Objective: To compare bioi lm formation in trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(SXT)-susceptible Escherichia coli(E. coli)(SSEC) and SXT-resistant E. coli(SREC) isolated from patients with urinary tract infections, and study...Objective: To compare bioi lm formation in trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(SXT)-susceptible Escherichia coli(E. coli)(SSEC) and SXT-resistant E. coli(SREC) isolated from patients with urinary tract infections, and study the motile ability and physical characteristics of the isolates.Methods: A total of 74 E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the disc diffusion assay. Based on the SXT-susceptibility test, the E. coli isolates were divided into SSEC(N = 30) and SREC(N = 44) groups. All E. coli isolates were examined for motile ability by using a motility test medium, and for checking bioi lm formation a scanning electron microscope was used. Bacterial colony size was measured with a vernier caliper and bacterial cell length was measured under a light microscope. The bacterial growth rate was studied by plotting the cell growth(absorbance) versus the incubation time. Results: The frequencies of non-motility and biofilm formation in the SREC group were signii cantly higher than that in the SSEC group(P < 0.01). The SREC bacterial cell length was shorter than that in the SSEC group [(1.35 ± 0.05) vs.(1.53 ± 0.05) μm, P < 0.05)], whereas the bacterial colony size and mid-log phase of the growth curve were not signii cantly dif erent. Conclusions: The present study indicated that bioi lm formation and phenotypic change of uropathogenic E. coli can be attributed to the mechanism of E. coli SXT resistance.展开更多
Objectives: To determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) alone and in combination with levofloxacin (LVX) against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) and to d...Objectives: To determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) alone and in combination with levofloxacin (LVX) against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) and to determine if the combination may decrease the emergence of resistant mutants. Methods: The MPC with 20 S. maltophilia strains which were both susceptible to SXT and LVX were determined by inhibiting visible growth among 1010 CFU on four agar plates after 72 hours incubation at 37°C. Results: All except two strains (18/20) showed a mutant prevention concentration ≥ 152/8 μg/mL for SXT and the range of the mutant prevention concentration for the SXT in combination with LVX is 9.5/0.5~608/32 μg/mL, which demonstrates at least 2 fold reduction except one strain. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between SXT alone and in combination with LVX on the mutant prevention concentration and mutant prevention concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration values. Conclusions: The MPC/MIC values were narrowed for SXT by combining with LVX against the S maltophilia. The combination may decrease the enrichment of mutant bacterial populations. Much study is needed to verify whether the using of drug combinations may restrict or even block the selection of S. maltophilia mutants.展开更多
Our previous study suggested that the production of superantigens and heat-shock protein 60 by small intestinal bacteria might play a role in Kawasaki disease (KD). We demonstrated that they were all resistant to comm...Our previous study suggested that the production of superantigens and heat-shock protein 60 by small intestinal bacteria might play a role in Kawasaki disease (KD). We demonstrated that they were all resistant to commonly used antibiotics, except for sulamethoxazole trimethoprim (SMX-TMP). We used SMX-TMP for 7 cases of KD that were unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and studied the antipyretic potency of this treatment. In 6 out of the 7 cases, we demonstrated that antipyretic potency was observed without side effects within 2 days of the initial administration. Antimicrobial therapy using SMX-TMP might represent a novel strategy for cases of KD that are unresponsive to IVIG.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim is a commonly used drug in a variety of clinically indicated scenarios, but it is not without side effect. Case-reports have stated that adverse r...