Variations of suction and suction stress of unsaturated loess due to changes in lignin content and sample preparation method

Unsaturated loess in natural sites loses stability as the overburden load continuously increases.Traditional soil modifiers such as cement and fly ash affect the surrounding environment.A new type of material,i.e.,lignin,is environmentally friendly and able to increase the strength of loess.However,the engineering characteristics of the improved loess under unsaturated conditions are not yet clear.In this study,the soil-water characteristic curves(SWCCs)of lignin-improved loess samples were determined from 0 kPa to 700 kPa using a pressure plate instrument,and then,they were fitted using the van Genuchten(VG)model and the Fredlund and Xing(FX)model.In addition,the effects of the lignin content and sample preparation methods on the SWCCs were investigated to determine the optimal lignin content and a suitable sample preparation method for loess foundations.As the lignin content increases,the matric suction and residual water content of the improved loess increase.The suction stress increases with the increasing lignin contents of 1%–2%.At lignin contents of 3%–4%,the suction stress begins to decrease and the samples prepared using the slurry method has a lower suction stress than that prepared using the wet mixing method.The air entry value(AEV)increases with increasing lignin content.In addition,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to investigate the microstructural variations.It was found that after the addition of lignin,the entrapment of the loess particles by the lignin fibers created some larger particles and smaller pore diameters,which in turn led to poor connectivity of the loess pores.These changes cause the matric suction of the modified loess to increase.

Mesoscale analysis of the suction stress characteristic curve for unsaturated granular materials

There is still no theoretical framework accounting for linkage between seepage and deformation of unsaturated granular materials.Using a mesoscale liquid bridge model,we propose the first approach for deriving the suction stress characteristic curve(SSCC).Then,we verify the method by obtaining both the soil-water characteristic curve and SSCC for cubic and tetrahedral granular packing.The approach is further validated by generating the SSCCs of granular packings with different particle size distributions.On this basis,a new two-parameter model is suggested that satisfactorily predicts the SSCCs of various real granular materials.The nonlinear variation of strength versus suction is also properly described by a new formula for three kinds of soil.We believe that this SSCC model can help resolve solid-fluid coupling in seepage and deformation problems in unsaturated granular engineering.

Supporting Earth Pressures for Foundation Excavation Considering Suction Stress of Soil

The infiltration,evaporation and variation of the groundwater table have significant effects on the suction stress of the soils and the supporting earth pressures of the foundation excavation.The distribution of the suction stresses above the ground water table is derived under different fluxes at the ground surface,according to the soil-water characteristic parameters and the effective degree of saturation.In consideration of the cohesive stress formed from the soil suction stress and the relevant anti sliding effect,the calculation model of supporting earth pressures for foundation excavation is established by the variational limit equilibrium method under the steady flow condition.The evolution of the supporting earth pressures is studied in detail for foundation excavation under different fluxes at the ground surface.The effects of the soil-water characteristic parameters,the ground water table and the internal friction angle on the supporting earth pressures are discussed.The results show that the suction stress is reduced because of the infiltration,and thus the supporting earth pressure increases.The larger the air-entry pressures and the pore size are,the smaller the supporting earth pressures are.The higher the ground water table is,the larger the supporting earth pressures are.In order to reduce the construction risk,the effects of the suction stress and the evolution of the potential critical sliding surface should be considered during the calculation of the supporting earth pressures.

基于修正统一硬化模型的超固结非饱和红黏土边坡稳定分析

在降雨和水位升降的联合作用下,库岸边坡易发生滑塌现象。采用理想弹塑性Mohr-Coulomb准则,在干湿循环作用下,分析库岸边坡的稳定性,难以反映边坡土的超固结消散等复杂力学特性。以江西省新干航电枢纽库岸边坡为背景,针对弱超固结非饱和红黏土,开展非饱和直剪试验,采用反正切函数,描述吸力应力与基质吸力的数学物理关系,提出红黏土的超固结非饱和统一硬化(unified hardening,UH)模型。然后,在UH模型的基础上,采用C++语言,开发FLAC3D的应用程序;利用GeoStudio软件的SEEP/W模块,计算降雨入渗的非饱和渗流场;编写接口程序,导入FLAC3D,开展库岸边坡的稳定性计算。库岸边坡的水平位移明显大于经典的非饱和理想弹塑性模型计算结果,结果表明,修正UH模型能够合理地预测超固结非饱和红黏土库岸边坡的稳定性,为同类库岸边坡工程稳定性分析提供了参考。

