Effects of Space Radiation Mutation on Germination and Growth of Sugarcane Hybrid Seeds

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the mutagenic effects of space radiation mutagenesis on sugarcane hybrid seeds. [Methods] Sugarcane hybrid spikes were subjected to space radiation mutagenesis treatment to identify the effects on the germination, seedling growth and plant growth and development of sugarcane hybrid seeds. [Results] The space radiation treatment had a great impact on the germination and growth of sugarcane hybrid seeds, especially on the germination of sugarcane seeds. The germination number per gram of seeds increased significantly, and the survival rate of seedlings increased significantly. The effect on the growth status was relatively small. The average number of tillers decreased slightly, the percentage of available stems increased, and the plants became higher, which resulted in a greater effect on sugarcane yield. Sugarcane sucrose was increased. The seed germination and late growth status indicated that space radiation promoted the germination and growth of sugarcane hybrid seeds. [Conclusions] This study provides a basis for the space radiation mutagenesis breeding of sugarcane hybrid seeds and the promotion of sugarcane breeding process.

Establishment and Application of Identification Methods for Resistance to Sugarcane White Leaf Disease(SCWL)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical identification methods for sugarcane resistance to white leaf disease(SCWL), and promote the breeding for sugarcane resistance to SCWL. [Methods]The identification technology of sugarcane resistance to SCWL was systematically studied and explored from the aspects of sugarcane material treatment and planting, inoculation liquid preparation, inoculation method, disease investigation, grading standard formulation, etc., and two sets of simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical accurate identification methods for sugarcane resistance to SCWL were created for the first time, namely, the seed cane coating inoculation method and the stem-cutting inoculation method at the growth stage. The seed cane coating inoculation method includes the steps of directly screening SCWL phytoplasma, extracting juice from cane and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, spraying seed cane on plastic film to keep moisture, planting the inoculated materials in barrels in an insect-proof greenhouse for cultivation, investigating the incidence rate 30 d after inoculation, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. The method of stem-cutting inoculation includes the steps of directly screening sugarcane stems carrying SCWL phytoplasma and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, cultivating the identification materials in an insect-proof greenhouse, dropping 100 μl of the inoculation liquid into each root incision with a pipette gun at the age of 6 months, investigating the incidence rate 20 d after planting, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. [Results] The two methods are similar to the natural transmission method. After inoculation, SCML occurred significantly, with high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The results of resistance identification were consistent with those of natural disease in the field. Through the two inoculation methods and field natural disease investigation, the resistance of 10 main cultivars to SCML was identified, which was true and reliable. [Conclusions] This study can provide standard varieties for identification of SCML resistance in the future.

整杆式甘蔗收获机喂入量识别方法研究

甘蔗收获机输送系统堵塞是影响收获机工作效率的主要因素之一,而喂入量过大是导致收获机堵塞情况发生的主要原因。在甘蔗输送条件复杂情况下传统的接触式检测方法存在精度降低等问题,所以提出一种基于视觉识别检测喂入量的方法。为提高喂入量的计算精度,通过改进的SGBM算法建立三维数据模型,在优化过程中利用SIFT进行特征提取,提高算法在遮挡等复杂情况下对甘蔗的三维重建精度和鲁棒性,最后进行喂入量计算。试验结果表明,在喂入1~5根甘蔗时,改进后的算法平均体积误差分别减少3.26%、5.68%、6.32%、8.45%、7.81%,存在蔗叶遮挡时分别减少6.29%、4.24%、6.15%、12%、10.28%,该方法实现在输送样机上对甘蔗喂入量的准确识别。

