicidal resistance, subsequent population buildup was significantly suppressed. It was concluded that the differential performance to WBPH-resistance in CJ-06 / TN1 DH lines was primarily due to the sucking inhibitory trait, and complementarity to the ovicidal trait.

Expression Pattern of Sucrose Transporters in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>During Aphid (<i>Myzus persicae</i>) Infestation

Herbivorous insects change the metabolism of the plant during their attack. Our study reports the changes in the expression pattern of sucrose transporters in response to the infestation of aphids at different time intervals. Results showed a significant enhancement in the expression pattern for six out of nine sucrose transporters in response to aphid infestation, followed by suppression after some point. During an earlier time point of infestation, the expressions of sucrose transporters were enhanced probably to compensate for the energy requirements of the damaged cell. However, suppression of sucrose transporters at a later stage may be a defense strategy of the plant to repel the aphids because at a later stage of infestation, aphids become a secondary sink. To complement our assumption, we performed aphid infestation choice and reproductive performance tests in the null mutant of one of the transporters, SUC2, which was compromised in phloem loading of sucrose. Results showed that the mutant was less preferable to aphid for choice as well as reproduction performance.

Incidence evaluation of <i>Crypticerya multicicatrices</i>and <i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i>in Colombian Seaflower Biosphere Reserve

An evaluation of the incidence of Crypticerya multicicatrices and Maconellicoccus hirsutus in Colombian Seaflower Biosphere Reserve in San Andrés, Providence and Santa Catalina islands, from mid-August to mid-November 2012 was made. 38 locations were sampled, and 34% of sites tested show an incidence of C. multicicatrices oscillating between a range of 80%-100%, 24% with 40%-80% of incidence, 18% between 10%-40% and 24% with a range of 0%-10%. The occurrence of M. hirsutus fluctuated between 0.5% and 17%. There were seven genera of ants associated C. multicicatrices and 94 hosts of this agriculturally important insect and we found high incidence of associated sooty mold in C. multicicatrices hosts. Observations also contained some developmental stages of C. multicatrices.

Impact Analysis of Genetically Modified (Bt) Cotton Genotypes on Economically Important Natural Enemies under Field Conditions

Field studies were conducted at Hisar during Kharif, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 under natural and unsprayed condition. RCH 134 Bt, HS 6 (non Bt), H 1117 and Ganganagar Ageti (non Bt) were selected for the studies. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice having plant spacing 67.5 × 60 cm. Among the bollworms, Erias spp. exhibited positive correlation with rainfall, minimum temperature and relative humidity morning hours significantly at 5 percent level whereas Helicoverpa and Pectinophora displayed positive relations only with evening hours relative humidity significantly while Spodoptera were significantly positive correlated with relative humidity of morning and evening hours. Bollworm complex was negatively correlated with all the weather parameters employed to study although being non-significant in case of rainfall, maximum and minimum of temperature, morning and evening hours of relative humidity. Among the sucking pests, leafhoppers, whitefly, thrips and aphids population showed significantly negative correlation with weather parameters. The comparison of natural bio-agents in cotton hybrids under study revealed that overall mean population of natural enemies were higher in Bt cotton hybrid as compared to non-Bt. These results confirm that use of genetically modified (Bt) cotton in lieu of conventional genotypes could positively impact non-target and beneficial insect species by preserving their host populations.