冲击地压煤层如何实现安全高效智能开采

冲击地压煤层如何实现安全高效智能开采是一项重大的产业技术难题,系统分析了我国冲击地压矿井分布特征、开采现状及冲击地压发展趋势,深入剖析了冲击地压矿井面临的主要开采难题。从区域地应力监测反演、矿井开拓布局优化、煤柱尺寸优化、井上下联合卸压、置换充填开采、高层位离层注浆等方面,全面阐述了冲击地压矿井全生命周期防控技术发展现状。针对巷道冲击地压防治难题,研发了冲击地压巷道全巷协同智能自适应抗冲击支护技术与装备,利用吸能防冲液压支架实现了正常状态对巷道围岩进行强支护、冲击过程迅速让位吸能的效果,结合支架智能运移装置、支架监测预警系统及全巷协同自适应抗冲击支护智能设计方法,构建了冲击地压巷道智能化吸能支护防控体系。分析了采煤工作面智能开采系统防冲原理,提出通过对围岩采动应力、覆岩断裂结构等进行监测分析,基于三维地质模型、大数据算法等对冲击地压发生位置、概率进行预测预警,并通过智能开采系统对液压支架的支护姿态与支护力、采煤机割煤速度等进行智能联动控制,实现采煤工作面智能开采与冲击地压智能防治。从采场应力与覆岩结构智能监测、冲击地压灾害数据库构建、冲击地压灾害分类预测预警等方面,分析了冲击地压智能防控技术的研发重点,提出了煤矿冲击地压监测预警系统组成及总体架构。从顶层设计、关键技术、智能精准解危与效果评价等方面提出了我国煤矿冲击地压煤层实现安全高效智能开采的技术路径与研发方向。

控制吸力下低应力条件的合肥膨胀土抗剪强度试验

膨胀土边坡在变饱和条件下可能发生浅层滑塌失稳。为了研究非饱和膨胀土在低应力条件下的强度特性,采用非饱和三轴仪设置多组不同基质吸力和应力条件,进行合肥膨胀土的三轴剪切试验,对试验数据进行分析。试验结果表明:当膨胀土所受净围压应力不断降低时,其应力-应变曲线会由应变硬化向应变软化过渡;非饱和膨胀土强度随基质吸力增大而增大;浅层膨胀土的抗剪强度会呈现明显降低,具有非线性特点;非饱和膨胀土的黏聚力对抗剪强度影响显著,低应力条件下黏聚力会显著降低,内摩擦角明显增大;净围压应力对低应力段土体强度影响明显,而基质吸力对低应力段土体强度影响较弱。

Effective stress in soils under different saturation conditions

BISHOP’s effective stress or two state stress variables are unsatisfactory for unsaturated soils where one of fluid phases is discontinuous, so new expressions of effective stress should be founded. The approach for derivation was according to the principle of equilibrium of forces (i.e., the stress-sharing principle), and it was firstly validated by demonstrating TERZAGHI’s principle of effective stress. And then, the derivations were subdivided into four parts according to different pore air states: 1) air bubbles were spherical and suspended in pore water; 2) air bubbles were bound on soil skeleton; 3) air bubbles held almost the single section of pore; 4) air phase was continuous. The different formulae of effective stress were presented. Conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) For nearly-saturated soils, the "real" effective stress would be a little smaller than TERZAGHI’s effective stress; 2) For soils in which air phase is discontinuous in the form of bubbles, a new concept of pore air elastic pressure is put forward, and the total stress can be constituted by effective stress, pore water pressure and pore air elastic pressure; 3) For soils in which air phase is continuous, effective stress is equal to the value of the total stress plus suction; 4) Suction can be divided into two parts: one is the effect caused by additional pressure, and the other is the contract action by the "skin".

An approach to measure infill matric suction of irregular infilled rock joints under constant normal stiffness shearing

Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on the overall joint shear strength. A novel technique that allows direct measurement of matric suction of infill using high capacity tensiometers(HCTs) during direct shear of infilled joints under constant normal stiffness(CNS) is described. The CNS apparatus was modified to accommodate the HCT and the procedure is explained in detail. Joint specimens were simulated by gypsum plaster using threedimensional(3D) printed surface moulds, and filled with kaolin and sand mixture prepared at different water contents. Shear behaviours of both planar infilled joints and rough joints having joint roughness coefficients(JRCs) of 8-10 and 18-20 with the ratios of infill thickness to asperity height(t/a)equal to 0.5 were investigated. Matric suction shows predominantly unimodal behaviour during shearing of both planar and rough joints, which is closely associated with the variation of unloading rate and volumetric changes of the infill material. As expected, two-peak behaviour was observed for the rough joints and both peaks increased with the increase of infill matric suction. The results suggest that the contribution of matric suction of infill on the joint peak normalised shear stress is relatively independent of the joint roughness.