广西兴宾蔗区不同下种量和施氮量对甘蔗新品种桂糖46号生长、产量和经济效益的影响

为了解桂糖46号不同下种量和施氮量在兴宾蔗区种植表现,为桂糖46号高产高糖栽培提供参考,设置了5个下种量(75000、90000、105000、120000和135000芽/hm^(2))和4种施氮水平(75、150、300和600 kg/hm^(2)),分别进行桂糖46号新植蔗种植试验,以分析各处理农艺性状和经济效益表现。结果表明:在广西兴宾蔗区,按当地常规施肥水平,以120000芽/hm^(2)下种量处理蔗茎产量最高,75000芽/hm^(2)下种量处理产量最低,分别为109485 kg/hm^(2)和76020 kg/hm^(2);按当地常规下种量,以300 kg/hm^(2)施氮量处理蔗茎产量最高,以75 kg/hm^(2)施氮量处理的产量最低,分别为117255 kg/hm^(2)和93675 kg/hm^(2);下种量与施氮量分别与甘蔗产量呈极显著和显著正相关;105000芽/hm^(2)下种量处理和150 kg/hm^(2)施氮量处理经济效益较好,投入产出比分别为1:1.50和1:4.84。建议广西兴宾蔗区桂糖46号下种量为105000~120000芽/hm^(2),施氮量150~300 kg/hm^(2)(折尿素326.1~652.2 kg/hm^(2))。

甘肃省常见瓜菜种传病毒病及其消毒预防措施

种传病毒病对瓜菜产量及品质的影响很大,严重时会造成大幅度减产甚至绝收。本文通过实地调研并查阅大量文献,归纳总结了甘肃省瓜菜种子常见病毒病及其消毒预防措施,并为提高瓜菜种子消毒质量,促进甘肃省瓜菜种子健康生产及农业可持续高质量发展提供了可行性建议。

甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育过程中氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收及累积特征

探讨甘蔗脱毒原种苗不同生长时期氮、磷、钾营养元素的累积需求状况,为甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育栽培过程中养分管理提供参考。试验分别在2020、2021年进行,调查中糖1号甘蔗脱毒原种苗全生育期生长情况,测定其生物量及其在各生育阶段根、茎、叶中氮、磷、钾各营养元素的含量,并分析氮、磷、钾的累积量、阶段吸收量、日吸收速率。结果表明:甘蔗脱毒原种苗从种苗假植到种茎最佳收获时需6~7个月可达15茎节,在7、8月至9月下旬(茎1期至茎2期)蔗茎生长速度最快,以茎4期(10月下旬至11月下旬)干物质量累积增加最快,此阶段为生物量累积的关键阶段。在甘蔗脱毒原种苗全生育期中各元素含量及累积量从高到低依次为钾>氮>磷,在根茎叶各器官中蔗叶、蔗茎始终为氮、磷、钾含量相对较高的器官,氮、磷、钾累积量在茎伸长生长1期前主要贮存于蔗叶中,而后以蔗茎为新的主要贮存器官。甘蔗对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例在苗期和分蘖期分别为24.84%、26.18%、27.74%,在茎1~3期(7月下旬至10月下旬)分别为55.54%、58.61%、52.30%,茎4、5期(10月下旬至12月下旬)分别为19.62%、15.20%、19.96%。因此,可根据各元素的阶段吸收量进行合理施肥,进而提高甘蔗脱毒健康种苗的品质和经济效益。试验明确了甘蔗脱毒原种苗生长过程中对氮、磷、钾的需求状况,可为今后甘蔗脱毒健康种苗田间规模化繁育生产的科学合理施肥提供依据,提高脱毒原种苗田间繁育效率和养分资源利用效率。

甘蔗健康种苗机械化种植技术

探讨了甘蔗健康种苗培育技术,包括选种原则、育苗基质与营养液、育苗环境等因素,分析了机械化种植技术的应用,包括预切式、实时切种式等机械化种植技术的原理、特点及其在甘蔗健康种苗种植中的应用效果,以期对甘蔗健康种苗机械化种植技术的应用及推广提供参考。

Design and experimental research on disc-type seeding device for single-bud sugarcane seeds

