Water-saving Potential in aeolian sand soil under straight tube and surface drip irrigation in Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China

Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation （STI）, the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI （1） improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; （2） achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; （3） had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and （4） formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.

Determinants of agricultural water saving technology adoption:an empirical study of 10 provinces of China

In recent years, China has been faced by an increasingly severe water shortage due to the continual growth of demand on water resources. Although the Chinese government has been actively promoting the agricultural water-saving technology adoption, it is ill-informed of the adoption degree of the current agricultural watersaving technologies as well as the function of the governmental policies, Therefore, this paper＂ analyzes the aforesaid problems based on investigative data of 10 provinces in China. The results demonstrate that although there is a rapid increase of adopted agricultural water-saving technologies, the actual adoption area is rather limited. Moreover, the governmental policies and scarcity of water resources are the deierminants of agricultural water-saving technology adoption. Ultimately, the paper proposes some policy suggestions.

Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

The technology and practice of water saving at Baosteel

With the development of the production scale and the increasing of the process technologies and facilities,product quality and the requirement of water supply continuously put forward new requirements to water treatment technology.The practice of the water saving technology should ensure the safe of water using and the innovation of technique data.Especially the stabilization of water quality should also meet the production at full capacity,reduce equipment failure rate and maintain the sustainable development under the condition of the minimal resource consumption.This article describes the practice of Baosteel saving technology,water-saving ideas from the system to start,according to Baosteel raw water intake requirements and process water and drainage characteristics,water and salt water tidal according to changes in the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River upstream and downstream trends in water discharge on water quality factors,established the electrical conductivity,chloride ion indicators for the control of the Yangtze River water,the implementation of 'avoid salt build light' water at the same time,combined with the actual situation of water pollution in the Yangtze River,the use of force coefficient correlation theory,the implementation of 'avoid taking clear pollution' to ensure the quality of raw water intake. System and cascade utilization of water,process water,based on whole plant water balance testing, analysis,technical parameters of the system and processes the user running the pressure balance pipe network,and implemented a stabilization system to adjust water pressure,reducing the water supply network systemwater loss;application of electrochemical principles,the implementation of the protection of underground pipes Baosteel,implemented a water use,steps to use,the operating mode of water supply in series to increase water reuse,reduce wastewater discharge system. Water quality stability and water-saving in the process;carry out water quality stability technology in the different complicated processes of the steel industry;apply the environmental protection and water quality, sterilization,non-phosphorus and low phosphorus technologies which are suitable for high concentration of circulating water.By these technologies,we achieved the water-saving in the process in different seasons and solved the technical problems affecting production such as equipment corrosion,scaling and the formation of the water quality proprietary technology under the conditions of high heat load production as well. The use of water ecological conservation and biological treatment technology:the implementation of the reservoir to the ecological technology is characterized by food chain and wetland environmental technology characterized by plants chain.Reservoir ecological management techniques in the use of natural conditions, wind direction,temperature,light and fish biomass in the reservoir water level regulation of balance and combination of organic,control and resolve the reservoirs in spring and summer algae problems and water quality changes rot of the 'fresh' operating problems.The artificial wetland technology develops a new way for metallurgical plants' wastewater treatment.All the measures by the implementation of water to create the conditions for the system to achieve the water target of constant innovation,reaching the advanced level of iron and steel enterprises.

Problems and Development Countermeasures of Agricultural Water-Saving Irrigation

Agriculture is the biggest water user in China,and the development of agricultural water-saving has great significance to the national economy and social development. In this paper,the present situation of water used in agriculture irrigation and water-saving potential were analyzed,and the ＂ bottleneck＂ and main problems existing in water-saving irrigation in China were discussed. From the aspects of engineering investment channels,agricultural water-saving policies and management system,reform of agricultural water price and water right transfer,improvement of farmers＇ water-saving consciousness,and promotion of rural land transfer,suggestions were proposed for the development of China＇s agricultural water-saving in future,which will provide a technical support for the sustainable use of agricultural water resources in China.

Discussion about the standard system on urban domestic water saving technology in China

Standard is the technical foundation of national economic and social development, and it is the basic rule of establishing social regulation. Researching and constituting the standard system of urban domestic water saving technology is to offer important science basis for revising standard plan and standardize research plan. This paper introduces the present situation of our urban domestic water saving technical standard system, problem and the development direction in the future, as well as project planning of constructing urban domestic water saving technical standard system.

