Calculation of salt-frost heave of sulfate saline soil due to long-term freeze−thaw cycles

Based on salt-frost heave tests of sulfate saline soil under repeated freeze−thaw cycles,this paper discusses the mechanism of the salt-frost heave under long-term freeze−thaw cycles.The results show that the salt-frost heave can be restricted considerably by loads,and there is a critical load for the salt-frost heave cumulative effect.Under this load,peak values of salt-frost heave approach a constant,and the residual values become 0.There is no longer structure heave or cumulative effect of saline soil exposed to freeze−thaw cycles under the critical load.Taking cumulative effect into account in calculations of salt-frost heave,a salt-frost heave model under freeze−thaw cycles is developed.

Thermal-water-salt coupling process of unsaturated saline soil under unidirectional freezing

Salinization and desertification are closely related to water-salt migration caused by a temperature gradient.Based on the Darcy Law of unsaturated soils,the law of energy conservation and the law of mass conservation,the thermal-water-salt coupling mathematical model of unsaturated frozen saline soil was established.The model considered the latent heat of phase change,crystallization impedance,crystallization consumption and complete precipitation of solute crystallization in ice.In order to verify the rationality of the model,the unidirectional freezing test of unsaturated saline soil was carried out in an open system with no-pressure water supplement to obtain the spatial distribution of temperature,moisture and salt in the saline soil.Finally,numerical simulations are implemented with the assistance of COMSOL Multiphysics.Validation of the model is illustrated by comparisons between the simulation and experimental data.The results demonstrated that the temperature within saline soil changes with time and can be divided into three stages,namely quick freezing stage,transitional stage and stable stage.The water and salt contents in the freezing zone are layered,with peak values at the freezing front.The coupled model could reveal the heat-mass migration mechanism of unsaturated frozen saline soil and dynamically describe the freezing depth and the movement law of the freezing front,ice and salt crystal formation mechanism,and the change law of thermal conductivity and permeability coefficient.

Amelioration of Saline-Sodic Soils with Tillage Implements and Sulfuric Acid Application

Amelioration of saline-sodic soils through land preparation with three tillage implements （disc plow, rotavator and cultivator） each followed by application of sulfuric acid at 20% of gypsum （CaSO4-2H2O） requirement or no sulfuric acid application during crop growth period was evaluated in a field study for 2.5 years at three sites, i.e., Jhottianwala, Gabrika （Thabal）, and Thatta Langar, in Tehsil Pindi Bhattian, Hafizahad District, Pakistan. Within 2.5 years, there was a decrease in the salinity parameters measured （electrical conductivity, pH, and sodium adsorption ratio）, with a gradual increase in rice and wheat grain yields. It was observed that the disc plow, which not only ensured favorable yields but also helped improve soil health at all the three sites, was the most effective tillage implement. Also, application of sulfuric acid resulted in higher yields and promoted rapid amelioration of the saline-sodic soils.

An experimental study of salt expansion in sodium saline soils under transient conditions

Salt expansion in sulfate saline soils that are widely distributed in northwestern China causes serious infrastructural damages under low-temperature conditions. However, the mechanism of salt expansion under low temperatures is not clear. In this study, we conducted a series of cooling experiments combined with salt crystallization to study this mechanism, and employed an ionic model to calculate the supersaturation ratio of the solution. During the experiments, the strength and the process of salt expansion were examined under different cooling rates and various crystal morphologies. The relationship between temperature and supersaturation ratio under transient conditions was also considered. Results indicate that the initial supersaturation ratio of a sodium sulfate solution is closely related to environmental conditions, and that this ratio decreases with slowing the cooling rates and stabilizing the crystal forms. Higher initial supersaturation ratios lead to an increased non-steady-state zone, resulting in less salt expansion. On the other hand, chloride ion content has a distinct influence on the crystallization supersaturation ratio of the sodium sulfate solution, and higher chloride ion content can inhibit salt expansion in sodium saline soils. These findings help explain salt expansion mechanisms in complex conditions such as seasonally frozen soils, and thus help search for improved methods of preventing salt expansion in sulfate saline soils.