Mechanized sugarcane seeding is one of the effective technical measures for improving seeding uniformity and operation efficiency.However,the imperfection of supporting equipment limits the promotion and application of this technology.As there are some problems in domestic sugarcane planting machines currently,such as large auxiliary labor,high labor intensity,low seeding uniformity,and large amount of seeds,a disc-type single-bud sugarcane seed metering device was innovatively designed on the basis of the analysis of physical properties of single-bud sugarcane seeds and the combination with agronomic requirements for field planting in this paper.Solidworks was used to simulate and analyze the mechanism,check the theoretical parameters,and process the test prototype.Through single-factor experiments,the effective factors affecting seeding uniformity were determined.A multi-factor orthogonal rotation test was designed,data were collected and then SPSS was used to get the optimal parameters for the seeding uniformity:the advancement speed of machine is 0.22 m/s,the number of disc seeding grooves is 10,the rotating disc speed is 0.18 r/s,and the seeding uniformity is 86.2%;the seeding uniformity was verified by field trial,and the results showed that the average seeding uniformity of the field verification was 83%,with the error 3.2% relative to the optimization result.The relative error is within 10%,indicating that the optimization result is reliable and meets the requirements of seeding uniformity,thus providing theoretical basis for the research and development of the disc-type single-bud seeding device.

基于改进YOLOv4的蔗种坏芽识别方法研究

为实现蔗种切种机构对坏芽蔗种实时检测剔除,提出一种基于改进YOLOv4的蔗种坏芽快速识别方法。通过在YOLOv4主干网络添加轻量的注意力模块(CBAM),以增强网络提取蔗芽特征能力,降低背景噪声对蔗芽识别精度的影响;并利用K-means算法对数据集重新聚类,生成符合蔗芽特征的锚定框,提高蔗种坏芽检测精度;将路径聚合网络中原有的标准卷积替换为深度可分离卷积,大幅减少参数降低计算负荷,整体识别速度得到提升。测试结果表明:改进后的网络模型比YOLOv4精确率提高3.12%,平均精确率均值提高4.15%,召回率提高3.69%,单张图像识别时间缩短7 ms。改进后算法实现对蔗种坏芽的快速准确识别,满足切种机构实时检测并剔除蔗种坏芽的需求。

基于斑马鱼模型的酸枣仁复合保健酒助睡眠功效和安全性研究

为研究酸枣仁复合保健酒的助睡眠功效和安全性,以受精后5 d斑马鱼为实验对象,通过水溶给予对戊四唑(PTZ)建立斑马鱼失眠模型,利用行为分析仪测定模型斑马鱼和正常斑马鱼的觉醒活动量和觉醒总时间,评价酸枣仁复合保健酒改善睡眠功效。以受精后2 d斑马鱼为实验对象,通过斑马鱼组织器官毒性发生率评价酸枣仁复合保健酒安全性。结果表明,酸枣仁复合保健酒具有改善模型斑马鱼和正常斑马鱼睡眠的功效,具体表现为:显著降低模型斑马鱼的觉醒活动量和觉醒总时间(P<0.05),降低了正常斑马鱼的觉醒活动量和觉醒总时间。斑马鱼急性毒性实验结果显示,酸枣仁复合保健酒在2.83μL/m L给予量下对斑马鱼是安全的,超过8.48μL/m L给予量对斑马鱼产生毒性作用。综上,酸枣仁复合保健酒对斑马鱼具有助睡眠功效。

Inverse design and accurate optimization of layered structured seeding mechanism for sugarcane planters