Technologies for Efficient Use of Irrigation Water and Energy in China

While the shortage of water and energy is a well-recognized worldwide natural resources issue, little attention has been given to irrigation energy efficiency. In this paper, we examine the potential energy savings that can be achieved by implementing improved irrigation technologies in China. The use of improved irrigation management measures such as a flow meter, irrigation scheduling, and/or regular maintenance and upgrades, typically reduces the amount of water pumped over the course of a growing season. The total energy saved by applying these improved measures could reach 20%, as compared with traditional irrigation methods. Two methods of irrigation water conveyance by traditional earth canal and low pressure pipeline irrigation （LPPI） were also evaluated. Our study indicated that LPPI could save 6.48x 109 kWh yr1 when applied to 11 Chinese provinces. Also, the COz emission was reduced by 6.72 metric tons per year. Among these 11 surveyed provinces, the energy saving potential for two provinces, Hebei and Shandong, could reach 1.45 x 109 kWh yr^-1. Using LPPI, potential energy saved and CO2 emissions reduced in the other 20 Chinese provinces were estimated at about 2.97×109 kWh yr-1 and 2.69 metric tons per year, respectively. The energy saving potential for Heilongjiang, a major agriculture province, could reach 1.77× 109 kWh yr-1, which is the largest in all provinces. If LPPI is applied to the entire country, average annual energy saving of more than 9 billion kWh and average annual CO2 emission reduction of more than 9.0 metric tons could be realized. Rice is one of the largest users of the world＇s fresh water resources. Compared with continuous flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation （ITI） can improve yield and water-use efficiency in paddy fields. The total increments of net output energy and yield by ITI in paddy fields across China could reach 2.5× 1016 calories and l07 tons, respectively. So far only a small part of agricultural land in China has adopted water and energy saving technologies. Therefore, potential water and energy savings in China by adapting improved irrigation technology could be significant and should be carefully studied and applied.

Groasis Waterboxx造林技术在沙丘的造林效果

[目的]为解决干旱荒漠区沙丘造林成活率低的技术难题,从荷兰Groasis引进Waterboxx保水、节水造林器及技术,并分析其应用效果。[方法]在甘肃省民勤县流动沙丘和半固定沙丘上,用梭梭、花棒、柠条锦鸡儿、柽柳等固沙植物进行造林试验,采用直观统计观测的方法,研究Groasis Waterboxx在沙丘上造林后的风蚀、温度、保水和苗木成活率情况。[结果](1)春季用Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术,流动沙丘风蚀情况比半固定沙丘严重2.0~6.0倍,造林效果差;从沙丘迎风面不同部位的风蚀情况来看,流动沙丘和半固定沙丘总体均表现为:顶部>中部>底部;(2)Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术在高温季节能有效降低苗木根际土壤地温近50%,保护苗木免受高温灼伤,促进苗木生长;低温季节还能有效保持根际表面地温在5℃左右,防止苗木遭受低温冻害;(3)Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术能使苗木周边0—40cm表土层含水量长期保持在6%~12%,保证苗木成活期的水分持续供给;(4)Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术能显著提高苗木成活率30%~60%。[结论]Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术在半固定沙丘造林效果优于流动沙丘,能够显著提高苗木成活率。

Water-conducting Characteristics and Micro-dynamic Self-adjusting Behavior of Polyacrylamide/Montinorillonite Coating

A water-conducting polyacrylamide/montmorillonite coating was prepared by solutionblending.The coating was coated on fiber and then composited with polymer to form a composite film material that used for water saving and tree planting in arid and desert regions.The coating＇s water-conducting characteristics and dynamic self-adjusting behavior were investigated by Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）spectroscopy,thermal analysis（TG-DTA）,and environmental scanning electron microscopy（ESEM）.The results showed that the coating＇s water-conducting rate increased but water-retention capacity weakened with increasing montmorillonite content.The water-loss rate was positively related to temperature and negatively related to soil moisture.Water potential greatly influenced the water-conducting rate of the coating during its water conduction process.When the coating was at a low water potential,the montmorillonite particles interconnected and water was conducted quickly via montmorillonite layers,whereas when the coating was at a high potential,the montmorillonite particles disconnected and water was conducted slowly via the swelled polyacrylamide net structure.The rate can be regulated by changing the proportion of polyacrylamide and montmorillonite to guarantee a reasonable water supply for trees and make trees easier to survive.Thus,the survival rate of trees can be increased and the use of water resources can be significantly reduced.