Impact of brine on physical properties of saline soils

Engineering activities in the salt lake region continue to increase where fresh water resources are scarce.This paper investigates the physical properties of saline soils during mixing with brine.Fine-grained saline soils with salt content varying from 2.6%to 78.5%were collected along Qarhan-Golmud Highway(QGH)and Sebei-Qarhan Highway(SQH)on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to conduct laboratory physical properties tests.Liquid plastic limit tests were conducted.Results show that liquid plastic limit parameters will decrease with an increase of salt content ranging from 2.6% to 78.5%,and the relationship between them is linear.After considering the content ratio of chloride and sulfate,results show that liquid plastic limit parameters will decrease with an increase of the ratio of chloride to sulfate ranging from 0.7% to 7.0%;liquid plastic limit parameters enter a stable period at the ratio of chloride to sulfate ranging from 7.0% to 37.4%;liquid plastic limit parameters enter a decline period at the ratio of chloride to sulfate ranging from 37.4% to 77.2%.After brine and fresh water are separately mixed into saline soil,the optimal moisture content of the soil samples after the brine action is lower than the saline soil under the action of fresh water,and the maximum dry density of the soil sample is higher than that under the action of fresh water.At the same time,these changing laws show a certain correlation with the chloride ion content and the ratio of chloride to sulfate in saline soils.The results are of significance for engineering activities in salt lake regions with extensive saline soil distribution.

隔水透气隔断层对寒旱区盐渍土水盐迁移及变形特性的影响

针对寒旱区盐渍土水盐迁移引起的盐冻胀变形病害问题,本研究提出了一种新型的隔水透气膜隔断层处理方法,并开展了相应的理论分析和室内试验研究。基于多孔介质理论和连续介质力学理论,通过考虑温度变化下孔隙水盐相变等因素,建立了非饱和盐渍土的水-热-盐-力多场多相耦合模型。在水盐补给条件下,采用数值模拟和室内模型试验研究了非饱和硫酸盐渍土的水盐迁移和盐冻胀变形特性,并验证了模型的有效性。重点分析了设置隔水透气膜对非饱和硫酸盐渍土热质迁移及变形行为的影响。研究结果表明:隔水透气层对液态水和溶解盐的迁移具有明显的阻滞作用。同时,由于隔断层的透气特性,可有效地解决传统土工膜隔断层下气体聚集现象。研究成果可为盐渍土路基处理提供技术与理论基础。

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Naturally Occurring Sulfate-Based Saline Soils at Different Moisture Contents

Soil salinization may negatively affect microbial processes related to carbon dioxide （CO2） and nitrous oxide （N20） emissions. A short-term laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil electrical conductivity （EC） and moisture content on CO2 and N20 emissions from sulfate-based natural saline soils. Three separate 100-m long transects were established along the salinity gradient on a salt-affected agricultural field at Mooreton, North Dakota, USA. Surface soils were collected from four equally spaced sampling positions within each transect, at the depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm. In the laboratory, artificial soil cores were formed combining soils from both the depths in each transect, and incubated at 60% and 90% water-filled pore space （WFPS） at 25 ~C. The measured depth-weighted EC of the saturated paste extract （ECe） across the sampling positions ranged from 0.43 to 4.65 dS m-1. Potential nitrogen （N） mineralization rate and CO2 emissions decreased with increasing soil ECe, but the relative decline in soil CO2 emissions with increasing ECe was smaller at 60% WFPS than at 90% WFPS. At 60% WFPS, soil N20 emissions decreased from 133 g N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe （ 0.50 dS m-1 to 72 μg N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe = 4.65 dS m-1. In contrast, at 90% WFPS, soil N20 emissions increased from 262 g N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe ： 0.81 dS m-1 to 849 g N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe ： 4.65 dS m-1, suggesting that N20 emissions were linked to both soil ECe and moisture content. Therefore, spatial variability in soil ECe and pattern of rainfall over the season need to be considered when up-scaling N20 and CO2 emissions from field to landscape scales.

高分子活性剂改良盐渍土力学特性及机理研究

基于三轴剪切试验与可溶盐含量测试,探究高分子活性剂掺量与养护时间对硫酸型盐渍土力学性能与可溶盐含量的影响,揭示土体微观特性及其改良机理.结果表明:CLI型高分子活性剂的掺入能有效提升硫酸型盐渍土的力学强度和抗变形能力,其最佳掺量为8%;活性剂与盐渍土发生置换反应,从而增强盐渍土的保水性能,有效降低盐渍土的可溶盐含量,CLI型高分子活性剂掺量越大,改良效果越好;养护时间达到7 d时,盐渍土的可溶盐含量趋于稳定.