Existing sugarcane planters are difficult to have ideal seeding trajectory and motion attitude at the same time, and the speed is difficult to meet the requirements at the critical stage, resulting in poor stability, which ultimately makes it impossible to ensure that the sugarcane seeding is carried out in accordance with the agronomic requirements to ensure that the cane buds are oriented toward the wall of the seeding trench. Aiming at the second-order non-circular planetary gear system pendulum seeding mechanism of the planter, the paper innovatively adopts the combination of inverse design and multi-objective layered accurate optimization to solve the problems of attitude, speed and trajectory that do not meet the requirements of fixed-attitude seeding that still exists in the process of sugarcane seeding. The second-order non-circular planetary gear system is simplified into a three-rod two-degree-of-freedom mechanism, and the radius of the pitch curve of each non-circular gear is solved inversely by actively preplanning the static trajectory of the cane seed motion and analyzing the law of motion of the rod assembly. Determining the range of cane seed attitude angles in different motion phases as the first layer optimization objective, and fine-tuning the position of static trajectory key type value points to achieve the first layer optimization. Based on the non-circular gear pitch curve obtained from optimization, the interpolation points are marked on each non-circular gear pitch curve of the second-order non-circular planetary gear system, and based on the parameter optimization method of human-computer interaction, the radius values corresponding to the interpolation points of the non-circular gear pitch curve are fine-tuned to optimize the pitch curves, so as to satisfy the speed requirements of the cane species in each stage, and at the same time to make the convexity of non-circular gears in line with the principle of gear mesh, so as to complete the second layer of accurate optimization. The results of simulation verification show that the motion trajectory attitude of the virtual prototype is basically consistent with the theoretical model, which verifies the feasibility of the mechanism design. This study provides a new optimized design method for the cane seeding mechanism of sugarcane planters to achieve directional seeding.

中国甘蔗种业发展研究进展

我国是世界第三大产糖国和食糖消费国,甘蔗糖产量已占到了食糖的90%以上。甘蔗种业发展对我国糖业的发展至关重要,良种是实现甘蔗高产高糖高效栽培的关键。尽管我国甘蔗种质资源保存数量位居世界第一,甘蔗自育品种已经覆盖全国主要蔗区并建立了甘蔗品种繁育推广体系,但也面临着育种方式单一,种质资源收集不全,“育繁推”体系不畅等问题。为此,整合育种方法和资源评价方法,加大种质收集范围,大力推广健康种苗有望成为中国甘蔗种业未来的发展大方向。本文总结了我国甘蔗种业的发展历史、现状和存在的问题,并对甘蔗种业的发展前景作出展望。

甘蔗抠芽育苗移栽技术研究

为打破传统栽培模式,实现“种苗”代替“种茎”的重大变革,为500万亩双高糖料蔗基地提供配套的栽培技术。以桂糖55号的茎尖组培脱毒健康种苗一代种茎、二代种茎、三代种茎和常规种茎为试验材料。2019-2020年,设计健康种苗一代种茎抠芽(从蔗茎中抠出蔗芽用秧盘育苗)育苗不同密度T1(57 750株/hm^(2))、T2(33 750株/hm^(2))、T3(27 750株/hm^(2))、健康种苗一代种茎直播T4(60 000芽/hm^(2))和常规种茎对照T-CK(90 000芽/hm^(2))共5个处理;在此基础上,2021年设计健康种苗抠芽育苗一代种茎F1(30 000株/hm^(2))、二代种茎F2(30 000株/hm^(2))、三代种茎F3(30 000株/hm^(2))和常规种茎F-CK(30 000株/hm^(2))共4个处理。2019—2020年试验结果表明,健康种苗一代种茎抠芽育苗T3处理的新植蔗和宿根蔗的有效茎数比对照分别提高10.55%和19.27%,产量比对照分别提高7.92%和7.43%;健康种苗一代种茎处理的新植蔗糖分略低于对照,但宿根蔗的糖分没有差异。2021年试验结果表明,健康种苗抠芽育苗一代种茎(F1)、二代种茎(F2)和三代种茎(F3)抠芽育苗的甘蔗有效茎数比对照分别高57.14%、42.41%、42.56%,蔗茎产量比对照分别提高24.78%、39.06%和29.28%,差异均达到显著水平;二代种茎抠芽育苗的产量最高,为100 526.40 kg/hm^(2),高出对照39.06%,糖分也高出对照0.09(绝对值)。说明在滴灌条件下,甘蔗抠芽育苗的最佳代数是茎尖脱毒健康种苗二代种茎,密度为30 000株/hm^(2),茎尖脱毒健康种苗的蔗茎产量显著高于常规种茎。