Prediction of Efficient Water Use in Crop Farming of Hebei Province

In order to alleviate the grim situation of groundwater overexploitation in Hebei Province, using the expert interview method and law of large numbers, we predict the water consumption and amount of water saving concerning 7 different crops in 3 schemes ("low", "medium", "high") under economical irrigation in different ecological areas during the period 2011-2015, and the period 2016-2020 in Hebei Province. (i) During the period 2011-2015, in "low" scheme, the water consumption will be about 12.9 billion m3, and the amount of water saving is about 1.4 billion m3; in "medium" scheme, the water consumption will be about 12.2 billion m3, and the amount of water saving will be about 2.1 billion m3; in "high" scheme, the water consumption will be about 11.5 billion m3, and the amount of water saving will be 2.8 billion m3. (ii) During the period 2016-2020, in "low" scheme, the water consumption will be about 12.3 billion m3, and the amount of water saving will be about 0.7 billion m3; in "medium" scheme, the water consumption will be about 11.2 billion m3, and the amount of water saving will be about 1 billion m3; in "high" scheme, the water consumption will be about 10.2 billion m3, and the amount of water saving will be 1.2 billion m3. We can find that each "medium" scheme is ideal, having the greatest feasibility, which can provide a theoretical basis for solving some problems in Hebei Province in the next 5 to 10 years, such as serious water resources shortage and overexploitation.

基于系统动力学模型的干旱区农业节水潜力计算

【目的】利用系统动力学方法评估干旱区农业节水潜力。【方法】考虑荒漠化、水土流失等因素对节水的影响,选取农业用水量、耕地灌溉面积、灌溉水有效利用系数、粮经比、水土保持率等30个要素,借助Vensim PLE软件绘制系统动力学流图,构建了干旱区农业节水潜力计算模型,以内蒙古地区(不含东四盟市)为例,对短期规划年(2035年)和长期规划年(2050年)的区域农业节水潜力进行预测。【结果】研究区短期规划年的节水潜力为25.18亿m3,长期规划年的节水潜力为29.58亿m3,其中巴彦淖尔市的节水潜力最大,乌海市最小。在节水潜力组成中,工程节水占比最大,约为52.83%,技术节水占比最小,约为16.91%,工程节水占比呈逐年增长趋势。【结论】本研究将系统动力学运用到农业节水潜力估算当中,可为干旱区制定农业节水发展政策提供技术支撑。

节水技术对农户粮食生产效率的影响研究

节水技术作为提高农户生产灌溉环节粮食生产效率的有效途径,对于保障我国用水和粮食安全至关重要。基于河北、河南、山东、安徽、湖北5大粮食主产区粮食种植农户调查问卷,运用SFA-Tobit模型研究了节水技术对粮食生产效率的影响,并对作用机制进行了分析。①现阶段在粮食生产环节仍存在28.2%的粮食生产效率损失特征;②采纳与持续采纳节水技术的农户在高效率生产阶段分布更具优势,节水技术的采纳可显著提高农户粮食生产效率;③节水技术的采纳有利于通过促进农户规模经营、节省灌溉时长进一步提升粮食生产效率;④节水补贴和农地流转在农户节水技术采纳过程中对粮食生产效率的提高具有正向激励作用;⑤节水技术对粮食生产效率的提升效应存在年龄和收入的门槛限制,对于高农业收入占比和年长农户而言,提升作用明显。因此,应充分发挥政府在农户节水技术采纳中的主体作用,精准开展农业节水补贴、扎实铺开农田水利基础灌溉设施建设、建立技术采纳监测和评估机制。

工业企业水平衡测试与节水分析

企业水平衡测试是促进工业节水的一项行之有效的方法,本文对某工业企业的取用水状况及水源之间的转换、回收利用的关系进行分析,将用水过程细化到单台设备,同时分工序、分厂区进行量化汇总,对可完善之处提出合理化的分析和建议。为健全企业用水档案,弥补和完善供用水基础资料,也为企业今后有序生产发展,提升用水管理水平提供依据和参考资料。

某银行数据中心机房暖通空调系统升级改造与节能对比分析

对成都市某银行数据机房传统风冷空调系统进行了升级改造,更换为变频氟泵自然冷却空调,且空调室外机采用喷淋-蒸发冷凝技术以提高机组运行能效比,在氟泵模式下实现自然冷却;同时采用CFD仿真模拟实现机房气流组织冷风合理输配,采用BIM技术实现施工过程精准模拟;采用AI节能控制,实现机房空调的最佳运行输出与机房冷量需求的高度匹配以实现节能降耗。在同等布置空间内,改造后的机房空调系统制冷量提升约45%,用电量下降46.5%,机房电能利用效率(PUE)下降至1.4。