<strong>Background:</strong> Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim is a commonly used drug in a variety of clinically indicated scenarios, but it is not without side effect. Case-reports have stated that adverse reactions secondary to Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim can present very early in the course of treatment, especially in patients who have a higher predisposition. Thus, the burden is placed on the clinician to be wary of these side effects and be able to recognize them in the correct clinic scenario. Objective: To discuss the risk of developing cholestatic hepatic dysfunction secondary to treatment with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. <strong>Methods:</strong> We present the history, physical findings, laboratory investigations, and clinical course of a 47-year-old African-American female who developed cholestatic hepatic dysfunction after treatment with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for pyelonephritis. <strong>Results:</strong> Drug-induced liver injury is a rare complication of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim therapy and only 20% of cases are secondary to cholestatic hepatic dysfunction. Our patient, who had been on sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for 7 days for pyelonephritis, presented to our hospital with a clinical picture consistent with hepatic injury;her laboratory investigations were noteworthy for an elevated white blood cell count, platelet count, and elevated transaminases, along with alkaline phosphatase levels greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal. Promptly following the discontinuation of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, our patient improved clinically and her liver enzymes down-trended during the course of her hospital stay. She returned to normal at her 4 month follow up, thus confirming the diagnosis of cholestatic hepatic dysfunction secondary to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Cholestatic hepatic dysfunction is a form of drug-induced liver injury and a rare complication of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim treatment. The majority of cases resolve following discontinuation of the offending medication. However, a small percentage of patients may progress to liver failure and ultimately require liver transplantation. Clinicians should be aware of these risks to avoid delaying the discontinuation of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.展开更多
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is associated with severe hepatic toxicity or liver failure. We present a case of severe hepatic toxicity for whom TMP-SMZ was prescribed as part of treatment for mixed connecti...Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is associated with severe hepatic toxicity or liver failure. We present a case of severe hepatic toxicity for whom TMP-SMZ was prescribed as part of treatment for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). TMP-SMZ was used to prevent complications from steroid therapy, but fever and hepatic toxicity developed with repeated TMP-SMZ medication. While the drug lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) for TMP-SMZ showed negative, the genotype for N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) showed type *6/*7, which is the slow acetylating type for NAT2 activity. This finding for NAT2 genotype and the patient’s clinical history lead us to speculate that her fever and hepatic toxicity were caused by TMP-SMZ.展开更多
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (TMP-SMX)-induced rhabdomyolysis is a rare complication of a commonly used antibiotic. This is a case report of a 43-year old immunocompetent African American woman with a history of depr...Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (TMP-SMX)-induced rhabdomyolysis is a rare complication of a commonly used antibiotic. This is a case report of a 43-year old immunocompetent African American woman with a history of depression and chronic alcohol consumption who presented to the emergency department (ED) with worsening bilateral leg pain. Before presentation, the patient was prescribed a twice daily dose of TMP-SMX for a urinary tract infection. The patient reported the development of intensifying leg pain after taking five doses of TMP-SMX. On presentation to the ED she was hemodynamically stable, afebrile, and leg pain intensity 10 out of 10. The patient admitted to daily alcohol consumption and taking vortioxetine 10 mg per day for treatment of depression. Initial labs drawn in the ED showed an elevated creatine kinase (CK) of 26,231 U/L and a normal serum creatinine (SCr) of 1 mg/dL. Through patient history and laboratory tests, common causes of rhabdomyolysis were ruled out. Treatment was initiated with IV fluids plus thiamine and folic acid supplementation, TMP-SMX was discontinued, and vortioxetine 10 mg per day was continued until hospital day five. The patient began to show improvement in lower extremity pain and tenderness and was discharged on hospital day eight with minimal residual leg pain and a CK of 2809 U/L. This case report presents only the third incidence of an immunocompetent patient developing TMP-SMX-induced rhabdomyolysis. This case highlights an opportunity for a pharmacist’s intervention and the need for future research to determine risk factors of TMP-SMX-induced rhabdomyolysis in immunocompetent patients.展开更多