清种补种上提式甘蔗排种器设计与试验

针对甘蔗横向排种器因无序排种导致漏播指数高、排种合格指数低,致使出芽率低影响甘蔗总产量的问题,该研究设计了一种具有清种补种功能的上提式甘蔗排种器。首先对排种过程进行动力学分析,确定排种器的关键结构和工作参数。然后采用EDEM-RecurDyn耦合仿真分析,模拟蔗段与弹性板间的碰撞,分析蔗段的受力及运动,并通过推压试验确定弹性板的参数。为获得排种器的最佳性能参数,在单因素试验基础上,进行二次回归正交旋转组合试验。结果表明:一级清种补种区长度、二级清种补种区长度对漏播指数、重播指数、合格指数具有显著影响(P<0.01);排种带速度对漏播指数具有显著性影响(P<0.01),而对重播指数、合格指数影响不显著(P>0.05)。利用多目标优化方法确定最佳参数组合为:一级清种补种区长度13 cm、二级清种补种区长度16 cm、排种带速度97 mm/s。此时,漏播指数为1.7%,重播指数为3.5%,合格指数为94.8%;与常规上提式排种器的漏播指数6.9%相比,该排种器漏播指数降低了75%。该排种器可有效减少甘蔗播种的漏播指数、提高排种的合格指数,有利于实现甘蔗的精准种植。

扦插快繁技术在甘蔗健康种苗繁育上的应用研究

健康种苗是保持良种的优良种性、减少病虫害发生最有效的措施之一,但由于其生产成本高、栽培条件要求严格等问题而导致推广应用缓慢。本团队在国内首次提出扦插技术应用于甘蔗健康种苗良种繁育的设想,为进一步验证扦插技术的可行性及其优势,设置原苗、剪主茎、扦插3个处理,研究了扦插技术下甘蔗健康种苗1年新植2年宿根的表现,综合分析扦插栽培模式的整体效果和收益,为扦插技术在甘蔗健康种苗快速繁育上的推广应用和进一步研究发展提供参考依据。结果表明:甘蔗健康种苗原苗剪去主茎后分蘖率显著提高,有效茎数显著增加,产量无显著影响;扦插处理的有效茎数显著多于其他处理,由于生长时间短导致新植蔗产量显著低于其他处理;各处理宿根产量无显著差异;“剪主茎+扦插”栽培模式的新植产量(66.07 t/hm^(2))略低于原苗处理(69.89 t/hm^(2)),第1年、第2年宿根产量与原苗处理互有高低,但差异不大,3年的总产量(274.05 t/hm^(2))与原苗处理(277.09 t/hm^(2))相当。新植时,“剪主茎+扦插”栽培模式可比原苗种植节约生产成本10505元/hm^(2),但产值减少1987元/hm^(2),合计增加收益8518元/hm^(2);综合新植和宿根共3年计算,共增加收益8924元/hm^(2)。因此,综合判断认为扦插可应用于甘蔗健康种苗快繁。该技术可节省健康种苗的购买生产费用,从而节约甘蔗健康种苗繁育生产成本,增加收益;在采用合理的扦插和栽培技术情况下,甘蔗产量和收益将进一步提高;该技术的可操作性和实用性强,进一步研究和应用该技术,对促进甘蔗优良新品种的推广应用、良种更新换代具有积极意义。

鱼类良种良养良销体系的建立

目前我国水产业以养殖为主,捕捞为辅。在2022年的水产品产量中,淡水养殖占47.91%,海水养殖占33.15%,捕捞占18.94%。在水产养殖中,鱼类养殖产量占52.16%,呈现出举足轻重的地位。“良种良养良销”是水产业中三个重要的组成部分,“良种”是水产业的龙头,“良养”是水产业的保障,加工、销售等“良销”环节是拉动水产业发展的重要动力。20世纪50年代以来,我国水产业取得了长足发展,为广大人民提供了丰富的水产品,解决了“吃鱼难”的问题。然而,目前我国水产业中有种无业、有业无种等现象还比较严重,没有从根本上解决“吃好鱼”及“吃放心鱼”的问题,为了加快我国水产业的发展,作者认为很有必要建立和实施“良种良养良销”体系,以推动我国水产业高质量发展。

