Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting （RFRH） planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons （2012-2013 and 2013-2014）to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 （I1）, 60 mm （I2） and 120 mm （I3） with RFRH planting pattern and a control （CK） irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter （ADM）, nitrogen nutrition index （NNI）, radiation use efficiency （RUE）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.

施用氮肥对提高旱地作物利用土壤水分的作用机理和效果

在年降水丘４５０～５１０ｍｍ的半湿润易旱地区的壤质红垆土上，以春玉米为供试作物进行了大田试验。玉米生长期间，每隔１０天分别测定不同栽培和施氮量处理的蒸腾强度，叶面积，伤流量，伤流液成分，叶水势，叶片糖分含量，并刈割玉米地上部分，测定生长量，分层采取２ｍ土层的土壤，测定含水量，以研究施用Ｎ肥对提高旱地作物利用土壤水分的作用机理和效果。试验表明，施用氮肥促进了作物根系发育，扩大了作物觅取水分和养分的土壤空间，增大了蒸腾强度和伤流量，降低了叶水势，提高了伤流液中氨基酸含量，使根系活性增强，作物吸取和运转土壤水分的能力提高。利用直接测定的结果计算，施肥不仅提高了作物蒸腾量，减少了土壤水分蒸发量，增高了Ｔ／ＥＴ比值，而且提高了蒸腾效率，增加了叶片的糖分含量，使蒸腾的水分得到了更有效地利用。施氮区与无氮区相比，消耗的土壤水分无明显区别，但由于施肥区显著增产，水分的利用效率明显提高。用蒸散量计算出来的水分利用效率，ＷＵＥ（ＥＴ），随施氮量增高而增高；用蒸腾量计算出来的水分利用效率，ＷＵＥ（Ｔ），因产物而不同：籽粒的水分利用效率与施氮量成直线关系，而干物质的水分利用率不因施氮量而变化，表明施肥对提高经济产物的水分利用效率更?

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on soil salinity,physiological processes and fruit quality of gray jujube under desert conditions

Regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)was applied to gray jujube trees in an oasis region,to determine the effects of this irrigation system on soil salinity,gray jujube physiological processes,fruit yield,and fruit quality.Treatments consisted of severe,moderate and low deficit irrigation(irrigated with 85%,70%and 55%of CK,respectively)at the flowering stage to fruit set stage.During the other growth stages,all treatments were irrigated with 80%of pan evaporation,which was the same as that in control.The results indicated that soil salinity was enhanced during the periods of water stress,but the high value of soil salinity declined by 3.48%-37.27%,at each depth,after irrigation was resumed.RDI caused a decline in the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,and stomatal conductance,but enhanced the water use efficiency of the leaves.However,the leaf photosynthetic rate was effectively enhanced after the recovery of irrigation,especially in the moderate deficit irrigation treatment,which exceeded the control.This led to an improved fruit yield,which was 9.57%higher than that of the control.The deficit treatments caused a significant increase in the soluble solid content,soluble sugar content,single fruit weight and sugar/acid ratio.Enhanced vitamin C content,resulting from deficit treatments,has also been observed in the gray jujube.Therefore,this research shows that RDI provides some benefits in the production of gray jujube trees in desert conditions.

2001-2020年内蒙古地区水分利用效率的时空变化及其影响因素

Water use efficiency(WUE)is an important variable to explore coupled relationships in carbon and water cycles.In this study,we first compared the spatial variations of annual gross primary productivity(GPP)and evapotranspiration(ET)using four GPP and ET products.Second,we selected the products closest to the flux towers data to estimate WUE.Finally,we quantitatively analyzed the impact of climate change and soil water content on WUE.The results showed that:(1)Four GPP and ET products provided good performance,with GOSIF-GPP and FLDAS-ET exhibiting a higher correlation and the smallest errors with the flux tower data.(2)The spatial pattern of WUE is consistent with that of GPP and ET,gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest.Higher WUE values appeared in the northeast forest ecosystem,and lower WUE values occurred in the western Gobi Desert,with a value of 0.28 gC m^(-2)mm^(-1).The GPP and ET products showed an increasing trend,while WUE showed a decreasing trend(55.15%)from 2001 to 2020.(3)The spatial relationship between WUE and driving factors reveal the variations in WUE of Inner Mongolia are mainly affected by soil moisture between 0 and 10 cm(SM0–10cm),vapor pressure deficit(VPD),and precipitation,respectively.(4)In arid regions,VPD and precipitation exhibit a major influence on WUE.An increase in VPD and precipitation has a negative and positive effect on WUE,with threshold values of approximately 0.36 k Pa and 426 mm,respectively.(5)In humid regions,SM0–10cm,VPD,SM10–40cm,and SM40–100cm exert a significant impact on WUE,especially SM0–10cm,and weakens with increasing soil depths,these differences may be related to physiological structure and living characteristics of vegetation types in different climate regimes.Our results emphasize the importance of VPD and soil moisture in regional variability in WUE.