Four artificial composite soil treatment systems(ACSTs)fed with reclaimed water containing trimethoprim(TMP)and sulfamethoxazole(SMX)were constructed to investigate SMX and TMP biodegradation efficiency,ammonia and ni...Four artificial composite soil treatment systems(ACSTs)fed with reclaimed water containing trimethoprim(TMP)and sulfamethoxazole(SMX)were constructed to investigate SMX and TMP biodegradation efficiency,ammonia and nitrite removal conditions and the microbial community within ACST layers.Results showed SMX and TMP removal rates could reach 80% and 95%,respectively,and removal rates of ammonia and nitrite could reach 80% and 90%,respectively,in ACSTs.The MiSeq sequencing results showed that microbial community structures of the ACSTs were similar.The dominant microbial community in the adsorption and biodegradation layers of the ACSTs contained Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria and Nitrospirae.Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were considerably dominant in the ACST biodegradation layers.The entire experimental results indicated that Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured,Nitrospira and Bacillus were associated with nitrification processes,while Bacillus and Lactococcus were associated with SMX and TMP removal processes.The findings suggest that ACSTs are appropriate for engineering applications.展开更多
基金Supported by Incubation Research Project-2012 grant,Khon Kaen University,Thailand
文摘Objective: To compare bioi lm formation in trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(SXT)-susceptible Escherichia coli(E. coli)(SSEC) and SXT-resistant E. coli(SREC) isolated from patients with urinary tract infections, and study the motile ability and physical characteristics of the isolates.Methods: A total of 74 E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the disc diffusion assay. Based on the SXT-susceptibility test, the E. coli isolates were divided into SSEC(N = 30) and SREC(N = 44) groups. All E. coli isolates were examined for motile ability by using a motility test medium, and for checking bioi lm formation a scanning electron microscope was used. Bacterial colony size was measured with a vernier caliper and bacterial cell length was measured under a light microscope. The bacterial growth rate was studied by plotting the cell growth(absorbance) versus the incubation time. Results: The frequencies of non-motility and biofilm formation in the SREC group were signii cantly higher than that in the SSEC group(P < 0.01). The SREC bacterial cell length was shorter than that in the SSEC group [(1.35 ± 0.05) vs.(1.53 ± 0.05) μm, P < 0.05)], whereas the bacterial colony size and mid-log phase of the growth curve were not signii cantly dif erent. Conclusions: The present study indicated that bioi lm formation and phenotypic change of uropathogenic E. coli can be attributed to the mechanism of E. coli SXT resistance.
文摘Objectives: To determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) alone and in combination with levofloxacin (LVX) against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) and to determine if the combination may decrease the emergence of resistant mutants. Methods: The MPC with 20 S. maltophilia strains which were both susceptible to SXT and LVX were determined by inhibiting visible growth among 1010 CFU on four agar plates after 72 hours incubation at 37°C. Results: All except two strains (18/20) showed a mutant prevention concentration ≥ 152/8 μg/mL for SXT and the range of the mutant prevention concentration for the SXT in combination with LVX is 9.5/0.5~608/32 μg/mL, which demonstrates at least 2 fold reduction except one strain. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between SXT alone and in combination with LVX on the mutant prevention concentration and mutant prevention concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration values. Conclusions: The MPC/MIC values were narrowed for SXT by combining with LVX against the S maltophilia. The combination may decrease the enrichment of mutant bacterial populations. Much study is needed to verify whether the using of drug combinations may restrict or even block the selection of S. maltophilia mutants.