永定河流域节水农业高质量发展路径探索

农业是永定河流域用水大户,发展节水农业、建立永定河流域农业长效节水机制,对推动流域综合治理与生态修复、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。基于永定河流域农业节水灌溉工程面积不断增加、节水技术不断提高、农业用水量稳定下降等发展现状,从降水量、节水农业技术、节水农业管理基础、农业用水管理和节水农业机制五个方面分析了永定河流域节水农业发展尚存在的问题。针对上述问题,以永定河流域投资有限公司节水农业高质量发展路径创新探索为例,总结梳理出节水增粮、科技引领、水源管控和合同节水四种节水农业发展模式,阐述了四种模式的构建形式、各自优势及其在永定河流域的实践应用情况。通过对节水农业发展模式路径的不断探索、实践与完善,永定河流域节水农业发展在节水能力、增粮增效和生态效益方面成效初显。针对永定河流域节水农业高质量发展,提出相关建议。

Water-Saving and High-Yielding Irrigation for Lowland Rice by Controlling Limiting Values of Soil Water Potential

The present study investigated whether an irrigation system could be established to save water and increase grain yield to enhance water productivity by proper water management at the field level in irrigated lowland rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Using two field-grown rice cultivars, two irrigation systems; conventional irrigation and water-saving irrigation, were conducted. In the water-saving irrigation system, limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages were proposed as irrigation indices. Compared with conventional irrigation where drainage was in mid-season and flooded at other times, the water-saving irrigation increased grain yield by 7.4% to 11.3%, reduced irrigation water by 24.5% to 29.2%, and increased water productivity （grain yield per cubic meter of irrigation water） by 43.1% to 50.3%. The water-saving irrigation significantly increased harvest index, improved milling and appearance qualities, elevated zeatin-I-zeaUn riboside concentrations in root bleedings and enhanced activities of sucrose synthase, adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in grains. Our results indicate that water-saving irrigation by controlling limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages can enhance physiological activities of roots and grains, reduce water input, and increase grain yield.

An improved ET control method to determine the water-saving potential for farmland in Baiyangdian Watershed, China

Resource-based water-saving potential has been recognized as the reduction of evapotranspiration and water loss of inefficient irrigation systems. In this paper, an improved evapotranspiration control model is applied to calculate resource-based water-saving potential, considering the influences of effective rainfall （uncontrolled evapotranspiration） and irrigated water （controlled evapotranspiration）. Farmland in Baiyangdian Watershed, a highly productive area in northern China, is analyzed to determine the water-saving potential of irrigation processes. The water-saving potential was zero, 163.90 × 10^6m3, and 318.24 × 10^6m3 in wet, normal, and dry years, respectively, and was greater in years with less rainfall. Under the combined effect of rainfall, crop water consumption, and crop water requirements, the water-saving potential showed obvious temporal and spatial variations. July and August comprised almost 98.6% of the annual potential. In the northeast and southwest corner of the study area, potential approached zero. The potential was 1.53 times greater in the north-central than in the south-central area. The model can furnish the appropriate timing and region to water managers for implementing water-saving strategies.

西南水稻主产区用水现状与绿色高效灌排技术

西南水稻主产区面临季节性干旱、工程性缺水等生产问题,绿色高效灌排技术是该区域实现节水稳产增效的关键举措,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水稻生产用水现状和灌排技术现状,阐述了西南水稻主产区绿色高效灌排体系的基本特征、绿色高效灌排的具体技术类型,提出了由稻田精准需水预报、灌区精量配水管理、田间高效用水管理、田间高效排水管理构成的绿色高效灌排技术模式。研究发现,西南水稻主产区水资源丰富但时空分布不均,节水灌溉和排水技术落后且对各地区气候条件、水资源量、地形的适用性有较大差异。建议研发稻田灌排高效协同调控新技术、推广绿色高效灌排技术体系、优化稻田水肥运筹模式、开发稻田智能灌排与信息化管理系统、构建水稻绿色高效灌排技术多维推广体系,据此推动西南水稻主产区节水提质增效与绿色减污降排多赢。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

中国农业节水十年:成就、挑战及对策

水是农业的命脉。在水资源紧缺形势下,保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给,必须实施农业节水,发展高水效农业。在系统总结过去10年我国农业节水在保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给、促进区域农业可持续发展和生态环境改善、促进现代农业转型升级和提质增效以及带动农业节水产业发展等方面取得的巨大成就基础上,分析了当前我国农业节水与国际先进水平的差距,以及在农业节水相关基础数据观测和长期积累、节水评价指标体系和考核标准、灌溉面积盲目扩张与农业适水发展、灌区续建配套节水改造和高标准农田建设衔接、高效节水灌溉与农艺技术配套、农业水价综合改革与节水灌溉工程设施可持续运行机制和政策、农业节水科技创新与节水产业发展等方面面临的问题和挑战,提出了促进农业节水高质量发展的建议。