改良剂施用对硫酸盐型棉田产量及土壤盐渍化参数的影响

探究施用酸碱平衡护理剂改良盐渍化棉田的效果与机制,为盐碱地改良和棉花稳产提供理论依据。本研究以新疆沙湾县硫酸盐型棉田为试验对象,于2021—2022年设置施用酸碱平衡护理剂和对照两个处理,监测0~20 cm土层土壤的电导率和pH值,测定棉花长势、产量和土壤盐分指标。结果表明:(1)相较于对照,酸碱平衡护理剂处理的棉花出苗率显著提高4.93~6.13个百分点。(2)2021、2022年酸碱平衡护理剂处理籽棉产量分别为5210.06、6815.43 kg/hm^(2),较对照显著提高25.98%、8.87%。(3)2021年酸碱平衡护理剂处理10~20 cm土层土壤钠吸附比值较对照降低0.077,2022年0~10、10~20 cm土层土壤分别较对照降低0.204、0.173。(4)土壤全盐变化量与SO_(4)^(2-)变化量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)、与Na^(+)变化量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);籽棉产量变化量与单株成铃数变化量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与土壤电导率变化量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与单铃重变化量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上表明,硫酸盐型棉田施用酸碱平衡护理剂能够降低土壤盐分,提高籽棉产量。

秸秆深埋配施硫酸铝对西辽河平原地区苏打盐碱土水盐运移的影响

为探索秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂配施交互作用对苏打盐碱地水盐运移的影响,在通辽市科尔沁左翼中旗开展覆膜滴灌下不同硫酸铝用量与秸秆深埋的田间试验,以甜菜为指示作物,常规处理为对照(CK),在有无秸秆深埋(A、B)的条件下分别设置4水平硫酸铝添加量(30、60、90、120 g/m^(2)),揭示硫酸铝用量、秸秆深埋与土壤含水率、盐分的相关关系,提出覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下适宜的硫酸铝用量。结果显示,未添加秸秆处理中B3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(23.8%),比CK高8.2%,且平均含盐量最低(1.69 g/kg),比CK低12.6%;添加秸秆处理中A3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(26.6%),比B3处理高2.8%,平均含盐量也最低(1.57 g/kg),比B3处理低19%,且平均积盐率最低,比B3处理降低7.6%;A3处理在10~20和20~30 cm处土壤含水率均显著高于B3处理(P<0.05),在0~10和20~30 cm处土壤含盐量较B3处理显著降低(P<0.05);A3处理0~30 cm各土层均有脱盐趋势,达到显著水平(P<0.05),平均脱盐率11.5%;硫酸铝和秸秆深埋交互作用与土壤含水率呈极显著正相关(0.808),与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关(-0.564)。秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂综合作用可有效降低土壤pH值0.53~0.94,缓解土壤碱化度20.5%~21.9%。覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下硫酸铝用量在72~104 g/m^(2)为适宜当地的推荐用量。研究结果可为西辽河平原地区盐碱土壤改良提供理论依据。

油污泥热解残渣改良粗粒硫酸盐渍土力学性能试验研究

为探究油污泥热解残渣改良粗粒硫酸盐渍土的力学性能,试验研究了残渣掺量和盐渍化程度对粗粒硫酸盐渍土回弹模量以及无侧限抗压强度的影响规律。结果表明:粗粒硫酸盐渍土的回弹模量和无侧限抗压强度均随残渣掺量的增加呈先提高后下降的趋势。当残渣掺量为10%时,各项力学性能提升最显著。此时回弹模量最大为245.52 MPa,无侧限抗压强度最大为0.48 MPa。随着含盐量增加,改良粗粒硫酸盐渍土的力学性能先提高后下降,且随残渣掺量的增加,非盐渍土较盐渍土的力学性能提升更加明显。根据X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)试验微观分析,油污泥热解残渣改良粗粒硫酸盐渍土主要由物理和化学两个因素共同作用,颗粒间的嵌挤摩擦和离子间的置换反应促就了改良盐渍土强度的提高。