不同吸力和应力路径下Q_(3)原状黄土的力学特性

为了研究吸力和应力路径对兰州Q_(3)原状黄土应力应变、临界状态和强度等力学特性的影响,用GDS非饱和三轴仪对不同吸力原状黄土试样进行了应力路径(等向压缩(IC),常规三轴剪切(CTC),等平均应力三轴剪切(TC),减围压三轴剪切(RTC))压缩试验,试验结果表明:(1)随着吸力的增加,试样的弹性指数变化不大,而结构屈服应力和塑性指数增加;(2)应力路径和吸力对原状黄土的初始模量、硬化程度、抗剪强度、剪缩剪胀有明显影响,随着吸力增大,RTC路径下的应力应变曲线出现软化和剪胀现象,不同剪切路径下试样破坏偏应力大小顺序为CTC>TC>RTC;(3)不同应力路径的q-p和v-lgp临界状态点皆收敛在一条直线上,不同吸力下的临界状态线近似平行,不同吸力和应力路径的q-p和v-lgp临界状态线可以进行归一,并提出了统一临界状态方程;(4)随着吸力的增加,原状黄土的内粘聚力增加,而内摩擦角几乎不变,应力路径对抗剪强度参数没有影响。

非饱和土刚性挡墙抗滑移稳定性上限分析

在以往挡墙稳定性分析中多假定墙后回填土为饱和土,忽略了吸应力效应对挡墙滑动稳定性的影响,从而导致计算结果失真.鉴于此,在广义有效应力原理基础上,推导了适用于非饱和土的功能平衡方程,并在此基础上采用能量法提出了一种挡墙-非饱和土系统抗滑移上限稳定性系数计算方法.通过对比OptumG2数值软件和已有理论方法的结果验证了该方法的合理性,并探讨了土体剪切强度、进气值和渗流量等主要参数对挡墙稳定性的影响.结果表明:1)相比砂土,吸应力对黏土挡墙稳定性影响更大,而相比黏土,砂土中黏聚力变化对墙土系统稳定性更为敏感;2)随着进气值增加,吸应力对墙土系统稳定性的贡献减少,最终趋于恒定,且吸应力对于高度较低的挡墙影响更明显;3)相比无吸力情况,考虑吸力作用的稳定性系数更大,不同渗流量对墙土系统稳定性的影响大小为:蒸发>静水>入渗,且渗流量对黏土和粉土挡墙稳定性影响最大,黄土次之,砂土最小.

基于吸应力的强度分析

土中含水量或孔隙水压力与孔隙气压力变化引起的有效应力可通过吸应力特征曲线表示,与土-水特征曲线相互联系,通过非饱和黄土压力板仪试验结果拟合出吸应力与有效饱和度之间的关系曲线。与直剪试验和三轴剪切试验结果进行对比分析发现,对于非饱和黄土来说,吸应力特征曲线可通过剪切强度试验来确定,从而为压力板仪试验得出的吸应力特征曲线提供参照。

宽广吸力范围非饱和土剪切强度试验研究及其预测

以弱膨胀土为试验材料,开展了宽广吸力范围内非饱和土的持水和强度特性试验研究,并提出适用于宽广吸力范围的非饱和土强度模型。结果表明,在广吸力范围内,应力−应变曲线随吸力增加而增高,在低吸力范围呈现应变硬化,在高吸力范围呈现应变软化。低吸力范围,试样呈现剪缩变形;高吸力范围,试样在轴向应变2%处开始呈现剪胀趋势。此外,提出一种区分吸附水和毛细水的土−水特征曲线模型,并假设吸力引起的强度增强部分主要由毛细水决定。将有效应力系数用毛细水饱和度替代,并代入Bishop非饱和土强度公式,利用不同类型土剪切强度的实测数据和文献中剪切强度模型对比,表明该强度模型可以很好地描述宽广吸力范围内的非饱和土强度。

桶式基础吸力沉贯试验研究

针对海上风电场单桶多隔舱基础开展沉贯试验研究,并通过土压计、应力计等科研传感器数据对基础沉贯阻力和侧壁变形进行分析。自重下沉阶段基础最大倾角约为1.2°,吸力下沉阶段初期将基础调平后,不再发生显著倾斜。对淤泥质土层中的钢制桶式基础,采用静力触探数据结合上限阻力系数获得的理论压差结果与实测值最为接近,并基于实测土压力获得了侧壁摩擦系数为0.23。施工期结构应力监测结果表明,最大应力发生于桶顶,侧壁在压差作用下发生显著挠曲。基于单桶多隔舱基础吸力沉贯过程中隔舱内压力基本保持一致的现象,提出一种将应力计布设于隔舱板,从而避免内外压差影响的传感器布设方案。