文摘Our previous study suggested that the production of superantigens and heat-shock protein 60 by small intestinal bacteria might play a role in Kawasaki disease (KD). We demonstrated that they were all resistant to commonly used antibiotics, except for sulamethoxazole trimethoprim (SMX-TMP). We used SMX-TMP for 7 cases of KD that were unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and studied the antipyretic potency of this treatment. In 6 out of the 7 cases, we demonstrated that antipyretic potency was observed without side effects within 2 days of the initial administration. Antimicrobial therapy using SMX-TMP might represent a novel strategy for cases of KD that are unresponsive to IVIG.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim is a commonly used drug in a variety of clinically indicated scenarios, but it is not without side effect. Case-reports have stated that adverse reactions secondary to Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim can present very early in the course of treatment, especially in patients who have a higher predisposition. Thus, the burden is placed on the clinician to be wary of these side effects and be able to recognize them in the correct clinic scenario. Objective: To discuss the risk of developing cholestatic hepatic dysfunction secondary to treatment with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. <strong>Methods:</strong> We present the history, physical findings, laboratory investigations, and clinical course of a 47-year-old African-American female who developed cholestatic hepatic dysfunction after treatment with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for pyelonephritis. <strong>Results:</strong> Drug-induced liver injury is a rare complication of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim therapy and only 20% of cases are secondary to cholestatic hepatic dysfunction. Our patient, who had been on sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for 7 days for pyelonephritis, presented to our hospital with a clinical picture consistent with hepatic injury;her laboratory investigations were noteworthy for an elevated white blood cell count, platelet count, and elevated transaminases, along with alkaline phosphatase levels greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal. Promptly following the discontinuation of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, our patient improved clinically and her liver enzymes down-trended during the course of her hospital stay. She returned to normal at her 4 month follow up, thus confirming the diagnosis of cholestatic hepatic dysfunction secondary to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Cholestatic hepatic dysfunction is a form of drug-induced liver injury and a rare complication of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim treatment. The majority of cases resolve following discontinuation of the offending medication. However, a small percentage of patients may progress to liver failure and ultimately require liver transplantation. Clinicians should be aware of these risks to avoid delaying the discontinuation of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
文摘Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is associated with severe hepatic toxicity or liver failure. We present a case of severe hepatic toxicity for whom TMP-SMZ was prescribed as part of treatment for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). TMP-SMZ was used to prevent complications from steroid therapy, but fever and hepatic toxicity developed with repeated TMP-SMZ medication. While the drug lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) for TMP-SMZ showed negative, the genotype for N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) showed type *6/*7, which is the slow acetylating type for NAT2 activity. This finding for NAT2 genotype and the patient’s clinical history lead us to speculate that her fever and hepatic toxicity were caused by TMP-SMZ.
文摘Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (TMP-SMX)-induced rhabdomyolysis is a rare complication of a commonly used antibiotic. This is a case report of a 43-year old immunocompetent African American woman with a history of depression and chronic alcohol consumption who presented to the emergency department (ED) with worsening bilateral leg pain. Before presentation, the patient was prescribed a twice daily dose of TMP-SMX for a urinary tract infection. The patient reported the development of intensifying leg pain after taking five doses of TMP-SMX. On presentation to the ED she was hemodynamically stable, afebrile, and leg pain intensity 10 out of 10. The patient admitted to daily alcohol consumption and taking vortioxetine 10 mg per day for treatment of depression. Initial labs drawn in the ED showed an elevated creatine kinase (CK) of 26,231 U/L and a normal serum creatinine (SCr) of 1 mg/dL. Through patient history and laboratory tests, common causes of rhabdomyolysis were ruled out. Treatment was initiated with IV fluids plus thiamine and folic acid supplementation, TMP-SMX was discontinued, and vortioxetine 10 mg per day was continued until hospital day five. The patient began to show improvement in lower extremity pain and tenderness and was discharged on hospital day eight with minimal residual leg pain and a CK of 2809 U/L. This case report presents only the third incidence of an immunocompetent patient developing TMP-SMX-induced rhabdomyolysis. This case highlights an opportunity for a pharmacist’s intervention and the need for future research to determine risk factors of TMP-SMX-induced rhabdomyolysis in immunocompetent patients.
文摘Four artificial composite soil treatment systems(ACSTs)fed with reclaimed water containing trimethoprim(TMP)and sulfamethoxazole(SMX)were constructed to investigate SMX and TMP biodegradation efficiency,ammonia and nitrite removal conditions and the microbial community within ACST layers.Results showed SMX and TMP removal rates could reach 80% and 95%,respectively,and removal rates of ammonia and nitrite could reach 80% and 90%,respectively,in ACSTs.The MiSeq sequencing results showed that microbial community structures of the ACSTs were similar.The dominant microbial community in the adsorption and biodegradation layers of the ACSTs contained Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria and Nitrospirae.Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were considerably dominant in the ACST biodegradation layers.The entire experimental results indicated that Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured,Nitrospira and Bacillus were associated with nitrification processes,while Bacillus and Lactococcus were associated with SMX and TMP removal processes.The findings suggest that ACSTs are appropriate for engineering applications.