冻融循环条件下细粒硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀力学特性试验研究

硫酸盐渍土在失水或者温度降低的情况下会产生盐胀现象,严重影响结构物的正常使用.为研究细粒硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀力学特性,选取青海乐都公路段二十里铺区沿线硫酸盐渍土,采用自制试验箱,开展室内冻融循环试验,分析含盐量及冻融循环次数对法向盐冻胀力的影响.试验结果表明:冻融循环过程中,土中盐溶液向土体上表面迁移,同时析出的盐结晶和冰结晶使土样中硫酸钠溶液浓度增大,从而引起土体膨胀变形.压实系数为0.93、含水率为20%的细粒硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀力随着含盐量和冻融循环次数的增加而增大,盐冻胀力的增长趋势随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐降低;在一个冻融循环周期内,按照盐冻胀力中盐胀占比及冻胀占比随温度变化的规律,将盐冻胀力变化分为四个阶段:盐胀阶段、盐冻胀耦合阶段、冻胀阶段、融化阶段,并测得含盐量为1.5%~4.0%的细粒硫酸盐渍土冻结温度在2~-5℃内变化,且冻结温度随着含盐量的增加而降低;盐冻胀力冻结峰值与残余值随着冻融循环次数的增加而增加,表明细粒硫酸盐渍土的盐冻胀力具有累加性,且含盐量越大累加性越强.

硫酸钠盐渍土冻结温度计算模型构建及验证

土的冻结温度是使土体物理力学性质发生显著变化的关键温度,盐渍土中由于盐分存在使冻结温度的预测变得困难。本文提出了一种适用于硫酸盐渍土有盐分析出时的冻结温度计算模型,分别对硫酸钠自由溶液、硫酸钠盐渍土及石英砂的冻结温度变化规律展开了研究。首先,依据固液两相平衡时化学势的规律、冰晶表面曲率影响以及盐分结晶析出对溶液浓度的影响,构建了自由溶液、盐渍土及石英砂的冻结温度预测模型;然后,开展室内冻结试验得到了冻结温度测量值,通过计算测量值与计算值二者的均方根误差(RMSE)、显著性水平(α)及一致性系数(LA),验证了本文模型的精度与适用性。结果表明:土样中初始含水率越小,土样表面的毛细作用和吸附作用越强,使土样冻结温度越低。在土样孔隙中盐溶液有效浓度越大,冻结温度越小。由于盐分结晶的影响,有效浓度随盐浓度增大先增大后减小,然后保持不变。土样孔隙半径越小,冰晶表面曲率影响越大,冻结温度越低。该研究成果能为盐渍土盐冻胀变形及人工冻结中的温度参数分析提供一种新的方法。

不同含盐量条件下硫酸盐渍土蠕变特性与微观孔隙变化

为了探究不同含盐量条件下硫酸盐渍土的蠕变特性以及微观孔隙变化规律,采用自制一维蠕变仪对宁夏红寺堡地区的硫酸盐渍土进行蠕变试验,并对试验后的土样进行扫描电镜试验。结果表明:经历一维蠕变后,土体最终蠕变量随含盐量的增大而增大,随温度的降低而减小,蠕变速率随时间的增长而减小,且随含盐量的增大、温度的升高,土体经历衰减蠕变的时间越长,进入稳定蠕变的时间越晚;一维蠕变后,随含盐量的增加,大孔隙和中孔隙的数量减小,小孔隙和微孔隙的数量增加,孔隙形状以近椭圆形为主,复杂度增加,孔隙形状趋于复杂化,孔隙分形维数增大。

滨海盐渍土易溶盐竖向分布特征及其腐蚀性研究

通过对山东潍坊北部沿海地区盐渍土的试验研究,分析了易溶盐含盐量、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)含量的竖向分布特征及盐渍土的腐蚀特性,提出了适宜的防腐措施。结果表明:研究区土质以氯盐型盐渍土为主,易溶盐含量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少并趋于稳定,土质中Cl^(-)是本区域最主要的腐蚀因子,显示对钢筋、砖、水泥、石灰的中到强腐蚀性作用,针对结构、基础及地基处理提出了防腐措施,同时提出了适宜本地区的桩基础施工新技术,对建筑防腐具有一定的借鉴意义。