涡旋式压缩机配管应力试验研究

涡旋式压缩机组的管路振动和应力对于机组可靠性至关重要,尤其是采用大排量涡旋式压缩机的机组。为了有效降低管路应力,防止管路断裂,搭建机组试验台进行管路应力试验研究。结果表明:固定四通换向阀对吸排气管路应力具有明显的改善效果,加配重块对局部管路应力有改善效果;固定补气管路和加装膨胀罐都具有改善补气管路应力的效果,但前者改善效果相对明显。

复合筒型基础负压沉放调平允许压差研究

针对复合筒型基础负压沉放调平工况中分舱间允许压差的研究较少,以某海上风电项目中复合筒型基础沉放安装为背景,采用极限应力控制方法开展复合筒型基础不同沉放深度处的调平允许压差Δp的定量分析,通过数值模拟方法计算有无土体模型的分舱板屈服的临界压差,提出复合筒型基础调平过程允许压差的选择方法。结果表明:复合筒型基础沉放过程中调平允许压差应采用分舱板极限应力与屈曲的最小值,分舱板设置加强肋可有效提高调平允许压差Δp,推荐使用带土体模型应力控制方法计算调平允许压差。

非饱和土脱湿与吸湿水力特性对比研究

非饱和土水力相互作用特征曲线（土-水特征曲线、渗透系数函数和吸应力特征曲线等）的获取在非饱和土斜坡的渗流和力学分析中有着至关重要的作用。目前,大多数试验方法中最适合确定脱湿状态的是土水特征曲线,但能够反映降雨过后斜坡短期内入渗和径流现象的反而是吸湿状态。基于此,采用瞬态脱湿与吸湿的试验方法 （TRIM）,在短时间内获取该类土脱湿和吸湿条件下全吸力（0~10~6k Pa）范围内的土-水特征曲线、渗透系数函数和吸应力特征曲线,并对其脱湿与吸湿路径下的水力特性、模型参数及滞后特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,土的脱湿过程与吸湿过程的土-水特性明显不同,两种路径下的非饱和渗透系数、进气值、饱和渗透系数等参数均存在差异,而这种差异体现了吸应力的滞后特性,而这种滞后性足以诱发该类土的滑坡。这一研究结果对提高土-水特征曲线参数拟合的精度、提高试验效率及降雨型滑坡灾害的防灾预警具有一定的实用价值。

非饱和黄土强度参数的试验研究

非饱和土强度理论的研究是非饱和土力学的核心问题。目前公认的非饱和土强度理论是Bishop的单变量理论和Fredlund的双变量理论,二者都引入了基质吸力这一应力参数,只是前者将其归到有效应力中,后者作为独立变量。要得到这两个公式中相关参数需利用控制基质吸力的非饱和土三轴仪或直剪仪测定,控制基质吸力是通过同步增加气压和孔隙水压力保持吸力不变实现的,即所谓的轴平移技术,该项技术一直面临测试周期长的困难和合理性的质疑。鉴于此,本文采用不同含水率的常规三轴CU试验,测定了有效稳态强度参数,得出了吸应力和体积含水率的关系曲线,非饱和强度直接用吸应力函数表达,该强度公式回避了测定基质吸力的问题,便于在工程实际中推广。为了进一步和Bishop及Fredlund的强度公式进行对比,又用张力计测定了同一试样的水土特征曲线,获得了其强度参数。理论上,这3种强度理论对机理的解释不同,但在数学上可以互相转化。从工程应用的角度,基于吸应力的抗剪强度更便于工程应用。

非饱和土的真三轴试验及强度变形特性分析

基于西安理工大学新型真三轴仪,从试样密封、水气排出控制和孔隙水气压力量测方面进行了改进,在增加了孔隙水压力控制装置和孔隙气压力量测装置的基础上,实现了利用轴平移技术测试基质吸力的非饱和土真三轴试验。经过仪器调试,开展了干密度为1.35 g/cm3、含水率为18%非饱和重塑黄土在不同固结净应力(3 aσu=50,100,150,200 kPa)、不同中轴应力(b=0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0)条件下的真三轴试验。应用Bishop有效应力公式,确定了非饱和重塑黄土的基质吸力参数χ,分析了非饱和重塑黄土的真三轴剪切应力应变关系、子午平面上有效应力强度破坏线和π平面上的有效应力强度破坏线。表明子午平面上的强度破坏线近似呈线性关系。

非饱和土中有效应力及有关概念的解说与辨析

对非饱和土中有效应力及其有关的诸如表面张力、基质吸力、湿吸力、本征结构吸力和可变结构吸力进行了系统的解说与辨析,由此提出了同时适应非饱和土和饱和土的统一的有效应力新概念及公式,并且结合特殊性土实例说明了非饱和土的有效应力公式。

高吸力下高庙子钙基膨润土的土水–力学特性

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