甘蔗“健康种子”发芽率及生长影响因素分析

【目的】分析不同品种、种衣剂及保存天数对甘蔗"健康种子"发芽率及生长发育的影响,为甘蔗"健康种子"技术的研究和应用提供理论支持。【方法】采用温室沙培试验,测定不同甘蔗品种、种衣剂及保存天数处理下甘蔗"健康种子"的发芽率、株高及假茎粗。【结果】甘蔗"健康种子"的发芽率、株高及假茎粗存在明显的基因型差异,4个品种中,GT28的发芽率、株高和假茎粗均最高,分别为69.5%、13.7 cm和4.92 mm。不同种衣剂包衣处理可显著提高甘蔗"健康种子"的发芽率,但对株高和假茎粗的影响不明显,其中扑力猛包衣处理的甘蔗"健康种子"发芽率最高,株高较高,假茎较粗;高巧包衣处理的甘蔗"健康种子"发芽率最低,株高较矮,假茎较细。甘蔗"健康种子"发芽率随保存时间的延长而下降,保存2 d的种子发芽率最高,达83.6%;保存10 d时,发芽率降至50.0%以下。【结论】不同甘蔗品种单芽的发芽率具有明显的基因型差异,适当的种衣剂包衣处理可提高甘蔗"健康种子"的发芽率并促进其生长,且甘蔗"健康种子"的发芽率随保存时间的延长而降低。

甘蔗健康苗圃宿根矮化病检测及结果分析

甘蔗宿根矮化病(Ratoon Stunting Disease,RSD)是中国蔗区的一种主要甘蔗病害,影响甘蔗产量、蔗糖分及宿根蔗年限,也是导致甘蔗品种种性退化的重要原因之一,具有较严重的经济危害性。笔者应用实验室建立的甘蔗宿根矮化病菌PCR检测技术对1级或2级健康种苗圃种苗进行甘蔗宿根矮化病监测,以明确各级种苗圃宿根矮化病发生情况,为指导生产提供科学数据。检测结果为‘粤糖00-236’和ROC22新植1级和2级健康种苗圃均未检测出RSD,宿根1级健康种苗圃RSD检测率分别为20%和5%,各级健康种苗圃RSD总检出率分别为6.7%和2%,分别较其普通种茎苗RSD检出率降低86.6%和68%。结果表明,建立的甘蔗健康种苗圃已有效地去除了甘蔗RSD病菌。

甘蔗机械化种植的农艺技术分析

甘蔗糖业在保障我国食糖安全中的地位举足轻重,而机械化已成为提高我国甘蔗糖业国际竞争力急需突破的关键技术瓶颈。本文探讨了机械化种植在甘蔗生产全程机械化中的重要性,结合机械化种植对生态条件、耕层条件和高产苗期群体结构特点的技术要求,对甘蔗机械化种植的品种选择、种茎质量、下种量、植沟深度、覆土厚度、肥药使用、地膜覆盖等农艺技术进行了分析,为实现甘蔗全程机械化的高产稳产提供参考。

不同种茎处理对甘蔗萌芽和幼苗生长的影响

以不同部位、不同芽数和不同质量的甘蔗种茎为材料,分析不同种茎来源对甘蔗萌芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:中部种茎萌芽出苗及幼苗生长表现最好,萌芽率和苗高分别为72.81%和46.33 cm;单芽茎的萌芽率较低,苗较矮,而三芽茎、四芽茎和多芽茎的萌芽率和苗高差异不明显。正常种茎的萌芽率与倒伏种茎的差异不显著,与绵蚜危害种茎、螟虫危害种茎和黑穗病危害种茎的差异显著;正常种茎苗高与螟虫危害种茎的差异不显著,与绵蚜危害种茎、倒伏种茎和黑穗病危害种茎的差异显著;而黑穗病危害种茎芽萌发长成的植株只有3.82%为正常植株,其他均为黑穗苗。结果说明生产上选健康的甘蔗中部或梢部茎留种,以双芽段、三芽段、四芽段或多芽段种茎种植有利于甘蔗萌芽和幼苗生长。