原生微生物固化细粒硫酸盐渍土的细观特征及其强度变化机制

为解决物理和化学方法改良盐渍土工程性质时工程耗能高、环境负效应扰动大的问题,利用高原寒区盐渍环境发育的原生脲解型微生物对细粒硫酸盐渍土进行固化试验,采用微观试验和三轴压缩试验对微生物固化盐渍土的强度特征进行了研究。结果表明:细粒硫酸盐渍土被微生物固化后,抗剪强度最高可提升2.9倍,增强机制由黏聚强度的提高程度所决定;固化土的初始切线模量和刚度得到提升,抗变形能力得到增强。该研究结果对增强固化土的稳定性、承载力等具有理论研究和实践指导意义。

冻融循环作用下硫酸盐盐渍土物理力学特性试验研究

为研究硫酸盐盐渍土在冻融循环作用下的力学特性,结合京沈高速铁路朝阳段的工程实际,利用三轴不固结不排水试验对不同冻融循环次数(最多50次)、盐质量分数(0%、2%和5%)和围压(100 kPa、200 kPa、300 kPa和400 kPa)下的硫酸盐盐渍土进行研究,分析不同试验条件下硫酸盐盐渍土的抗剪强度特性及强度劣化机理。研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数、盐质量分数和围压的逐渐增加,硫酸盐盐渍土的应力-应变曲线逐渐由应变软化向应变硬化转变;抗剪强度随冻融循环和盐质量分数的增加而逐渐降低;对于盐质量分数0%的试样,内摩擦角受冻融循环影响不明显,在30°~34°之间;在短期冻融循环(1~9次)作用下,黏聚力呈上升趋势,在冻融循环9~20次过程中,黏聚力急剧下降,当冻融循环大于20次后,黏聚力逐渐趋于稳定;对于盐质量分数2%和5%的试样,短期冻融循环(小于9次)对内摩擦角影响不显著,而在冻融循环20次后,内摩擦角急剧减小;在冻融循环1~20次过程中,试样的黏聚力逐渐减小,在冻融循环20次时,黏聚力达到最小值;土样在反复冻融循环作用后,土体颗粒大量分解,粒度逐渐变细,细颗粒占比逐渐增大。研究结果可为类似工程提供理论指导。

滨海盐渍土易溶盐及其腐蚀性与垂向分布的关系

通过潍坊北部沿海地区盐渍土试验研究,分析易溶盐含盐量、Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)含量的垂向分布特征。结果表明:研究区土质以氯盐型盐渍土为主,易溶盐含量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少并趋于稳定,土质中Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)是本区域最主要的腐蚀因子,显示对混凝土和钢筋具有中-强腐蚀性作用。

Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation

Reductive soil disinfestation（RSD）, namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little information available about sulfate（SO4^2-） transformation and sulfur（S）gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4^2-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO4^2--accumulated vegetable soils（denoted as S1 and S2） were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4^2-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4^2-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide（H2S）,carbonyl sulfide（COS）, and dimethyl sulfide（DMS） were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for 〈 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4^2-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4^2-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4^2-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium.

单向冻结条件下硫酸钠盐渍土的冻结温度试验研究

硫酸钠盐渍土具有明显的随季节温度变化而发生土体结构改变的特性,给工程造成较大危害。为了研究单向冻结条件下硫酸钠盐渍土的冻结温度特性,在室内配制初始含水率分别为15%、17%、19%、21%,含盐量分别为0%、1%、2%、3%、5%的硫酸盐渍土试样,采用可控温冰柜进行单向冻结试验。结果表明:①同一土体,不同位置处冻结温度相同,但达到冻结温度所需时间存在略微差异。②初始含水率和含盐量对硫酸钠盐渍土冻结温度有很大的影响,当硫酸钠含盐量为1%和2%时,冻结温度随初始含水率的增加呈“先陡后缓”型变化趋势,并在最优初始含水率时达到最大值,之后冻结温度随初始含水率变化曲线趋于平缓;当含盐量较高(5%)时,冻结温度随初始含水率增加近似呈线性增加趋势。③硫酸钠盐渍土冻结温度随含盐量的增加而降低,且盐量为1%~2%时,不同初始含水率土体冻结温度及达到冻结温度所需时间随含盐量均呈“归一性”变化趋势。在计算硫酸钠盐渍土冻结温度时,应将硫酸钠溶液视为非理想稀溶液。在同一初始含水率条件下,对硫酸钠含盐量与冻结温度按三次多项式进行拟合吻合度较高。该研究成果可为硫酸盐渍土地区工程建设提供参考。